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37 results for “secondary production”
Experimental data for "Measurement Report: Influence of particle density on secondary ice production by graupel and ice pellet collisions"
<p>This dataset includes measurement data on secondary ice production due to bare graupel - bare graupel, and ice pellet - ice pellet collisions carried out in the Mainz Cold Room (M-CR) of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. </p>
Dataset for Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: Did wind shear impact secondary ice production?
<p>The change in wind direction and speed with height, referred to as vertical wind shear, causes enhanced turbulence in the atmosphere. As a result, there are enhanced interactions between ice particles that break up during collisions in clouds which could cause heavy snowfall. For example, intense dual-polarization Doppler signatures in conjunction with strong vertical wind shear were observed by an X-band weather radar during a wintertime high-intensity precipitation event over the Swiss Alps. An enhancement of differential phase shift (Kdp > 1◦ km−1) around −15◦C suggested that a large population of oblate ice particles was present in the atmosphere. Here, we show that ice–graupel collisions are a likely origin of this population, probably enhanced by turbulence. We perform sensitivity simulations that include ice–graupel collisions of a cold frontal passage to investigate whether these simulations can capture the event better and whether the vertical wind shear had an impact on the secondary ice production (SIP) rate. The simulations are conducted with the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO), at a 1km horizontal grid spacing in the Davos region in Switzerland. The rime splintering simulations could not reproduce the high ice crystal number concentrations, produced too large ice particles and therefore overestimated the radar reflectivity. The collisional-breakup simulations reproduced both the measured horizontal reflectivity and the ground-based observations of hydrometeor number concentration more accurately (∼ 20L−1). During 14:30–15:45UTC, the vertical wind shear strengthened by 60% within the region favorable for SIP. Calculation of the mutual information between the SIP rate and vertical wind shear and updraft velocity suggests that the SIP rate is best predicted by the vertical wind shear rather than the updraft velocity. The ice–graupel simulations were insensitive to the parameters in the model that control the size threshold for the conversion from ice to graupel and snow to graupel.</p>
Secondary ice production parameterization output - COSMO model
<p>Secondary ice production via processes like rime splintering, frozen droplet shattering, and breakup upon ice hydrometeor collision have been proposed to explain discrepancies between in-cloud ice crystal and ice-nucleating particle numbers. To understand the impact of this kind of additional ice number generation on surface precipitation, we present one of the first studies to implement frozen droplet shattering and ice-ice collisional breakup parameterizations in a larger-scale model. We simulate a cold frontal rainband from the Aerosol Properties, PRocesses, And InfluenceS on the Earth's Climate campaign and investigate the impact of the new parameterizations on the simulated ice crystal number concentrations (ICNC) and precipitation. Near the convective regions of the rainband, contributions to ICNC can be as large from secondary production as from primary nucleation, but ICNCs greater than 50 L-1 remain underestimated by the model. Addition of the secondary production parameterizations also clearly intensifies the differences in both accumulated precipitation and precipitation rate between the convective towers and non-convective gap regions. We suggest, then, that secondary ice production parameterizations be included in large-scale models on the basis of large hydrometeor concentration and convective activity criteria.</p>
Data from the NASCENT campaign used in the publications: "Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds" and "Understanding the history of two complex ice crystal habits deduced from a holographic imager"
<p>This repository contains the data from the Ny‐Ålesund AeroSol Cloud ExperimeNT campaign (NASCENT). This data were used to produce the figures in the two papers:</p> <p>(1) Pasquier, J. T., Henneberger, J., Ramelli, F., Korolev, A.,Wieder, J., Lauber, A., Li, G., David, R. O., Carlsen, T., Gierens, R., Maturilli, M., and Lohmann, U.: Understanding the history of two complex ice crystal habits deduced from a holographic imager, Geophys. Res. Lett., accepted, 2022</p> <p> </p> <p>(2) Pasquier J. T., Henneberger J., Ramelli F., Lauber A., David O. D., Wieder J., Carlsen T., Gierens R., Maturilli M., and Lohmann U.:Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds, ACP, accepted.</p> <p>More information can be found in the README files.</p> <p> </p> <p>The scripts to reproduced the Figures are available on Zenodo</p> <p>(1) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7402296</p> <p>(2) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7407107</p>
Secondary production increases with species richness but decreases with species evenness of benthic invertebrates
<p>Biodiversity is known to regulate ecosystem functioning under controlled experimental conditions. However, the 'real-world' consequences of biodiversity change remain uncertain, as biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) relationships observed in nature may be influenced by other drivers. Attempts to disentangle BEF relationships from the effects of confounding factors have so far focused mainly on primary producers, leaving relatively little known about the impact of changes in consumer diversity despite ecosystems experiencing species extirpations and introductions across trophic levels. Using data from 176 benthic invertebrate assemblages distributed throughout the North Sea, we studied how a fundamental ecological function – secondary production – varies in relation to two components of biodiversity – consumer species richness and evenness – while statistically controlling the effects of abiotic and biotic covariates. Production was enhanced as richness increased or evenness decreased. The relationship with evenness was attributable to its negative covariance with the abundance of small organisms; however, the relationship with richness could not be fully explained by other drivers. Our study reaffirms experimental findings about the functional importance of species richness and suggests that losing or gaining consumer species will affect secondary production over a broad range of biodiversity (20 to 118 species) in natural ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Resource supply and organismal dominance are associated with high secondary production in temperate agricultural streams
<p><span>Agricultural land use affects the environmental and biological characteristics of stream </span><span>ecosystems through multiple pathways including nutrient and pesticide contamination, riparian clear-cutting, and hydromorphological degradation. These changes in the abiotic environment can have a direct effect on the productivity of macroinvertebrate communities through environmental filtering and via altered resource conditions encompassing a shift from allochthonous to autochthonous primary production and changes in elemental stoichiometry and food quality. Additionally, macroinvertebrate productivity can be affected indirectly via biological mechanisms, such as changes in species interactions, richness, competition, and predation. We studied the effects of agriculture on structural and functional descriptors of macroinvertebrate communities by assessing environmental characteristics and macroinvertebrate secondary production (MSP), biomass, and density in two forested and two agricultural streams and investigated underlying biotic mechanisms. On average, MSP was 1.6–3.6, biomass 2.8–6.2, and density 5–13 times higher in agricultural than in forested streams. This pattern was associated with higher nutrient concentrations, standing crops of riparian herbaceous vegetation, suspended particulate organic carbon, quantity and quality of epilithic biofilms, and chlorophyll-a concentrations in seston and biofilm of the agricultural streams. Species richness and evenness were significantly lower in agricultural than in forested streams. A negative relationship between MSP and species richness and evenness indicated that density compensation and trait dominance were the prevalent mechanisms facilitating higher MSP in agricultural streams. </span></p> <p><span>Our findings suggest that the loss of riparian canopy and excess nutrient conditions are the major environmental drivers contributing to homogenization of ecological niches </span><span>and dominance of highly productive non-insect generalist species. This study highlights the importance of an ecosystem approach to understanding how complex aggregate stressors affect the regulation of consumer-resource interactions. There is an urgent need to preserve or restore natural riparian vegetation, fostering habitat and resource diversity and limiting nutrient contamination to stream ecosystems. </span></p>
Data used in "Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures"
<p>To support open research, the data used in Korolev et al 2022 "Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures" submitted to Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics has been provided here. <br> This in-situ data was collected by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) in collaboration with the National Research Council (NRC) on the NRC Convair-580 research aircraft on March 25 2017 between 11:00 and 12:00 UTC.<br> Radar data included was collected and processed by N. Cuong and M. Wolde of NRC Canada. <br> </p>
Data and scripts for "Unraveling secondary ice production in winter orographic clouds through a synergy of in-situ observations, remote sensing and modeling"
<div> <div> <div>This repository contains field observations and processed data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations and the Cloud Resolving Model Radar Simulator (CR-SIM), alongside scripts designed to reproduce the figures presented in the paper titled "Unraveling Secondary Ice Production in Winter Orographic Clouds through a Synergy of In-Situ Observations, Remote Sensing, and Modeling." The in-situ and remote sensing measurements were conducted at Mount Helmos in Peloponnese as part of the CALISHTO campaign (https://calishto.panacea-ri.gr/).</div> </div> </div> <div>Preprint accessible at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3502790/v1</div>
Data from: Resource supply and organismal dominance are associated with high secondary production in temperate agricultural streams
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Secondary production increases with species richness but decreases with species evenness of benthic invertebrates
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: A global estimate of terrestrial net secondary production of primary consumers
Aim: Net Secondary production (NSP) emerges from the consumption of Net Primary Production (NPP) by any heterotrophic organism. There has been sporadic interest in the importance of NSP, but no global estimates have been produced. We revisit NSP and attempt a global estimate using contemporary NPP data combined with modern metabolic scaling theory for consumption rates. We distinguish between potential NSP as the amount of secondary production that could be supported by NPP, and realized NSP as the amount remaining after anthropogenic habitat disruption. Location: Global Time period: 2000-2014 Methods: We present a model of NSP implementing a Type II functional response for consumption rates wherein search efficiency and handling time are calculated based on consumer mass and ambient temperature. We solve this model for each 0.05-decimal-degree pixel in the global terrestrial biosphere using as data inputs NPP (MOD17A3) and land-surface temperature (MOD11C3). We aggregate estimates within global land cover classifications (MCD12C1) to obtain cover-specific and global estimates of NSP. We also correct our estimates based on declines in consumer abundance reported in Living Planet Report 2014. Results: We estimate potential NSP is 4.74 PgCy-1 globally (95%~CI~=~3.75--5.75). When we correct for global consumer population declines, realized NSP declines to 2.37 PgCy-1 (95%~CI~=~1.86--2.89), a loss of 50% in the rate of carbon flux through secondary consumers. Main Conclusions: Our estimates are sufficient to suggest that the flux of carbon through consumers is of a similar magnitude to many other fluxes critical to the global carbon cycle. We view this as a hypothesis to be tested that suggests NSP deserves significantly more attention in earth systems, macroecology, and biogeochemical research.
Data from: The importance of phytoplankton biomolecule availability for secondary production
The growth and reproduction of animals is affected by their access to resources. In aquatic ecosystems, the availability of essential biomolecules for filter-feeding zooplankton depends greatly on phytoplankton. Here, we analyzed the biochemical composition, i.e., the fatty acid, sterol and amino acid profiles and concentrations as well as protein, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of 17 phytoplankton monocultures representing the seven most abundant phytoplankton classes in boreal and sub-arctic lakes. To examine how the differences in the biochemical composition between phytoplankton classes affect their nutritional quality for consumers, we assessed the performance of Daphnia, on these diets. Furthermore, we defined the most important biomolecules regulating the somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia, expecting that higher concentrations of certain biomolecules are needed for reproduction than for growth. Finally, we combined these results with phytoplankton field data from over 900 boreal and sub-arctic lakes in order to estimate whether the somatic growth of Daphnia is sterol-limited when the natural phytoplankton communities are cyanobacteria-dominated. Our analysis shows that Daphnia grows best with phytoplankton rich in sterols, ω-3 fatty acids, protein, and amino acids. Their reproduction follows food sterol and ω-3 concentration as well as C:P-ratio being two times higher in Daphnia feeding on cryptophytes than any other diet. Interestingly, we found that a high dietary ω-6 fatty acid concentration decreases both somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia. When combined with phytoplankton community composition field data, our results indicate that zooplankton is constantly limited by sterols in lakes dominated by cyanobacteria (≥40% of total phytoplankton biomass), and that the absence of cryptophytes can severely hinder zooplankton production in nature.
Active Regions of Secondary Ice Production in a Modeled Tropical Mesoscale Convective System
<p>The animations of the modeled tropical mesoscale convective system (MCS). The red regions indicate the cloud regions with the secondary ice production rate dNice/dt >10<sup>5</sup> m<sup>-3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. The numerical simulation of the MCS was performed with the help of the Environment and Climate Change Canada's (ECCC) Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model.</p> <p>For details see Korolev, A., Z. Qu, J. Milbrandt, I. Heckman, M. Cholette, M. Wolde, C. Nguyen, G. M. McFarquhar, P. Lawson, and A. M. Fridlind: High ice water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems (a conceptual model). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2024.</p>
Fig. 2 in Callus cultures of Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn.; production of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity
Fig. 2. Iridoid (A, B) and phenylethanoid (C,D) glycoside contents estimated by HPLC in cotyledon-derived callus lines of H.procumbens in long-term cultures. The calli were cultured on SH medium with 0.5 or 2 mg L −1 picloram (CP0.5 and CP2 callus lines,respectively) or NAA (0.2 mg L −1) and BAP (1 mg L −1) (CNB callus line).* trace (content <0.01 mg g −1 DW).Results are means ± standard error (SE) from three independent experiments; for each metabolite, values with different letters are significantly different according to the Kruskal–Wallis test (p ≤ 0.05).
Fig. 1. H.procumbens cotyledon-derived callus tissues grown for 4 in Callus cultures of Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn.; production of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity
Fig. 1. H.procumbens cotyledon-derived callus tissues grown for 4 weeks in Erlenmeyer flasks on agar SH medium with 0.5 mg L−1 picloram (CP0.5 callus line) (A), 2 mg L−1 picloram (CP2 callus line) (B), 0.2 mg L −1 NAA and 1 mg L −1 BAP (CNB callus line) (C). Bar 1 cm.
The Relationship Between Lipid Peroxidation Products From Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Coagulation Disorders
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04274777. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 12.
Data from: A global estimate of terrestrial net secondary production of primary consumers
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: The importance of phytoplankton biomolecule availability for secondary production
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Estimation of aboveground net primary productivity in secondary tropical dry forests using the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) model
Although tropical dry forests (TDFs) cover roughly 42% of all tropical ecosystems, extensive deforestation and habitat fragmentation pose important limitations for their conservation and restoration worldwide. In order to develop conservation policies for this endangered ecosystem, it is necessary to quantify their provision of ecosystems services such as carbon sequestration and primary production. In this paper we explore the potential of the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) for estimating aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in a secondary TDF located at the Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP), Costa Rica. We calculated ANPP using the CASA model (ANPPCASA) in three successional stages (early, intermediate, and late). Each stage has a stand age of 21 years, 32 years, and 50+ years, respectively, estimated as the age since land abandonment. Our results showed that the ANPPCASA for early, intermediate, and late successional stages were 3.22 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, 8.90 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, and 7.59 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively, which are comparable with rates of carbon uptake in other TDFs. Our results indicate that key variables that influence ANPP in our dry forest site were stand age and precipitation seasonality. Incident photosynthetically active radiation and temperature were not dominant in the ANPPCASA. The results of this study highlight the potential of the use of remote sensing techniques and the importance of incorporating successional stage in accurate regional TDF ANPP estimation.
Secondary Products for Gene Ontology Releases
<p>Data products that can no longer fit in the main data release due to size limitations.</p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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