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33 results for “secondary succession”
Long-term studies of secondary succession and community assembly in the prairie-forest ecotone of eastern Kansas, Hay meadow restoration experiment
Local and regional-scale processes interact to govern the assembly, diversity and functioning of ecological communities. Evaluating the interplay of these differently-scaled processes in the regulation of ecological systems is a challenging problem, but is crucial towards understanding and predicting the potential effects of accelerated human activity on biological diversity and ecosystem sustainability. Since 2000, two long-term field experiments have been underway in grasslands of eastern Kansas to investigate the interplay of soil resource availability, species interactions and regional processes governing plant secondary succession, community assembly, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Both experiments involve manipulations of soil nutrients in permanent grassland study plots and employ multi-species seed addition treatments to evaluate the contribution of dispersal limitation and regional constraints on local species pools to the regulation of plant community dynamics. Hay meadow restoration experiment, previously funded by USDA, was established in 2000 in a section of the field that was left unplowed at the start of the experiment. Thus Experiment 2 was initiated in the context of secondary succession on recently abandoned cool-season hayfield where hay grass species were dominant at the start of the study. In this experiment we have been monitoring plant community change annually since 2001 in response to two aspects of hay management important in our area: annual fertilization and annual haying. The experimental design involves factorial manipulations of nutrient supply (two levels of NPK fertilization), annual haying (two levels: hayed; not hayed) and propagule input achieved by adding seeds of 41 native prairie species to half of the plots. Experiment 2 parallels Experiment 1 with manipulations of soil resources and species pools, but does so in the contexts of hay management and native prairie hay meadow restoration.
Riparian buffers provide refugia during secondary forest succession
<p>Aim Secondary forests regenerating from human disturbance are increasingly becoming a predominant forest type in many regions, and they play a significant role in forest community dynamics. Understanding the factors that underlie the variation in species responses during secondary succession is important for understanding community assembly and biodiversity monitoring and management. Because species vary in ecology and behavior, responses to ecosystem change should vary among species. Here, we show that habitat type (riparian, upland), phylogeny, and species traits mediate anuran and lizard probability of occurrence and species richness in pasture and secondary forest. Location Sarapiquí and Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Methods We used phylogenetic occupancy models to estimate assemblage-level and species-specific responses to forest succession in 30 chronosequence sites that include pasture, secondary forest regenerating from pasture, and mature forest sites. Results For the majority of species, we found increasing probability of occurrence in upland habitats as forest regenerated from pasture to secondary forest and similar probability of occurrence in riparian habitats across pasture, secondary forest, and mature forest sites. Species' responses to forest stage were phylogenetically correlated, and the trend was especially strong for anuran response to pasture sites. Anurans with lotic larval habitat had a positive occupancy response to pasture upland habitat and anurans with lentic larval habitat had a variable response to different forest stages compared to mature forest.</p>
Fig. 3 in Formation Dynamics Of Herpetocomplexes On Sections Of Secondary Succession In Terrestrial Ecosystems Of Belarus
Fig. 3. Changes in species diversity (D, Simpson index of diversity) of herpetocomplexes at sites of secondary succession.
Fig. 1 in Formation Dynamics Of Herpetocomplexes On Sections Of Secondary Succession In Terrestrial Ecosystems Of Belarus
Fig. 1. Formation the species composition of amphibians and reptiles faunal complexes on sections restoration succession (deforestation site).
Riparian buffers provide refugia during secondary forest succession
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Long-term studies of secondary succession and community assembly in the prairie-forest ecotone of eastern Kansas, Old-field succession experiment
Local and regional-scale processes interact to govern the assembly, diversity and functioning of ecological communities. Evaluating the interplay of these differently-scaled processes in the regulation of ecological systems is a challenging problem, but is crucial towards understanding and predicting the potential effects of accelerated human activity on biological diversity and ecosystem sustainability. Since 2000, two long-term field experiments have been underway in grasslands of eastern Kansas to investigate the interplay of soil resource availability, species interactions and regional processes governing plant secondary succession, community assembly, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Both experiments involve manipulations of soil nutrients in permanent grassland study plots and employ multi-species seed addition treatments to evaluate the contribution of dispersal limitation and regional constraints on local species pools to the regulation of plant community dynamics. Old-field succession experiment, previously funded by the National Science Foundation, was initiated in 2001 in a section of the abandoned hay field that was sprayed with herbicide, plowed and disked prior to the start of the study to investigate plant community dynamics in the context of old-field succession initiated on bare soil. The experimental design involves factorial experimental gradients of nitrogen (N) supply (four levels of N fertilization), phosphorus (P) supply (two levels of P fertilization) and plant propagule input achieved by adding seeds of 50+ native and naturalized species to half of the study plots. With annual sampling this experiment allows us to examine old-field succession and community assembly unfolding along gradients of N and P fertilization and under conditions of ambient and experimentally-enriched species pools.
Fig. 2 in Formation Dynamics Of Herpetocomplexes On Sections Of Secondary Succession In Terrestrial Ecosystems Of Belarus
Fig. 2. Dynamics of number the herpetoсomplexes on the plots of secondary succession.
Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability driven by secondary succession in temperate forests shape soil fungal communities and function
<p><span>Soil fungal community plays an important role in forest ecosystems, and forest secondary succession is a crucial driver of soil fungal community. However, the driving factors of fungal community and function during temperate forest succession and their potential impact on succession processes are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the soil fungal community in three temperate forest secondary successional stages (shrublands, coniferous forests, and deciduous broadleaf forests) using high-throughput DNA sequencing coupled with functional prediction via the FUNGuild database. We found that fungal community richness, α-diversity, and evenness decreased significantly during the succession process. Soil available phosphorus and nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen decreased significantly after initial succession occurred, and redundancy analysis showed that both were significant predictors of soil fungal community structure. Among functional groups, fungal saprotrophs as well as pathotrophs represented by plant pathogens were significantly enriched in the early-successional stage, while fungal symbiotrophs represented by ectomycorrhiza were significantly increased in the late-successional stage. The abundance of both saprotroph and pathotroph fungal guilds was positively correlated with soil nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were negatively correlated with nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content and positively correlated with ammonium</span> <span>nitrogen content.</span> <span>These results indicated that the dynamics of fungal community and function reflected the changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability caused by the secondary succession of temperate forests. The fungal plant pathogen accumulated in the early-successional stage and ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated in the late-successional stage may have a potential role in promoting forest succession. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the response of soil fungal communities to the secondary forest succession process and highlight the importance of fungal communities during temperate forest succession.</span></p>
Data from: Links between leaf morphology and ecological strategy across secondary succession in a temperate deciduous forest (North Carolina, USA): Implications for the fossil record
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Data from: Persistent effects of landscape context on recruitment dynamics during secondary succession of tropical forests
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Data from: Larger fragments have more late-successional species of woody plants than smaller fragments after 50 years of secondary succession
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Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability driven by secondary succession in temperate forests shape soil fungal communities and function
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Data from: Radial changes in wood specific gravity of tropical trees: inter- and intra-specific variation during secondary succession
Variation in wood specific gravity (WSG) within and across species of tropical trees is poorly studied in relation to vegetation change during tropical forest succession. We investigated WSG of 91 species in eight long-term plots along a successional chronosequence in northeastern Costa Rica. Radial changes in WSG were described by the rate of change (slope) along the stem radius. Significant radial changes were found in 42 of 74 species, with 37 species exhibiting increases from inner to outer wood, and 5 exhibiting decreases. Radial increases were commonly observed in species with inner WSG below 0.5, whereas radial decreases were observed in species with inner WSG above 0.7. Wood specific gravity weighted by cross-sectional area (wWSG) varied four-fold among species. Species classified as second-growth specialists had lower wWSG, lower inner and outer WSG, and higher slopes than old-growth specialists; successional generalists showed intermediate trait values. Among 18 species sampled in both second- and old-growth forests, 4 species (22%) showed significant variation in wWSG between forest types. Of 33 widely sampled species, seven species (21%) showed a significant effect of stem diameter on wWSG. Second-growth plots had lower stand-level wWSG and more pronounced radial increases than old-growth plots. Individual tree biomass for species with radial increases and low WSG was substantially underestimated when based on unweighted WSG compared to wWSG. Wood specific gravity varied with successional stage at multiple levels: within species, among successional specialist groups, and across plots of varying ages. Radial increases in WSG are common among trees in early and intermediate stages of tropical forest succession. This trait may confer growth advantages early in succession and increased resistance to physical or biotic damage during later successional stages.
Data from: Rise and fall of a hybrid zone: implications for the roles of aggression, mate choice, and secondary succession
Hybridization can be an important evolutionary force by generating new species and influencing evolution of parental species in multiple ways, including introgression and the consequences of hybrid vigor. Determining the ecological processes underlying evolution in hybrid zones is difficult however because it requires examining changes in both genotypic frequencies over time and corresponding ecological information, data that are rarely collected together. Here, we describe genetic and ecological aspects of a hybrid zone between the Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, and the Florida Scrub Lizard, Sceloporus woodi, occurring over at least 23 generations. The hybrid zone, discovered greater than 35 years ago using morphological characters, originally consisted of nearly even proportions of parental species and hybrids. Now, using genetic markers (species-diagnostic mtDNA sites and 6 nDNA microsatellite loci across a total of n = 117 individuals), we confirm not only that hybridization occurred but also that subsequent backcrossing has resulted in highly introgressed hybrids, with many hybrids containing mitochondrial DNA from one species on a nuclear DNA background of the other. Ecological aspects explaining these shifts in genetic composition include female mate choice, changes in habitat associated with secondary succession, and, most strongly, a hierarchy of male territorial advantage—ecological mechanisms likely to be involved in the emergence and disappearance of many animal hybrid zones. Our results suggest that genetic assimilation is not a significant threat to either species and that rather transient hybrid zones such as this may serve to increase genetic diversity and are candidates for causing genetic discordance in phylogeographic analyses.
FIG. 1 in Effects of Secondary Forest Succession on Amphibians and Reptiles: A Review and Meta-analysis
FIG. 1. Map of percent of primary forest (black) and other naturally regenerated or planted forests (white) as defined by FAO (2015) by continent.
FIG. 4 in Effects of Secondary Forest Succession on Amphibians and Reptiles: A Review and Meta-analysis
FIG. 4. Published estimates of time to recovery (years) of amphibian and reptile species richness. Arrow under Petranka et al. (1994) indicates that more than 80 years were required for species richness to recover.
FIG. 3 in Effects of Secondary Forest Succession on Amphibians and Reptiles: A Review and Meta-analysis
FIG. 3. The age distribution of forest included in 20 of the published articles included in the meta-analysis. Four studies did not provide information on secondary forest age.
FIG. 2 in Effects of Secondary Forest Succession on Amphibians and Reptiles: A Review and Meta-analysis
FIG. 2. Map of study sites included in meta-analysis by country. Black dots indicate the study locations. Points jittered in the northwestern United States to show overlapping locations.
Biomass temporal stability increases at two spatial scales during secondary succession
<p>Ecological stability has long been considered to change over succession, but how secondary succession influences the relationship between diversity and temporal stability of biomass production at different spatial scales is poorly understood.</p> <p>We studied changes in plant diversity, functional temporal stability (biomass production) and compositional temporal stability (the latter two are hereafter referred to as functional stability and compositional stability) and explored the stabilizing roles of plant diversity at two spatial scales (small plots of 0.25 m2 area and large transects of 1.25 m2 area) during secondary succession in a subalpine meadow from 2003-2010.</p> <p>Our results showed that both plant diversity and functional and compositional stability increased at the small plot scale and large transect scale during secondary succession. As secondary succession proceeded, higher average alpha diversity (i.e., species diversity at the plot scale) led to higher functional and compositional stability at the plot scale by mainly species stability, predominantly contributing to higher functional and compositional stability at the large transect scale. In addition, Simpson-based beta diversity (i.e., compositional dissimilarity among communities within the same transect), while unaffected by succession, contributed to functional stability at the large transect scale by promoting asynchronous dynamics among communities.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis: </strong>Our study highlights the stabilizing effects of plant diversity across the two spatial scales during secondary succession. Our findings provide the first empirical evidence that biodiversity-mediated effects on ecosystem temporal stability strengthen over successional time, suggesting that the stabilizing effects of biodiversity should be considered across spatial and temporal scales in the face of global changes and biodiversity loss.</p>
IOPTH Usefulness for Predicting Successful Surgery in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04484116. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 11.
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