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9 results for “seed dispersal by wind”
Dataset and R-script for simple mechanistic model of Heracleum sosnowskyi seed dispersal by wind
<p>The dataset contains:</p> <p>- primary data about Heracleum sosnowskyi seeds traits (terminal velocity, mass, area, wing loading) and release heights for <em>H. sosnowskyi</em> populations from two geographically distant Russia regions;</p> <p>- results of experiments of model seeds launches under different wind speeds;</p> <p>- R script for exploratory statistical analysis, linear regressions and mechanistc models testing.</p> <p>The anemochorous seed dispersal was generalized with a number of empirical and mechanistic models of varying complexity. The aim of this work was to develop the simplest possible mechanistic model of <em>Heracleum sosnowskyi</em> that allows to determine the distance of seed dispersal by wind with an accuracy comparable to that of empirical measurements. We measured and compared the characteristics of the seeds (terminal velocity, mass, area, wing loading) as well as the release height for <em>H. sosnowskyi</em> populations from two geographically distant Russia regions. We tested two simplest mechanistic models: a ballistic model and a wind gradient model using identical artificial seeds with characteristics similar to those of real <em>H. sosnowskyi</em> seeds. The wind gradient model gave the best results, despite the fact that uniform in shape, weight and size artificial <em>H. sosnowskyi</em> seeds, when dropped simultaneously from the same height, fly off at different distances. This model provides an estimate of dispersal distances with an accuracy comparable to that of empirical measurements. We plan to use the presented model to develop an individual-based model that will allow us to calculate the flight distances of <em>H. sosnowskyi</em> propagules, taking into account real weather conditions in different years and in different parts of its invasion range. All primary data and R-scripts used are freely available at the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3766035).</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Covariation in abscission force and terminal velocity of wind-borne sibling seeds alters long distance dispersal projections
1. Despite the fact that seeds are unlikely to be identical—even among siblings within a maternal individual—dispersal models typically use one mean trait value to represent the ability of an entire species to disperse. Previous work has shown that the environmental conditions under which individuals leave the maternal site strongly affect how far seeds will travel. However, less is known about how trait variation within individuals contributes to dispersal or how such variation might interact with abiotic factors. 2. Here, we develop the use of an ergometer in a novel application to investigate variation in seed traits, specifically the force required for seed abscission and seed terminal velocity, exhibited by seeds from different locations within maternal capitula of the invasive species Carduus nutans (Asteraceae). 3. We find that seeds from the center of capitula are significantly easier to liberate and have slower falling velocities than siblings found near the edge of capitula. When abscission force is positively correlated with terminal velocity, slowly falling, easily abscised seeds are projected to travel much further than the average seed on slow winds. 4. Our experimental and theoretical results, which together show that within-individual variation can strongly affect model projections of species dispersal, have important implications for our broader understanding of population spread rates, the spatial structure of populations, metapopulation connectivity, and gene flow in the landscape.
Data from: Covariation in abscission force and terminal velocity of wind-borne sibling seeds alters long distance dispersal projections
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Data from: Costs and benefits of non-random seed release for long distance dispersal in wind-dispersed plant species
The dispersal ability of plants is a major factor driving ecological responses to global change. In wind-dispersed plant species, non-random seed release in relation to wind speeds has been identified as a major determinant of dispersal distances. However, little information is available about the costs and benefits of non-random abscission and the consequences of timing for dispersal distances. We asked: 1) To what extent is non-random abscission able to promote long-distance dispersal and what is the effect of potentially increased pre-dispersal risk costs? 2) Which meteorological factors and respective timescales are important for maximizing dispersal? These questions were addressed by combining a mechanistic modelling approach and field data collection for herbaceous wind-dispersed species. Model optimization with a dynamic dispersal approach using measured hourly wind speed showed that plants can increase long-distance dispersal by developing a hard wind speed threshold below which no seeds are released. At the same time, increased risk costs limit the possibilities for dispersal distance gain and reduce the optimum level of the wind speed threshold, in our case (under representative Dutch meteorological conditions) to a threshold of 5-6 m s-1. The frequency and predictability (auto-correlation in time) of pre-dispersal seed-loss had a major impact on optimal non-random abscission functions and resulting dispersal distances. We observed a similar, but more gradual, bias towards higher wind speeds in six out of seven wind-dispersed species under natural conditions. This confirmed that non-random abscission exists in many species and that, under local Dutch meteorological conditions, abscission was biased towards winds exceeding 5-6 m s-1. We conclude that timing of seed release can vastly enhance dispersal distances in wind-dispersed species, but increased risk costs may greatly limit the benefits of selecting wind conditions for long-distance dispersal, leading to moderate seed abscission thresholds, depending on local meteorological conditions and disturbances.
Improving measurements of the falling trajectory and terminal velocity of wind-dispersed seeds
<p>1. Seed dispersal by wind is one of the most important dispersal mechanisms in plants. The key seed trait affecting seed dispersal by wind is the effective terminal velocity (hereafter "terminal velocity", Vt), the maximum falling speed of a seed in still air. Accurate estimates of Vt are crucial for predicting intra- and interspecific variation in seed dispersal ability. However, existing methods produce biased estimates of Vt for slow- or fast-falling seeds, fragile seeds, and seeds with complex falling trajectories.</p> <p>2. We present a new video-based method that estimates the falling trajectory and Vt of wind-dispersed seeds. The design involves a mirror that enables a camera to simultaneously record a falling seed from two perspectives. Automated image analysis then determines three-dimensional seed trajectories at high temporal resolution. To these trajectories, we fit a physical model of free fall with air resistance to estimate Vt. We validated this method by comparing the estimated Vt of spheres of different diameters and materials to theoretical expectations, and by comparing the estimated Vt of seeds to measurements in a vertical wind tunnel.</p> <p>3. Vt estimates closely match theoretical expectations for spheres and vertical wind tunnel measurements for seeds. However, our Vt estimates for fast-falling seeds are markedly higher than those in an existing trait database. This discrepancy seems to arise because previous estimates inadequately accounted for seed acceleration. </p> <p>4. The presented method yields accurate, efficient and affordable estimates of the three-dimensional falling trajectory and terminal velocity for a wide range of seed types. The method should thus advance the understanding and prediction of wind-driven seed dispersal.</p>
Seed dispersal by wind decreases when plants are water-stressed, potentially counteracting species coexistence and niche evolution
<p>Hydrology is a major environmental factor determining plant fitness, and hydrological niche segregation (HNS) has been widely used to explain species coexistence. Nevertheless, the distribution of plant species along hydrological gradients does not only depend on their hydrological niches but also on their seed dispersal, with dispersal either weakening or reinforcing the effects of HNS on coexistence. However, it is poorly understood how seed dispersal responds to hydrological conditions. To close this gap, we conducted a common-garden experiment exposing five wind-dispersed plant species (Bellis perennis, Chenopodium album, Crepis sancta, Hypochaeris glabra, and H. radicata) to different hydrological conditions. We quantified the effects of hydrological conditions on seed production and dispersal traits, and simulated seed dispersal distances with a mechanistic dispersal model. We found species-specific responses of seed production, seed dispersal traits, and predicted dispersal distances to hydrological conditions. Despite these species-specific responses, there was a general positive relationship between seed production and dispersal distance: plants growing in favourable hydrological conditions not only produce more seeds but also disperse them over longer distances. This arises mostly because plants growing in favourable environments grow taller and thus disperse their seeds over longer distances. We postulate that the positive relationship between seed production and dispersal may reduce the concentration of each species to the environments favourable for it, thus counteracting species coexistence. Moreover, the resulting asymmetrical gene flow from favourable to stressful habitats may slow down the microevolution of hydrological niches, causing evolutionary niche conservatism. Accounting for context-dependent seed dispersal should thus improve ecological and evolutionary models for the spatial dynamics of plant populations and communities.</p>
Data from: Costs and benefits of non-random seed release for long distance dispersal in wind-dispersed plant species
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Improving measurements of the falling trajectory and terminal velocity of wind-dispersed seeds
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Seed dispersal by wind decreases when plants are water-stressed, potentially counteracting species coexistence and niche evolution
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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