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65 results for “seed dormancy”
Global seed dormancy patterns are driven by macroclimate but not fire regime
<ul><li>Seed dormancy maximizes plant recruitment in habitats with variation in environmental suitability for seedling establishment. Yet, we still lack a comprehensive synthesis of the macroecological drivers of nondormancy and the different classes of seed dormancy: physiological dormancy, morphophysiological dormancy and physical dormancy.</li><li>We examined current geographic patterns and environmental correlates of global seed dormancy variation. Combining the most updated data set on seed dormancy classes for > 10 000 species with > 4 million georeferenced species occurrences covering all of the world's biomes, we test how this distribution is driven by climate and fire regime.</li><li>Seed dormancy is prevalent in seasonally cold and dry climates. Physiological dormancy occurs in relatively dry climates with high temperature seasonality (e.g. temperate grasslands). Morphophysiological dormancy is more common in forest-dominated, cold biomes with comparatively high and evenly distributed precipitation. Physical dormancy is associated with dry climates with strong seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations (e.g. deserts and savannas). Nondormancy is associated with stable, warm and wetter climates (e.g. tropical rain forest). Pyroclimate had no significant effect on the distribution of seed dormancy.</li><li>The environmental drivers considered in this study had a comparatively low predictive power, suggesting that macroclimate is just one of several global drivers of seed dormancy.</li></ul>
Data from: defining the pyro-thermal niche: do seed traits, ecosystem type and phylogeny influence thermal thresholds in seeds with physical dormancy
<p>Seeds are a key pathway for plant population recovery following disturbance. To prevent germination during unsuitable conditions, most species produce dormant seeds. In fire-prone regions, physical dormancy (PY) enables seeds to germinate after fire. The thermal niche, incorporating seed dormancy and mortality temperature responses, has not been characterised for PY seeds from fire prone environments.</p> <p>We aimed to assess variation in thermal thresholds between species with PY seeds and if the pyro-thermal niche is aligned with seed mass, ecosystem type or phylogenetic relatedness.</p> <p>We collected post heat-shock germination data for 58 Australian species that produce PY seeds. We applied species-specific thermal performance curves to define three critical thresholds (DRT<sub>50, </sub>dormancy release temperature; T<sub>opt</sub>,<sub> </sub>optimum dormancy release temperature and LT<sub>50</sub>, lethal temperature), defining the pyro-thermal niche. Each species was assigned a mean seed weight and ecosystem type. We constructed a phylogeny to account for species relatedness and calculated phylogenetic signal (h<sup>2</sup>) for LT<sub>50,</sub> T<sub>opt</sub>, and<sub> </sub>DRT<sub>50</sub>.</p> <p>Seeds of <em>Pomaderris</em> (Rhamnaceae) had the highest T<sub>opt</sub> and LT<sub>50</sub>, and <em>Pomaderris bodalla</em> having the highest DRT<sub>50 </sub>of 101.3°C. Seeds from species within this family exhibited higher temperature thresholds than those from Fabaceae. Seed mass was only influential in explaining LT<sub>50 </sub>variation.</p>
Data from: Defining the pyro-thermal niche: do seed traits, ecosystem type and phylogeny influence thermal thresholds in seeds with physical dormancy
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Decadal survival of tropical pioneer seeds in the soil seedbank is accompanied by fungal infection and dormancy release
<p>Pioneer trees require high-light environments for successful seedling establishment. Consequently, seeds of these species often persist in the soil seed bank (SSB) for periods ranging from several weeks to decades. How they survive despite extensive pressure from seed predators and soilborne pathogens remains an intriguing question.</p> <p>This study aims to test the hypotheses that decades-old seeds collected from the SSB in a lowland tropical forest remain viable by i) escaping infection by fungi, which are major drivers of seed mortality in tropical soils, and/or ii) maintaining high levels of seed dormancy and seed coat integrity when compared to inviable seeds.</p> <p>We collected seeds of <em>Trema micrantha</em> and <em>Zanthoxylum ekmanii </em>at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, from sites where adult trees previously occurred in the past 30 years. We used carbon dating to measure seed age and characterized seed coat integrity, seed dormancy, and fungal communities.</p> <p>Viable seeds from the SSB ranged in age from 9 to 30 years for <em>T. micrantha</em>, and 5 to 33 years for <em>Z. ekmanii.</em> We found no evidence that decades-old seeds maintain high levels of seed dormancy or seed coat integrity. Fungi were rarely detected in fresh seeds (no soil contact), but phylogenetically diverse fungi were detected often in seeds from the SSB. Although fungal infections were more commonly detected in inviable seeds than in viable seeds, a lack of differences in fungal diversity and community composition between viable and inviable seeds suggested that viable seeds are not simply excluding fungal species to survive long periods in the SSB.</p> <p><em>Synthesis: </em>Our findings reveal the importance of a previously understudied aspect of seed survival, where the impact of seed-microbial interactions may be critical to understand long-term persistence in the SSB.</p>
Seed dormancy types and germination response of 15 plant species in temperate montane peatlands
<p>Despite their crucial role in determining the fate of seeds, the type and breaking mode of seed dormancy in peatland plants in temperate Asia with a continental monsoon climate are rarely known. Fifteen common peatland plant species were used to test their seed germination response to various dormancy-breaking treatments, including dry storage (D), gibberellin acid soaking (GA), cold stratification (CS), warm followed cold stratification (WCS), GA soaking + cold stratification (GA+CS) and GA soaking + warm followed cold stratification (GA+WCS). Germination experiment, viability and imbibition test, and morphological observation of embryos were conducted. Of the 15 species, nine showed physiological dormancy (PD), with non-deep PD being the dominant type. Four species, <em>Angelica pubescens</em>, <em>Cicuta virosa</em>, <em>Iris laevigata </em>and<em> Iris setosa</em> exhibited morphological physiological dormancy. Two species, <em>Lycopus uniflorus</em> and<em> Spiraea salicifolia</em>, demonstrated non-dormancy of seeds. Overall, the effect hierarchy of dormancy-breaking is: CS > GA > WCS > GA+CS > D > GA+WCS. Principal component analysis demonstrated that seed traits, including embryo length: seed length ratio, seed size, and monocot/eudicot divergence, are more likely to influence seed dormancy than environmental factors. Our study suggests that nearly 90% of the tested peatland plant species in the Changbai Mountains demonstrated seed dormancy, and seed traits (e.g. embryo to seed ratio and seed size) and abiotic environmental factors (e.g. pH and temperature seasonality) are related to germination behavior, suggesting seed dormancy being a common adaptation strategy for the peatland plants in the temperate montane environment.</p>
Rapid evolution of seed dormancy during sunflower de-domestication
<p>Hybridization between crops and their wild relatives may promote the evolution of de-domesticated (feral) weeds. Wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is typically found in ruderal environments, but crop-wild hybridization may facilitate the evolution of weedy populations. Using one crop-specific mitochondrial marker (CMS-PET1) and 14 nuclear SSR markers, we studied the origin and genetic diversity of a recently discovered weedy population of sunflower (named BRW). Then, using a resurrection approach, we tested for rapid evolution of weedy traits (seed dormancy, herbicide resistance, and competitive ability) by sampling weedy and wild populations 10 years apart (2007 and 2017). All the weedy plants present the CMS-PET1 cytotype, confirming their feral origin. At the nuclear markers, BRW showed higher genetic diversity than the cultivated lines and low differentiation with one wild population, suggesting that wild hybridization increased their genetic diversity. We found support for rapid evolution towards higher seed dormancy, but not for higher competitive ability or herbicide resistance. Our results highlight the importance of seed dormancy during the earliest stages of adaptation and show that crop-wild hybrids can evolve quickly in agricultural environments.</p>
Data from: Does the reduction of seed dormancy during ex situ cultivation affect the germination and establishment of plants reintroduced into the wild?
<p><span>1. Plants or seeds produced in botanic gardens or nurseries have become an important source of plant material for reintroductions or population reinforcements. However, recent research has shown that these living collections bear the risk of being genetically impoverished and adapted to the artificial habitat. In particular, many studies have reported a decline of seed dormancy during ex situ cultivation, which may compromise their suitability for reintroduction programs. However, the impact of those ex situ-derived changes on the germination and establishment of reintroduced plant populations is still unclear. </span></p> <p><span>2. We studied the germination behaviour, population establishment and plant fitness over three years of reintroduced plants of the short-lived perennial <em>Digitalis</em> <em>lutea</em>, comparing plants grown from (1) a 30-year botanic garden population, (2) seeds from a seed bank representing the initial starting point of the botanic garden culture, and (3) a re-sampled corresponding wild population. </span></p> <p><span>3. Under laboratory conditions, wild-collected seeds required cold stratification to germinate, whereas seeds from the garden population germinated without stratification. This pattern was strongly reduced in an outdoor pot experiment, where only a few garden seeds germinated before winter, and all seeds remained dormant when seeded in the natural area of origin. In a transplant experiment, reintroduced plants from the wild population outperformed both, the garden and the seed bank plants, in their fitness in the first 3 years after reintroduction suggesting adaptation to current climatic conditions. </span></p> <p><span>4. Synthesis and Applications: Our study demonstrates that trait changes that occurred during ex situ cultivation can negatively impact the establishment of reintroduced plants. We conclude that wild plant material collected from contemporary populations is best suited for reintroduction and should be preferred over ex situ-cultivated and seed bank stored material, especially when the cultivation spanned multiple generations. However, our study also shows that germination requirements change in complex ways, and the loss of dormancy observed under laboratory conditions may not always be directly transferable to natural conditions. When established standards are respected, ex situ propagated material may thus still be a valuable resource, especially when wild material is not available in sufficient quantities. </span></p>
Data from: Seed dormancy revisited: dormancy-release pathways and environmental interactions
<p>1. Many internal (inherent) and environmental (imposed) factors control seed dormancy and germina-tion from which we can derive three basic dormancy-release pathways: Maternal structures and embryo physiology control inherent dormancy that is broken by various types of scarification and physiological changes, followed by imposed-dormancy release when replaced by certain 'standard' environmental conditions that stimulate germination (pathway 1); imposed dormancy prevails even if inherent dorman-cy is broken or not applicable that is released when replaced by certain 'standard' environmental condi-tions which stimulate germination (pathway 2); release from inherent dormancy by light/dark or cold stratification is contingent on existing presence of certain 'standard' environmental conditions that stim-ulate germination (pathway 3).</p> <p>2. On-plant seed storage (serotiny) and frugivorous seeds are recognized here as representing special types of physical dormancy, as their properties are consistent with those of hard diaspores. Warm stratification does not require seeds to be moist as it is just a physical response. Heat may promote germination of non-hard, as well as hard, seeds as it may also increase their permeability.</p> <p>3. Levels of germination gauge the net effect of inherent- and imposed-dormancy release so that it only possible to identify the extent of inherent-dormancy release when conditions for germination are optimal (imposed dormancy has been annulled). While imposed dormancy may be protracted after inherent dormancy is broken by heat or chilling during the dry or cold seasons, release from both states may effectively coincide if smoke chemicals or light are received during the (wet) growing sea-son.</p> <p>4. We suggest reserving the term secondary dormancy for seeds that return to (inherent or imposed) dormancy due to changed environmental conditions. Under seasonal climates, fluctuations in envi-ronmental conditions can lead to secondary dormancy and even dormancy cycling.</p> <p>5. We recognize four types of functional interactions between any two environmental factors that induce inherent-dormancy release: binary interactions are either ineffective, only one effective, non-additive or additive/synergistic. Two environmental stimuli that individually break dormancy but have no additive effect must be affecting the same process; this was demonstrated here for some interac-tions between heat and smoke.</p> <p>6. The three dormancy-release pathways, together with internal, seasonal and stochastic interact ions, are coordinated by the non-dormant seed to ensure maximum germination under optimal conditions. To ignore any aspect outlined here leads to an impoverished understanding of the disparate seed ecol-ogy of species adapted to different stressful and disturbance-prone habitats.</p>
Elevation and phylogeny shape herbaceous seed dormancy in a biodiversity hotspot of southwest China
<p><span>Seed dormancy contributes greatly to successful establishment and community stability and shows large variation over a continuous status scale in mountain ecosystems. Although empirical studies have shown that seed dormancy status (SDS) is shaped by elevation and phylogenetic history in mountain ecosystems, few studies have quantified their combined effects on SDS. Here, we collected mature seeds from 51 populations of 11 <em>Impatiens</em> species (Balsaminaceae) along an elevational gradient in the Gaoligong Mountains of southwest China and estimated SDS using mean dormancy percentage of fresh seeds germinated at three constant temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C). We downloaded 19 bioclimatic variables from WorldClim v.2.1 for each <em>Impatiens</em> population and used internal transcribed spacer (ITS), atpB-rbcL, and trnL-F molecular sequences from the GenBank nucleotide database to construct a phylogenetic tree of the 11 species of <em>Impatiens</em>. Logistic regression model analysis was performed to quantify the effects of phylogeny and environment on SDS. Results identified a significant phylogenetic SDS signal in the <em>Impatiens</em> species. Furthermore, elevation and phylogeny accounted for 63.629% of the total variation in SDS among the <em>Impatiens</em> populations. The best logistic model indicated that temperature was the main factor influencing variation in SDS among the <em>Impatiens</em> species, and model residuals were significantly correlated with phylogeny, but not with elevation. Our results indicated that seed dormancy is phylogenetically conserved, and climate drives elevational patterns of SDS variation in mountain ecosystems. This study provides new insights into the response of seed plant diversity to climate change.</span></p>
Field data of seed dormancy and pod dehiscence in Hairy Vetch (V. villosa)
<p>Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), a winter hardy annual legume, is a promising cover crop. To fully leverage its potential, seed production and field performance of V. villosa must be improved to facilitate producer adoption. Two classic domestication traits, seed dormancy (hard seed) and dehiscence (pod shatter), are selection targets in an ongoing breeding program. This study reports a genome-wide association study of 1,019 V. villosa individuals evaluated at two sites (Knox City, Texas and Corvallis, Oregon) for proportion of dormant seed, visual pod dehiscence scores, and two dehiscence surrogate measures (force to dehiscence and pod spiraling score).Trait performance varied between sites, but reliability (equivalent to heritability) across sites was strong (dormant seed proportion: 0.68; dehiscence score: 0.61; spiraling score: 0.42; force to dehiscence: 0.41). A major locus controlling seed dormancy was found (q-value: 1.29 x 10 -5 ; Chromosome 1: Position: 63611165), which can be used by breeding programs to rapidly reduce dormancy in breeding populations. No significant dehiscence score QTL were found, primarily due to the high dehiscence rates in Corvallis, Oregon. Since Oregon is a potentially major V. villosa seed production region, further dehiscence resistance screening is necessary.</p>
Data from: Interacting effects of genetic variation for seed dormancy and flowering time on phenology, life history, and fitness of experimental Arabidopsis thaliana populations over multiple generations in the field
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Hormone type, soaking duration and seed coating affect dormancy and germination of pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) lines
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Decadal survival of tropical pioneer seeds in the soil seedbank is accompanied by fungal infection and dormancy release
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Data from: Seed dormancy revisited: dormancy-release pathways and environmental interactions
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Seed dormancy types and germination response of 15 plant species in temperate montane peatlands
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Elevation and phylogeny shape herbaceous seed dormancy in a biodiversity hotspot of southwest China
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Data from: Does the reduction of seed dormancy during ex situ cultivation affect the germination and establishment of plants reintroduced into the wild?
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Rapid evolution of seed dormancy during sunflower de-domestication
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Field data of seed dormancy and pod dehiscence in Hairy Vetch (V. villosa)
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Canalization of seasonal phenology in the presence of developmental variation: seed dormancy cycling in an annual weed
<p>Variation in the developmental timing in one life stage may ramify within and across generations to disrupt optimal phenology of other life stages. By focusing on a common mechanism of developmental arrest in plants-seed dormancy-we investigated how variation in flowering time influenced seed germination behavior and identified potential processes that can lead to canalized germination behavior despite variation in reproductive timing. We quantified effects of reproductive timing on dormancy cycling by experimentally manipulating the temperature during seed maturation and the seasonal timing of seed dispersal/burial, and by assessing temperature-dependent germination of un-earthed seeds over a seasonal cycle. We found that reproductive timing, via both seed-maturation temperature and the timing of dispersal, strongly influenced germination behavior in the weeks immediately following seed burial. However, buried seeds subsequently canalized their germination behavior, after losing primary dormancy and experiencing natural temperature and moisture conditions in the field. After the complete loss of primary dormancy, germination behavior was similar across seed-maturation and dispersal treatments, even when secondary dormancy was induced. Maternal effects themselves may contribute to the canalization of germination: first, by inducing stronger dormancy in autumn-matured seeds, and second by modifying the responses of those seeds to their ambient environment. Genotypes differed in dormancy cycling, with functional alleles of known dormancy genes necessary for the suppression of germination at warm temperatures in autumn through spring across multiple years. Loss of function of dormancy genes abolished almost all dormancy cycling. In summary, effects of reproductive phenology on dormancy cycling of buried seeds were apparent only as long as seeds retained primary dormancy, and a combination of genetically imposed seed dormancy, maternally induced seed dormancy, and secondary dormancy can mitigate variation in germination behavior imposed by variation in reproductive phenology.</p>
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