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22 results for “seed persistence”
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d, e, g–k), X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (f) of fruits and endocarps of uncertain affinity from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Trebecenia sarcocalis, a – tricarpellate fruit, no. NM-F 3637, b – fruits supported by pentamerous and persistent calyx, no. NMF 3637, c – fruit almost circular in transverse section, no. NM-F 3637; d: Taxon 17, small fruit with slightly sunken stylar region, no. NM-F 3201; e: Taxon 19, spherical fruit, the fruit wall composed of large isodiametric, thick walled cells, no. NM-F 3181; f: Taxon 19, single-seeded fruit, no. NM-F 3621; g: Taxon 20, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of ten carpels, no. NM-F 3200; h: Taxon 22, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of seven carpels, no. NM-F 3159; i: cf. Sabia menispermoides, endocarp of drupaceous fruits, no. NM-F 4624; j: Taxon 25, endocarp triangular in cross-section, no. NM-F 3218; k: Taxon 24, endocarp spherical in cross-section with a distinctly ribbed and foveolate surface, no. NM-F 3217. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d, e, g–k), X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (f) of fruits and endocarps of uncertain affinity from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Trebecenia sarcocalis, a – tricarpellate fruit, no. NM-F 3637, b – fruits supported by pentamerous and persistent calyx, no. NMF 3637, c – fruit almost circular in transverse section, no. NM-F 3637; d: Taxon 17, small fruit with slightly sunken stylar region, no. NM-F 3201; e: Taxon 19, spherical fruit, the fruit wall composed of large isodiametric, thick walled cells, no. NM-F 3181; f: Taxon 19, single-seeded fruit, no. NM-F 3621; g: Taxon 20, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of ten carpels, no. NM-F 3200; h: Taxon 22, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of seven carpels, no. NM-F 3159; i: cf. Sabia menispermoides, endocarp of drupaceous fruits, no. NM-F 4624; j: Taxon 25, endocarp triangular in cross-section, no. NM-F 3218; k: Taxon 24, endocarp spherical in cross-section with a distinctly ribbed and foveolate surface, no. NM-F 3217.
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (a, c, e–k) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (b, d) of capsular fruits compose of five carpels from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–d: Taxon 4, a – fruit elliptical in shape, no. NM-F 3188, b – young fruit with reminisce of free styles at top and showing central placentation of seeds, no. NM-F 3188, c – pentacarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3188, d – fruit with five locules, no. NM-F 3235; e, f: Taxon 6, e – elongated fruit in lateral view, the persistent perianth at the base of the fruit (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3194, f – fruit in apical view, no. NM-F 3194; g, h: Taxon 5, g – elongated fruit in lateral view, no. NM-F 3193, h – fruit showing remains of a persistent calyx in the basal part (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3193; i–k: Taxon 7, i – pentacarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4091, j – fruit, apical view, no. NM-F 4091, k – fruit with five seeds (arrowheads) ellipsoidal or triangular in outline and with a thick seed coat, no. NM-F 4091. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (a, c, e–k) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (b, d) of capsular fruits compose of five carpels from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–d: Taxon 4, a – fruit elliptical in shape, no. NM-F 3188, b – young fruit with reminisce of free styles at top and showing central placentation of seeds, no. NM-F 3188, c – pentacarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3188, d – fruit with five locules, no. NM-F 3235; e, f: Taxon 6, e – elongated fruit in lateral view, the persistent perianth at the base of the fruit (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3194, f – fruit in apical view, no. NM-F 3194; g, h: Taxon 5, g – elongated fruit in lateral view, no. NM-F 3193, h – fruit showing remains of a persistent calyx in the basal part (arrowhead), no. NM-F 3193; i–k: Taxon 7, i – pentacarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4091, j – fruit, apical view, no. NM-F 4091, k – fruit with five seeds (arrowheads) ellipsoidal or triangular in outline and with a thick seed coat, no. NM-F 4091.
Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank
<p>There is some evidence that seed traits can affect the long-term persistence of seeds in the soil. However, findings on this topic have differed between systems. Here, we brought together a worldwide database of seed persistence data for 1474 species to test the generality of seed mass-shape-persistence relationships. We found a significant trend for low seed persistence to be associated with larger and less spherical seeds. However, the relationship varied across different clades, growth forms and species ecological preferences. Specifically, relationships of seed mass-shape-persistence were more pronounced in Poales than in other order clades. Herbaceous species that tend to be found in sites with low soil sand content and precipitation have stronger relationships between seed shape and persistence than in sites with higher soil sand content and precipitation. For the woody plants, the relationship between persistence and seed morphology was stronger in sites with high soil sand content and low precipitation than in sites with low soil sand content and higher precipitation. Improving ability to predict the soil seed bank formation process, including burial and persistence, could benefit the utilization of seed morphology-persistence relationships in management strategies for vegetation restoration and controlling species invasion across diverse vegetation types and environments.</p>
Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank
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Data from: A century of genetic variation inferred from a persistent soil-stored seed bank
Stratigraphic accretion of dormant propagules in soil can result in natural archives useful for studying ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental change. Few attempts have been made, however, to use soil-stored seed banks as natural archives, in part because of concerns over non-random attrition and mixed stratification. Here we examine the persistent seed bank of Schoenoplectus americanus, a foundational brackish marsh sedge, to determine whether it can serve as a resource for reconstructing historical records of demographic and population genetic variation. After assembling profiles of the seed bank from radionuclide dated soil cores, we germinated seeds to 'resurrect' cohorts spanning the 20th century. Using microsatellite markers, we assessed genetic diversity and differentiation among depth cohorts, drawing comparisons to extant plants at the study site and in nearby and more distant marshes. We found that seed density peaked at intermediate soil depths. We also detected genotypic differences among cohorts as well as between cohorts and extant plants. Genetic diversity did not decline with depth, indicating that the observed pattern of differentiation is not due to attrition. Patterns of differentiation within and among extant marshes also suggest that local populations persist as aggregates of small clones, likely reflecting repeated seedling recruitment and low immigration from admixed regional gene pools. These findings indicate that persistent and stratified soil-stored seed banks merit further consideration as resources for reconstructing decadal-to-century long records that can lend insight into the tempo and nature of ecological and evolutionary processes that shape populations over time.
Differential Role of a persistent Seed Bank for genetic Variation in early vs. late successional Stages
<p>The file contains data of AFLP analyses of the perennial plant <em>Viola elatior</em>, collected in populations in Germany and the Czech Republic.</p> <p>The first sheet contains a read-me describing the data that reads as follows: "Presence/absence matrix (1/0) of AFLP markers. The first column provides the sample ID (R - Upper Rhine region; T - Thaya/Morava region; M - meadow habitat; W - woodland habitat; sb - seedbank sample) and second and third column provides coordinates used for analyses of small-scale spatial genetic structure. Note that for SB cohorts, only samples originating from soil pools with a maximum distance of 4 m between the two soil sampling sites (cf. SB sampling strategy in M&M) were considered, using the corresponding midpoint coordinates, respectively. The first row provides the marker ID (selective primer combination + fragment size in bp). Selective Primer Combinations: F1 - FAM_AAC-CTA; F2 - FAM_ACT-CAA; V1 - VIC_ACA-CAA; V2 - VIC_ACA-CTC; N1 - NED_AAG-CAC; N2 - NED_AAG-CTC; P1 - PET_AGC-CAA; P2 - PET_AGG-CTC".</p> <p>We used the data to compare genetic variation of aboveground and seed bank cohorts in 15 populations of the partially cleistogamous <em>Viola elatior</em> in two contrasting early and late successional habitats characterized by strong differences in light-availability and declining population size. Using AFLP markers, we found significantly higher aboveground than seed bank genetic diversity in early successional meadow but not in late successional woodland habitats.</p>
Long-term seed bank persistence in Arctomecon californica
<p>Seed banks, the collection of viable seeds in the soil, are particularly important determinants of population survival in highly variable environments. Predictions of increased stochasticity in the amount and timing of precipitation in desert environments raise the question of how seed banks of desert species will respond to climate change, and ultimately, whether these species will persist. Here, we present data from our long-term studies of germination requirements and seed bank dynamics in a rare desert gypsophile perennial, <em>Arctomecon</em> <em>californica</em> (Las Vegas bearpoppy). <em>Arctomecon</em> <em>californica</em> is a relatively short-lived plant that recruits from seed in sequences of unusually favorable years. We used germination experiments, an in situ seed bank study, and a 15-year field seed retrieval study to examine factors affecting seed bank persistence. In the germination study, a majority of seeds remained dormant, despite a wide variety of treatments, suggesting that a large proportion of the seed dispersed each year has cue-nonresponsive dormancy. Our seed bank study showed that seed density varied widely between sites, among transects, and among samples within a transect. The patchiness of seeds in the soil highlights the importance of protecting large areas where <em>A. californica</em> populations are known to have existed in the past. The seed retrieval study provided strong evidence that this species has a long-lived seed bank in which only a small fraction of seeds (roughly 5%) become nondormant each year, allowing seed banks of this species to last up to 20 years without a seed production event. Whether this impressive life history strategy can maintain the species in the face of climate change depends on the future frequency of the well-timed precipitation that allows for establishment of new cohorts of adult plants.</p>
Data from: Persistent inner tepals and wings protect developing seeds of Rheum nanum from insect herbivory in Central Asian cold deserts
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Long-term seed bank persistence in Arctomecon californica
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Phylogenetic relatedness mediates persistence and density of soil seed banks
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Data from: A century of genetic variation inferred from a persistent soil-stored seed bank
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Persistent inequalities in intraspecific plant-lemur interactions drive seed dispersal patterns
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Persistence of seed dispersal in agroecosystems: effects of landscape modification and intensive soil management practices in avian frugivores, frugivory and seed deposition in olive croplands
<p>Farming impacts on animal-mediated seed dispersal through mechanisms operating at least at two spatial scales: first, at the landscape scale, through habitat loss and land conversion to agriculture/livestock grazing, and second, by local intensification (farm scale) of the agricultural practices. Nonetheless, these two scales of farming impact on the seed dispersal function have been rarely integrated. In particular, studies evaluating the effect of agriculture in the seed dispersal function of frugivorous birds in Mediterranean ecosystems are lacking. We evaluate the role of the landscape transformation, from fruit-rich woodland habitats to olive grove landscapes, together with the local intensive practices of soil management on the persistence of the seed dispersal function for Mediterranean fleshy-fruited plants in olive landscapes of south Spain.</p> <p>We used bird censuses, mist-nets and seed traps to characterize avian frugivore assemblages, frugivory, and seed deposition in seminatural woodland habitat (SNWH) patches and olive fields of 40 olives farms of 20 localities distributed across the whole range of olive cultivation in Andalusia (southern Spain).</p> <p>We found that despite of a still remarkable dispersal function in olive grove landscapes, avian frugivore abundance and diversity, frugivory, and seed arrival decreased in olive fields compared to SNWH patches. Likewise, SNWH cover loss and/or olive growing expansion decreased avian frugivory and seed arrival. Interestingly, habitat effects in the olive farms often depended on the landscape context. In particular, less diverse fruit-eating bird assemblages pooled in SNWH patches as olive grove cover increased or SNWH decreased in the landscape, while remained relatively invariant in the olive fields. Finally, compared to conventional intensive agriculture, low-intensity management increased frugivory and seed deposition.</p> <p>We conclude that olive fields are less permeable to frugivores than expected by its agroforest-like nature, and that presence of SNWH patches is crucial for the maintenance of frugivory and seed dispersal in agricultural landscapes. Results evidence that woodland habitat loss by olive expansion and the intensive practices seriously threaten the dispersal service in olive-dominated landscapes. Maintenance, restoration and promotion of woodland patches should be prioritized for the conservation of the seed dispersal service and for enhancing the functional connectivity in human-shaped olive landscapes.</p>
FIGURE. Flemingia vestita Benth. ex Baker A & B from B. Liu 550 (two sheets in HITBC), showing the persistent stipels of leaves. C. Pod enclosed by calyx. D. Pod. E. Seed. A & B by Bo Pan, C, D & E by Kai-Wen Jiang from B. Pan s. n. (NPH), a seed specimen collected from Yunnan, China. in Legume additions to the flora of China
FIGURE. Flemingia vestita Benth. ex Baker A & B from B. Liu 550 (two sheets in HITBC), showing the persistent stipels of leaves. C. Pod enclosed by calyx. D. Pod. E. Seed. A & B by Bo Pan, C, D & E by Kai-Wen Jiang from B. Pan s. n. (NPH), a seed specimen collected from Yunnan, China.
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N in Taxonomy, evolution and phylogeography of the genus Helonias (Melanthiaceae) revisited
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N Myanmar (Kermode 17139, holotype, K-001235138). C, D from Yunnan, China (Gaoligongshan Biodiversity Survey 32015, GH-00292433). Scale on right corner for B and D. Drawn by Noriyuki Tanaka.
FIGURE 1. Xylopia atlantica. A. Twig with leaves. B. Immature fruit with persistent sepals. C. Dehiscent mature fruit. D. Seed with aril. A. Jardim 2719 in Xylopia atlantica (Annonaceae), new species from the coastal forest of Bahia, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Xylopia atlantica. A. Twig with leaves. B. Immature fruit with persistent sepals. C. Dehiscent mature fruit. D. Seed with aril. A. Jardim 2719; B. Amorim 383; C–D. Fiaschi 2165.
Data from: Persistence of the effect of frugivore identity on post-dispersal seed fate: consequences for the assessment of functional redundancy
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Data from: Persisting in defaunated landscapes: reduced plant population connectivity after seed dispersal collapse
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Persistence of seed dispersal in agroecosystems: effects of landscape modification and intensive soil management practices in avian frugivores, frugivory and seed deposition in olive croplands
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Data from: Sexual conflict and correlated evolution between male persistence and female resistance traits in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
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