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64 results for “seedling establish”
Seed Dispersal and Seedling Establishment of Sarracenia Purpurea at Hawley Bog, MA 1998-1999
Plant ecologists continue to grapple with Reid’s paradox, the observation that dispersal distances of most herbs and trees are too limited to account for their recolonization of northern latitudes following glacial recession. As global climate changes and natural habitats become increasingly fragmented, understanding patterns of seed dispersal and the potential for long-distance colonization takes on new importance. We studied the dispersal and establishment of the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea, which grows commonly in isolated bogs throughout Canada and eastern North America. Median dispersal distance of S. purpurea is only 5 cm, which is insufficient to explain its occurrence throughout formerly glaciated regions of North America. Establishment probability of seeds in the field is approximately 5%, and juveniles are normally found clustered around adult plants. The large-scale population genetic structure of this species can be accounted for by rare long-distance dispersal events, but its predictable occurrence in isolated habitats requires additional explanation. Reid’s paradox remains an open question, and predicting long-range colonization into fragmented habitats by species with limited dispersal ability is a novel challenge.
Effects of experimental manipulation of light and nutrients on establishment of seedlings of native and invasive woody species in Long Island, NY, USA forests 2000 - 2003
While several studies on the process of invasion often focused on single factors or on the general explanation of ‘disturbance,' recent work has attempted to move towards a more mechanistic understanding of the factors that promote plant community invasion. Manipulative experiments provide a means for discerning causal relationships and interactive effects of environmental factors in promoting invasion. This dataset contains the results of multifactor manipulative experiments in forest communities, which compared factors influencing early seedling establishment for native and invasive woody plants. In an earlier study, we found that in Long Island, NY, invasion patterns are correlated with forest community type (pine barrens or hardwood), light availability, and soil N and Ca. Therefore, we conducted manipulative field experiments in two different years to determine the relative importance and interaction of experimental gaps and N and Ca addition in pine barrens and hardwood forests in promoting invasion. We used seedlings of seven common native and invasive species in the first experiment, and 16 native and invasive species paired phylogenetically in the second experiment. This was done in the years 2000 and 2003 respectively.
Fungal community structure associated with seedlings that established post-fire and adjacent resprouting shrubs at Finger Mountain and Nome Creek, Alaska
This dataset contains characterizations of fungal community structure associated with seedlings that established after fire and adjacent resprouting shrubs. It also includes variables that describe proximity to the closest resprouting shrub, fire severity, vegetation, and substrate associated with seedlings and adjacent resprouting shrubs harvested at Finger Mountain and Nome Creek in 2009.
ARISA profiles for root-associated fungal communities associated with seedlings that established after fire and adjacent shrubs harvested at Finger Mountain and Nome Creek in 2009
This dataset contains the ARISA profiles of the root-associated fungal communities associated with seedlings that established after the 2004 fires and the closest resprouting shrub.
Riparian zone seedling establishment, growth, dynamics, and the influence of Rhododendron maximum soil moisture: forest floor data at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1997 to 2000
The effect of Rhododendron maximum, a dominate species in the riparian zones of the Southern Appalachians, on carbon, water, and nutrients en route to the streams is an ongoing study in the LTER research program at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. To study seedling establishment, growth, and dynamics in riparian zones one m2 quadrats have been established. There are four sites which include one treatment site, where the rhododendron has been removed from the riparian zone, one hurricane site, where there is extensive disturbance from Hurricane Opal, and two control sites, one upslope from the treatment site and one upstream from the hurricane site. Each of these fours sites have ten randomly located natural regeneration one m2 quadrats as well as four randomly located replicates of three adjacent one m2 quadrats. In each of the three adjacent quadrats, the litter was removed from the lower half to determine the effect of litter on the germination and growth of seedlings. Two of the adjacent quadrats have been broadcast seeded with Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Quercus rubra. In one of the two quadrats that have been broadcast seeded, a predator exclusion mesh screen, 1m x 1/2m with " openings, has been installed in the quadrat to determine the effect of small mammal predation on regeneration. Quadrats were installed on 24 April 1997 and an initial vegetation survey was conducted in May 1997. All seedlings were permanently tagged at this time and quadrat physical characteristics such as slope, aspect, and distance from stream were recorded. Broadcast seeding was done on 21 May 1997. Each year censuses will be conducted in spring and fall on each quadrat and seedling species, density, age, and annual height growth will be recorded. This project will help to document the effect of Rhododendron maximum on regeneration in the riparian areas as well as the effect of hurricane disturbance on regeneration.
Drought and herbivory effects on woody plant seedling establishment and grass competition in the Jornada Basin, 2016-2018
This dataset contains observations of seedling establishment and grass competition under precipitation manipulations, and herbivory and granivory exclosure treatments, in the Chihuahuan desert of southern New Mexico, USA. The experiment took place at the Jornada Basin LTER site. We used a rainfall manipulation system and various herbivore exclosures in a factorial design, to test hypotheses about how precipitation (PPT), competition between grasses and shrub seedlings, and predation affect the germination and first-year survival of Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), a shrub that has encroached in Southern Great Plains and Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. Data collected in these files include seedling counts in each treatment over observation years 2016 to 2018. This data supports the related publication in Ecological Applications (Weber-Grullon et al. in press). The dataset is complete.
Drought stress triggers differential survival and functional trait responses in the establishment of Arnica montana seedlings
<ul> <li>The establishment and survival of seedlings are critical stages in the life cycle of plants and therefore usually well timed to humid and favourable conditions. Climate projections suggest that the threatened mountain grassland species <em>Arnica montana</em> may be increasingly exposed to drought stress. However, studies that focus on the species’ early development are missing. We evaluated impacts of drought-induced stress on <em>A. montana</em> seedlings in their early establishment phase and identified traits for the species’ fitness decline.</li> <li>In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the response of <em>A. montana</em> seedlings to different drought levels (moderate, strong, extreme). To assess their fitness under increasing drought, we evaluated the survival of the seedlings based on four senescence stages and measured the performance of above- and belowground morphological and physiological functional traits.</li> <li><em>Arnica montana</em> seedlings showed high resistance to drought. Senescence accelerated and survival declined only under strong and extreme drought conditions. However, the seedlings’ vegetative performance decreased even with moderate drought, as indicated by smaller values of most leaf traits and some root traits. Physiological trait response was less sensitive.</li> <li>Drought stress hinders the establishment and survival of <em>A. montana</em> seedlings. Following the functional trait responses to drought and their associations with survival, we suggest declining leaf length, leaf width, and leaf number as sensitive traits that can lead to a decline performance.</li> </ul>
Data from: Lower-intensity restoration interventions drive greater seedling establishment for later-successional tree species
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Reserve West Seedling Establishment and Growth after Fire 1988 - 2009
In 1983 an 8,600 acre human-caused wildfire, the Rosie Creek Fire, burned through about 1/3 of the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest unit of the Bonanza Creek LTER in central Alaska. The stand that burned was a productive white spruce dominated stand about 200 years old. This study of tree regeneration was initiated in 1989 in a 100m by 100m reference hectare at the perimeter of the Rosie Creek Burn, located between 100m and 200m from the surviving stand edge. The Reserve West reference hectare was reserved from salvage logging and artificial reforestation. All regenerating white spruce trees in the hectare have been mapped and seedling survival and height elongation have been measured annually since 1989 (1988 and 1987 tree heights were back calculated from internodes). Seedlings are tracked by a subdivision of the hectare into 100 cells of 10m by 10m. The total number of trees that have been tracked in the database is 2,527. This is one of the largest and longest complete data series examining forest regeneration in the boreal region.
Dataset: Seed fate, seedling establishment and the role of propagule size in forest regeneration under climate change conditions
<p>This repository contains the files associated with the following article:</p> <p>Badano EI and EJ Sánchez-Montes de Oca. Seed fate, seedling establishment and the role of propagule size in forest regeneration under climate change conditions. <em>Forest ecology and Management</em> 503, Article 119776. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119776">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119776</a></p> <p>The first Microsoft Excel file contains a single sheet with the data used to assess whether seed biomass relates with the fresh weight of acorns in the two studied oak species (<em>Quercus viminea</em> and <em>Quercus eduardii</em>). The second Microsoft Excel file contains five sheets with the microclimatic data (photosynthetic photon flux density, air and soil temperature, rainfall and volumetric soil water content) measured at controls under the current climate and climate change simulation plots located in the forest and the abandoned field of each experimental site. The third Microsoft Excel file contains a single sheet with the results of the seed fate experiments. For each oak species, these databases indicate the fresh weight of each acorn and the respective fate of its seed (parasitized by insects, infested by fungi, desiccated or germinated) in controls under the current climate and climate change simulation plots located in forests and abandoned fields. Finally, the fourth Microsoft Excel file contains a single sheet with the results of the seedling development experiments. For each oak species, these databases indicate the fresh weight of each acorn with the respective shoot emergence date of the seedling, the date of seedling dead and the aboveground net growth rate of the seedling in controls under the current climate and climate change simulation plots located in forests and abandoned fields.</p>
Data and Code for: Drivers of seedling establishment success in dryland restoration efforts
<p>Code and Raw data for:</p> <p>Drivers of seedling establishment success in dryland restoration efforts</p> <p><em>Restoration of degraded drylands is urgently needed to mitigate climate change, reverse desertification, and secure livelihoods for the two billion people who live in these areas. Bold global targets have been set for dryland restoration to restore millions of hectares of degraded land. These targets have been questioned as overly ambitious, but without a global evaluation of successes and failures, it is impossible to gauge feasibility. Here, we examine restoration seeding outcomes across 174 sites on six continents, encompassing 594,065 observations of 671 plant species. Our findings suggest reason for optimism. Seeding had a positive impact on species presence: in almost a third of all treatments, 100% of species seeded were growing at first monitoring. However, dryland restoration is risky: 17% of projects failed, with no establishment of any seeded species, and consistent declines were found in seeded species as projects matured. Across projects, higher seeding rates and larger seed sizes resulted in a greater probability of recruitment, with further influences of site aridity, taxonomic identity, and species lifeform on species success. Our findings suggest that investigations examining these predictive factors will yield more effective and informed restoration decision-making.</em></p>
Data for: Barriers to seedling establishment in grasslands: Implications for Nothofagus forest restoration and migration
<p>Tree seedling establishment outside forest boundaries is controlled by many interacting factors. Understanding the relative importance of different pressures is essential for improving techniques for forest restoration and for understanding the potential of forest boundaries to shift and adapt to changing climate conditions. We investigated constraints on the spread of a key southern hemisphere forest type into grasslands by undertaking a multi-factorial experiment sowing <em>Nothofagus cliffortioides</em> (Nothofagaceae) in a historically deforested retired pasture. We manipulated factors to determine the relative effects of sheltered microsites, competition with pasture species, availability of ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil nutrients, and rabbit herbivory, on seedling emergence and survival. Overall survival was low (11.7% after six months and 1.5% after ten months), but there were strong treatment effects on both seedling establishment and survival. The availability of shelter and competition with pasture species had strongest effects, with the presence of pasture species initially aiding seedling emergence due to a sheltering effect, but negatively affecting survival at later stages. Most remaining seedlings at the conclusion of the experiment had formed ectomycorrhizae regardless of whether inoculum was supplied, and seedling survival and health was positively related to ectomycorrhizal colonization. Fertilizing had less of an effect than other factors, and results regarding rabbit herbivory were inconclusive. Synthesis and applications: This study provides new insights into how factors interact to limit tree seedling establishment in grasslands and forest expansion into neighboring ecosystems. This improves understanding of the ability of an ectomycorrhizal keystone forest species to migrate and adapt to climate change. This study also assists restoration practitioners in selecting techniques that will enhance seedling establishment, and highlights that direct seeding approaches in open grasslands are unlikely to result in high rates of <em>Nothofagus </em>establishment.</p>
Data for: Barriers to seedling establishment in grasslands: Implications for Nothofagus forest restoration and migration
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Geographical gradient of fungal decay type in Norway spruce logs in Europe and its impact on seedling establishment
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Data from: Dung beetle activity had no positive effect on nutrient concentration or performance of established rainforest seedlings
<p>All five datasets from this study correspond to field observations collected for seedlings of six tree species (<i>Brosimum alicastrum</i>, <i>Calophyllum brasiliense</i>, <i>Cymbopetalum baillonii</i>, <i>Diospyros digyna</i>, <i>Omphalea oleifera</i> and <i>Poulsenia armata</i>) in a tropical rainforest (Los Tuxtlas, Mexico). We estimated the concentrations of foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), resource allocation (the ratio of biomass allocated to shoot vs root), seedling survival, and growth. Experimental seedlings were subject to three treatment levels: (a) feces added and beetles active, (b) feces added and beetles excluded, and (c) no feces added (and consequently no beetles active). We analyzed data at two levels: community (all plant species together) and individual species. For resource allocation (ESM_Dataset1_RootShoot) we weighed aerial parts (stem and leaves) and roots, separately, and calculated the root/shoot biomass ratio for each seedling. For foliar nutrients (ESM_Dataset2_FoliarNutrients) we obtained N and P concentrations using a Kjeldahl wet digestion and colorimetric analysis; for the analyses four outlier values were removed (for <em>Brosimum</em> one P value; for <i>Calophyllum</i> two P values and one N value). We analyzed foliar nutrients for all plant species. In the case of seedling survival (ESM_Dataset3_Survival) we registered seedling survival weekly during six weeks for <i>Cymbopetalum</i>, and during 26 weeks for the other five species. The response variable was the number of days elapsed until death; seedlings alive by the end of the experiment were included as right-censored data. For seedling growth in height (ESM_Dataset4_GrowthHeight; measured in all plant species except <i>Cymbopetalum</i>) we measured seedling height to the nearest centimeter every four or five weeks during 26 weeks. For this variable we calculated net growth in height (final height minus initial height). Finally, for the growth in the number of leaves (ESM_Dataset5_GrowthLeaves; measured in all plant species except <i>Cymbopetalum</i>) we counted the number of leaves lost and number of new leaves, every four or five weeks during 26 weeks; the response variable was the net growth in the number of leaves (final number of leaves minus initial number of leaves). All analyses were conducted in R. Detailed information about dataset structure and contents can be found in file ESM_Metadata.</p>
Data from: Competitor or facilitator? The ambiguous role of alpine grassland for the early establishment of tree seedlings at treeline
Alpine treelines are expected to move upslope with a warming climate. However, so far treelines have responded inconsistently and future shifts remain difficult to predict since many factors unrelated to temperature, such as biotic interactions, affect responses at the local scale. Especially during the earliest regeneration stages, trees can be strongly influenced by alpine vegetation via both competition and facilitation. We aimed to understand the relative importance of these two types of interaction in different vegetation structures for treeline regeneration dynamics. Effects of herbaceous alpine vegetation on seedling emergence and first-year performance were studied in a field experiment in the French Alps (2100 m a.s.l.) with five important European treeline tree species: Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus cembra, Pinus uncinata and Sorbus aucuparia. Total emergence and locally-germinated seedling survival were not affected, but for seedlings planted at two months of age, negative vegetation impacts dominated for all response parameters: first-year survival, growth and carbohydrate accumulation. However, in the winter half-year, evergreen tree seedlings increased carbohydrate reserves under the protection of senescent herbs. Also, responses of locally-germinated seedlings suggest facilitative vegetation effects in the first two months after emergence. Thus, the interaction switched between competition and facilitation according to ontogenetic stage and seasons. Still, the net outcome after one year was negative, but species differed in their susceptibilities. Because initial establishment is the first bottleneck determining whether treelines remain stable or move upslope, understanding establishment, including site-, life-stage and species-specific processes, is essential for understanding observed treeline spatial patterns and dynamics. When developing predictive models of treeline dynamics, all these 'local' aspects should be incorporated in addition to more global drivers like changes in temperature.
Data from: Biotic-drivers of seedling establishment in Neotropical savannas: selective granivory and seedling herbivory by leaf-cutter ants as an ecological filter
Herbivory has been shown to have prominent top-down effects on vegetation in Paleotropical savannas, where consumers of early stages of life history act as demographic bottlenecks. Such impact has been largely ignored in Neotropical savannas, however, despite insect consumption being linked to reduced recruitment of woody species. We hypothesize that Atta leaf-cutter ants – the prevalent herbivores in the Neotropics – alter the establishment of woody plant seedlings in the Brazilian Cerrado by reducing seed availability and seedling survival. We also hypothesize that the demographic effects will be species-specific. To test these hypotheses, we experimentally (i) compared seed removal in areas with and without Atta foraging and (ii) compared the survivorship of seedlings exposed to or protected from Atta foraging. Both experiments were performed with the same common Cerrado species which allowed us to evaluate the potential net effects of consumers at the population and community levels. Overall seed removal rates in sites with Atta foraging were greater than those where ants were absent (59.2% and 39.2% of seeds removed, respectively). There were differences in removal for 10 of the 12 tested species, with per species removal 1.1- to 3.8-fold greater in areas with Atta foraging. On transplanted plants, 45% of seedlings exposed to Atta were attacked, resulting in a survival 7.6% lower than that of protected seedlings. Seedling survival was 11.8–31.5% lower in five species, with the largest differences in survival between treatments during the dry season. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that consumers can lead to demographic bottlenecks in Neotropical savanna plant species, with effects varying among life-history stages and between species. Synthesis. Granivory by ants has been linked to reduced seedling recruitment of woody species in the Brazilian Cerrado. Our results show that leaf-cutter ants may largely limit early seedling establishment of woody species by reducing seed availability and seedling survival with differential species-specific effects. Atta ants may therefore be acting as an ecological filter, which coupled with potential selectivity in foraging on reproductive life-history stages, may ultimately influence the relative abundance of different species and hence the structure and composition of Cerrado vegetation.
Data from: Global drivers of tree seedling establishment at alpine treelines in a changing climate
Alpine and Arctic treeline expansion depends on establishment of tree seedlings beyond the current treeline, which is expected to occur with climate warming. However, treelines often fail to respond to higher temperatures, and it is therefore likely that other environmental factors are important for seedling establishment. We aimed to analyse our current understanding of how temperature and a range of other environmental drivers affect tree seedling establishment at the alpine and Arctic treelines worldwide, and to assess the relative importance of temperature compared with other factors and how they interact. We collected 366 observations from 76 experimental and observational papers for a qualitative analysis of the role of a wide range of environmental factors on tree seed germination, tree seedling growth, survival and natural occurrence. For a subset of these studies, where the experimental design allowed, we conducted formal meta-analyses to reveal if there were global drivers for different seedling life traits. The analyses showed that a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors affected tree seedling establishment besides from temperature, including water, snow, nutrients, light, and surrounding vegetation. The meta-analyses showed that different seedling life stages do not respond similarly to environmental factors. For example, temperature had positive effects on growth, while tree seedling survival and germination showed mixed responses to warming. Further, warming was as often as not the strongest factor controlling tree seedling establishment, when compared to with one of five other environmental factors. Moreover, warming effects often depended on other factors such as moisture or the presence of surrounding vegetation. Our results suggests that population dynamics of trees at the alpine and Arctic treeline are responsive to environmental changes and show that there is a clear need for multi-factorial studies if we want to fully understand and predict the interplay between warming and other environmental factors and their effect on tree seedling establishment across current treelines.
Data from: Seed and seedling traits have strong impacts on establishment of a perennial bunchgrass in invaded semi-arid systems
1. Many restoration projects use seeds to found new populations, and understanding phenotypic traits associated with seedling establishment in disturbed and invaded communities is important for restoration efforts worldwide. Focusing on the perennial grass Elymus elymoides, a native species common to sagebrush steppe communities in the Western United States, we asked if seed and seedling traits could predict field establishment. 2. We collected seeds from 34 populations from the western Great Basin. In greenhouse studies, we measured variation in seed and seedling characteristics of wild populations and one cultivar. We also quantified abiotic conditions at the collection location and asked if these characteristics predicted survival and other fitness metrics at five planting sites. Planting sites were all near-monocultures of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum, and all sites experienced similar, below-average precipitation during the experiment. 3. Phenotypic traits were strongly correlated with performance across all sites, with remarkably high predictive power. Seeds from populations with longer roots, larger seeds, and earlier emergence were significantly more likely to survive the first growing season (R2 = 0.66, P <0.0001). In contrast, while some abiotic variables at the collection location (e.g. 30 year average summer precipitation and fall minimum temperatures) were associated with field performance at some sites, abiotic variables explained less variation in performance than traits (average R2 = 0.22). Despite the low predictive power of abiotic variables, populations that performed best at each field site were from locations with climate variables similar to planting sites. 4. Synthesis and applications. The best seed sources for restoration of E. elymoides in invaded sites were populations with longer roots, larger seeds, and earlier emergence. These easily-measured traits were strong predictors of survival in disturbed field sites. While the most successful populations were found in areas with similar abiotic conditions as planting sites, there was phenotypic variation even among populations originating from locations with similar conditions. Thus, our results indicate that abiotic conditions are important considerations when selecting seeds, but these conditions may not sufficiently predict which populations will establish. Understanding population differences in seedling functional traits can improve predictions of restoration success.
Data from: Earthworm invasion, white-tailed deer and seedling establishment in deciduous forests of northeastern North America
1. Earthworm invasions and high deer populations are among many stressors threatening long-term population viability of forest understorey plants in northeastern North America. Stressor effects are typically tested one at a time, however, stressors often co-occur, and plants respond to effects of multiple stressors simultaneously. 2. We used a factorial design to test independent and combined effects of non-native earthworms and native white-tailed deer on survival of seedling transplants of 15 native understorey plants in 5 forests in New York State. 3. Earthworm biomass was negatively correlated with survival of 12 of 15 species. We found no interactive effect of deer and earthworms, but did find a positive, non-consumptive effect of deer on Geranium maculatum and P. virginianum survival. 4. Deer and earthworm presence/absence indirectly influenced other trophic levels: earthworm presence increased the likelihood of insect attack, and deer exclusion increased the likelihood of rodent attack disturbance of transplants. 5. Synthesis: Invasive earthworms negatively affected seedling survival of many understorey plants, including species previously thought to benefit from earthworm associations. This effect was a function of earthworm biomass, a surrogate for earthworm activity. We expect deer herbivory to increase in importance, including indirect effects, as seedlings grow into browse height over the next years. Investigations of co-occurring stressors can result in 'ecological surprises' including previously overlooked non-consumptive effects or effects on other trophic levels.
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