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136 results for “selective predation”
Predator selection on multicomponent warning signals in an aposematic moth
<p>Aposematic prey advertise their unprofitability with conspicuous warning signals that are often composed of multiple color patterns. Many species show intraspecific variation in these patterns even though selection is expected to favor invariable warning signals that enhance predator learning. However, if predators acquire avoidance to specific signal components, this might relax selection on other aposematic traits and explain variability. Here we investigated this idea in the aposematic moth <em>Amata</em> <em>nigriceps</em> that has conspicuous black and orange coloration. The size of the orange spots in the wings is highly variable between individuals, whereas the number and width of orange abdominal stripes remain consistent. We produced artificial moths that varied in the proportion of orange in the wings or the presence of abdominal stripes. We presented these to a natural avian predator, the noisy miner (<em>Manorina</em> <em>melanocephala</em>), and recorded how different warning signal components influenced their attack decisions. When moth models had orange stripes on the abdomen, birds did not discriminate between different wing signals. However, when the stripes on the abdomen were removed, birds chose the model with smaller wing spots. In addition, we found that birds were more likely to attack moths with a smaller number of abdominal stripes. Together, our results suggest that bird predators primarily pay attention to the abdominal stripes of <em>A. nigriceps,</em> and this could relax selection on wing coloration. Our study highlights the importance of considering individual warning signal components if we are to understand how predation shapes selection on prey warning coloration.</p>
Selection for evasive mimicry imposed by an arthropod predator
<p>It has long been hypothesized that a species that is relatively easy to catch by predators may face selection to resemble a species that is harder to catch. Several experiments using avian predators have since supported this "evasive mimicry" hypothesis. However, the sudden movement of artificial evasive prey in each of the above experiments may have startled the predators, generating an avoidance response unrelated to difficulty of capture. Additionally, in the above experiments, the catchability of prey was all or nothing, while in nature predators may occasionally catch evasive prey or fail to catch slower species, which might inhibit learning. Here, using mantids as predators, we conducted an experimental test of the evasive mimicry hypothesis that circumvents these limitations, using live painted calyptrate flies with modified evasive capabilities as prey. We found that mantids readily learned to avoid pursuing the more evasive prey types. Warning signals based on evasiveness and their associated mimicry may be widespread phenomena in nature. These findings not only further support its plausibility but demonstrate that even arthropod predators can select for it.</p>
Predator-based selection and the impact of edge sympatry on components of coral snake mimicry
<p>Mimicry is a vivid example of how predator-driven selection can impact phenotypic diversity, which itself can be influenced by the presence (sympatry) or absence (allopatry) of a dangerous model. However, the impact of sympatry and allopatry on predation on mimicry systems at fine spatial scales (e.g., edge sympatry, allopatry) is not well understood. We used a clay model study in a montane tropical site in Honduras to test the impact of edge sympatry on 1) overall attack rates, 2) the fitness benefit of mimetic coloration, 3) predation on specific mimetic signal components, and 4) temporal variation in predator-based selection on mimicry components. Unlike previous research, we found that mimetic phenotypes received significantly more attacks than cryptic replicas in edge sympatry, suggesting that mimetic phenotypes might not confer a fitness benefit in areas of edge sympatry. Additionally, we documented temporal variation in predator-based selection, as the impacts of allopatry on predatory attacks varied among years. Our results imply that the effect of sympatry and allopatry on predator-based selection in mimicry systems may be more complex than previously thought for species-rich assemblies of coral snakes and their mimics in the montane tropics.</p>
Data and code from: Recreational fisheries selectively capture and harvest large predators
<p>Size and species selective harvest, inevitably alters the composition of targeted populations and communities. This can potentially harm fish stocks, ecosystem functionality, and related services, as evidenced in numerous commercial fisheries. The high popularity of rod-and-reel recreational fishing, practiced by hundreds of millions globally, raises concerns about similar deteriorating effects. Despite its prevalence, the species and size selectivity of recreational fisheries remain largely unquantified due to a lack of combined catch data and fisheries-independent surveys. This study addresses this gap by using standardised monitoring data and over 60,000 digital angling catch reports from 62 distinct fisheries. The findings demonstrate a pronounced selectivity in recreational fisheries, targeting top-predators and large individuals. Catch-and-release practices reduced the overall harvest by 60 % but did not substantially alter this selectivity. The strong species- and size-specific selectivity mirror patterns observed in other fisheries, emphasising the importance of managing the potential adverse effects of recreational fisheries selective mortality and overfishing.</p>
Figure 1 in Selective predation on common voles by Tawny Owls and Long-eared Owls in winter and spring
Figure 1. Distribution of the body mass of Microtus arvalis individuals, trapped in October–April and preyed upon by both Strix aluco and Asio otus in winter and spring, as estimated from mandibles.
Fig. 2 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the experimental system used to test the host selection behavior of the isopods in the single-host treatments. A: Tachaea chinensis at 20-min acclimation. B: T. chinensis after release.
Fig. 3 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the experimental system used to test the host selection behavior of the isopods in the common vs un-common host treatments. A: Tachaea chinensis at 20-min acclimation. B: T. chinensis after release.
Fig. 7 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 7. Average predation proportion of Tachaea chinensis in each freshwater decapod's species treatment. Fishers exact test, *P <0.05, **P <0.01.
Fig. 9 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 9. Attachments of Tachaea chinensis on various freshwater decapods during this study. The arrows indicate the position of the isopod on the host. (a) T. chinensis on the left-side of the carapace of Palaemon paucidens; (b) T. chinensis on the right-side of the carapace of Procambarus clarkii; (c) T. chinensis attached on the right-side of the carapace of Neocaridina spp.; and (d) T. chinensis initially clinging on the abdomen of Macrobrachium nipponense.
Fig. 5 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 5. Selection percentage of Tachaea chinensis in the single-host treatments. Each treatment was repeated 10 times (one isopod per treatment); *: P <0.05, ***: P <0.001, ****: P <0.0001 (Binomial test of significance).
Fig. 1 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 1. Eight different host options were used to investigate the host selection of Tachaea. chinensis isopods. (a) Palaemon paucidens; (b) Palaemon sinensis; (c) Neocaridina spp.; (d) Macrobrachium nipponense; (e) Procambarus clarkii; (f) Rhodeus ocellatus; (g) Oryzias latipes and (h) Artificial P. paucidens.
Fig. 4 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 4. The experimental system used to test the potential predation of Tachaea chinensis by freshwater host species.
Fig. 10 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 10. Prey handling procedure of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (carapace length: 19 mm). (1) the crayfish P. clarkii approaching an 8 mm body length Tachaea chinensis; (2)–(5) P. clarkii catching and manipulating the prey using its pair of chelipeds; (6)–(8) the crayfish began consuming the prey by placing it directly into its mandibles.
Fig. 6 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 6. Selection percentage of Tachaea chinensis when subjected to un-common host selection experiments. Each treatment was repeated 10 times (one isopod per treatment); ***: P <0.001 (Binomial test of significance).
Fig. 8 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 8. Number of Tachaea chinensis predated by; Palaemon paucidens, Macrobrachium nipponense and Procambarus clarkii. A total of 20 T. chinensis isopods (two isopods per trials, 10 replications) were used in each treatment.
Fig. 1 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 1. Home ranges, core areas and sleeping sites of binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Home ranges (minimum convex polygon [MCP] 95%) and core areas (MCP 50%) with sleeping sites overlaid of (a) three masked palm civets and a female binturong at Tikong, (b) a male binturong at Sesawo, and (c) location of study sites (Sesawo and Tikong) within the study area (Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary – West). Different gray shades within home ranges represent core areas of each animal.
Fig. 4 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 4. Use and reuse of sleeping sites. Cumulative number of unique sleeping sites in relation to the total number of sites observed for two binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and three masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Numbers of unique sleeping sites (sites that are not re-used) versus total sleeping sites observed and study areas are indicated in parenthesis.
Fig. 3 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 3. Use of sleeping sites within different forest types. Percentage of different forest types used (denoted as U) for sleeping sites versus forest types available (A) for two binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and three masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Forest types are: semi-evergreen forest (SEF), mixed deciduous forest (MDF), and dry dipterocarp forest (DDF). Numbers in parenthesis after individual animals represent the number of sleeping sites used in the analysis, excluding reused sites.
Fig. 2 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 2. Use of vertical strata for sleeping sites. Percentage use of different vertical strata of sleeping sites by five radio-collared viverrids (two binturongs Arctictis binturong and three masked palm civets Paguma larvata). Strata are: Above canopy, Canopy, and Sub-canopy. Numbers in parenthesis represent number of sleeping sites where animals were directly observed, excluding reused sites.
FIGURE 3 in Physiological selectivity of insecticides to eggs and larvae of predator Chrysoperla externa (HAGEN) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
FIGURE 3 - Survival (%) (± SE) of immature stages of Chrysoperla externa from second instar larvae treated with the pesticides. Treatments: 1: chlorpyrifos; 2: cartap hydrochloride; 3: pyriproxyfen, 4: profenofos/lufenuron; 5: fenpropathrin; 6: triazophos/deltamethrin; 7: zetacypermethrin and 8: control.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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