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69 results for “selfish”
Selfish herd effects in aggregated caterpillars and their interaction with warning signals
<p>Larval Lepidoptera gains survival advantages by aggregating, especially when combined with aposematic warning signals, yet reductions in predation risk may not be experienced equally across all group members. Hamilton's selfish herd theory predicts that larvae that surround themselves with their group mates should be at lower risk of predation, and those on the periphery of aggregations experience the greatest risk, yet this has rarely been tested. Here, we expose aggregations of artificial 'caterpillar' targets to predation from free-flying, wild birds to test for marginal predation when all prey are equally accessible, and for interaction between warning colouration and marginal predation. We find that targets nearer the centre of the aggregation survived better than peripheral targets and nearby targets isolated from the group. However, there was no difference in survival between peripheral and isolated targets. We also find that grouped targets survived better than isolated targets when both are aposematic, but not when they are non-signalling. To our knowledge, our data provide the first evidence to suggest that avian predators preferentially target peripheral larvae from aggregations, and that prey warning signals enhance predator avoidance of groups.</p>
Data for 'Selfish migrants: How a meiotic driver is selected to increase dispersal'
<p>Data for 'Selfish migrants: How a meiotic driver is selected to increase dispersal'</p> <p>Please refer to the README for information.</p>
Epistatic selection on a selfish Segregation Distorter supergene: drive, recombination, and genetic load
<p>Meiotic drive supergenes are complexes of alleles at linked loci that together subvert Mendelian segregation resulting in preferential transmission. In males, the most common mechanism of drive involves the disruption of sperm bearing one of a pair of alternative alleles. While at least two loci are important for male drive- the driver and the target- linked modifiers can enhance drive, creating selection pressure to suppress recombination. In this work, we investigate the evolution and genomic consequences of an autosomal, multilocus, male meiotic drive system, Segregation Distorter (SD) in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In African populations, the predominant SD chromosome variant, SD-Mal, is characterized by two overlapping, paracentric inversions on chromosome arm 2R and nearly perfect (~100%) transmission. We study the SD-Mal system in detail, exploring its components, chromosomal structure, and evolutionary history. Our findings reveal a recent chromosome-scale selective sweep mediated by strong epistatic selection for haplotypes carrying Sd, the main driving allele, and one or more factors within the double inversion. While most SD-Mal chromosomes are homozygous lethal, SD-Mal haplotypes can recombine with other, complementing haplotypes via crossing over, and with wildtype chromosomes via gene conversion. SD-Mal chromosomes have nevertheless accumulated lethal mutations, excess non-synonymous mutations, and excess transposable element insertions. Therefore, SD-Mal haplotypes evolve as a small, semi-isolated subpopulation with a history of strong selection. These results may explain the evolutionary turnover of SD haplotypes in different populations around the world, and have implications for supergene evolution broadly.</p>
Data from: When the "selfish herd" becomes the "frozen herd": spatial dynamics and population persistence in a colonial seabird
Aggregations are common in ecological systems at a range of scales and may be driven by exogenous constraints such as environmental heterogeneity and resource availability or by 'self-organizing' interactions among individuals. One mechanism leading to self-organized animal aggregations is captured by Hamilton's 'selfish herd' hypothesis, which suggests that aggregations may be driven by an individual's effort to minimize their risk of predation by surrounding themselves with conspecifics. We demonstrate that aggregations observed in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colonies are a convolution of both self-organized dynamics and external forcing arising from landscape terrain. In fluid, highly mobile aggregations, individuals are constantly moving in response to changing environmental conditions, the locations of predators, or the movements of conspecifics. However, when the ability to rearrange is limited and spatial reconfiguration occurs on slower time scales than changes in population size, systems may become trapped in sub-optimal arrangements. We use simulated annealing to demonstrate that Adélie penguin colonies are frozen in sub-optimal spatial arrangements, and employ an individual-based modelling approach to demonstrate that this sub-optimal spatial configuration is driven by a convolution of nest site fidelity and stochastic events at the level of individual nests. The resulting spatial dynamics are responsible for a hysteretic response to long-term changes in abundance. We find that declining abundance leads to fragmentation even in a homogeneous environment, which has population-level consequences for reproductive success because predation is biased towards colony edges. Strong edge effects from heterogeneous predation coupled with fragmentation in response to population declines creates a positive feedback cycle that can accelerate population decline. This work provides a mechanistic understanding of complex spatial structuring in penguin colonies, provides a link between current spatial patterning and past dynamics, and suggests the possibility of critical collapse in seabird populations.
Data for: Reciprocal cortico-amygdala connections regulate prosocial and selfish choices in mice
<p><span>Decisions that favor one's own interest versus the interest of another individual depend on context and the relationships between individuals. The neurobiology underlying selfish choices or choices that benefit others is not understood. We developed a two-choice social decision-making task in which mice can decide whether or not to share a reward with their conspecifics. Preference for altruistic choices was modulated by familiarity, sex, social contact, hunger, hierarchical status, and emotional state matching. Fiber photometry recordings and chemogenetic manipulations demonstrated that BLA neurons are involved in the establishment of prosocial decisions. In particular, BLA neurons projecting to the prelimbic region (PL) of the PFC mediated the development of a preference for altruistic choices, whereas PL projections to the BLA modulated self-interest motives on decision-making. This provides a neurobiological model of altruistic and selfish choices with relevance to pathologies associated with dysfunctions in social decision-making.</span></p>
Selfish herd effects in aggregated caterpillars and their interaction with warning signals
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Epistatic selection on a selfish Segregation Distorter supergene: drive, recombination, and genetic load
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Data from: When the "selfish herd" becomes the "frozen herd": spatial dynamics and population persistence in a colonial seabird
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Data for: Reciprocal cortico-amygdala connections regulate prosocial and selfish choices in mice
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Data from: Altruism or selfishness: Floral behavior based on genetic relatedness with neighboring plants
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Data from: Selfish evolution of cytonuclear hybrid incompatibility in Mimulus
Intraspecific coevolution between selfish elements and suppressors may promote interspecific hybrid incompatibility, but evidence of this process is rare. Here, we use genomic data to test alternative models for the evolution of cytonuclear hybrid male sterility in Mimulus. In hybrids between Iron Mountain (IM) Mimulus guttatus × Mimulus nasutus, two tightly linked M. guttatus alleles (Rf1/Rf2) each restore male fertility by suppressing a local mitochondrial male-sterility gene (IM-CMS). Unlike neutral models for the evolution of hybrid incompatibility loci, selfish evolution predicts that the Rf alleles experienced strong selection in the presence of IM-CMS. Using whole-genome sequences, we compared patterns of population-genetic variation in Rf at IM to a neighbouring population that lacks IM-CMS. Consistent with local selection in the presence of IM-CMS, the Rf region shows elevated FST, high local linkage disequilibrium and a distinct haplotype structure at IM, but not at Cone Peak (CP), suggesting a recent sweep in the presence of IM-CMS. In both populations, Rf2 exhibited lower polymorphism than other regions, but the low-diversity outliers were different between CP and IM. Our results confirm theoretical predictions of ubiquitous cytonuclear conflict in plants and provide a population-genetic mechanism for the evolution of a common form of hybrid incompatibility.
Data from: Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions
Behavioral plasticity within species is adaptive which directs survival traits to take multiple pathways under varying conditions. Male-male cooperation is an evolutionary strategy often exhibiting an array of alternatives between and within species. African male lions coalesce to safeguard territories and mate-acquisition. Unique to these coalitions is lack of strict hierarchies between partners, who have similar resource-securities possibly because of many mating-opportunities within large female-groups. Skewed mating and feeding rights have only been documented in large coalitions where males were related. However, smaller modal prey coupled with less simultaneous mating-opportunities for male Asiatic lions in Gir forests, India would likely result in a different coalition-structure. Observations on mating-events (n=127) and feeding-incidents (n=44) were made on 11 male-coalitions and 9 female-prides in Gir, to assess resource distribution within- and among- different sized male-coalitions. Information from 39 males were used to estimate annual tenure-holding probabilities. Single-males had smaller tenures and appropriated fewer matings than coalition-males. Pronounced dominance-hierarchies were observed within coalitions, with one partner getting >70% of all matings and 47% more food. Competition between coalition-partners at kills increased with decline in prey-size, increase in coalition-size and the appetite-states of the males. However, immediate subordinates in coalitions had higher reproductive fitness than single-males. Declining benefits to partners with increasing coalition-size, with individuals below the immediate subordinates having fitness comparable to single-males, suggest to an optimal coalition-size of two lions. Lions under higher competitive selection in Gir show behavioral plasticity to form hierarchical-coalitions, wherein partners utilize resources asymmetrically, yet coalesce for personal gains.
Data from: Unexpected patterns of segregation distortion at a selfish supergene in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta
Background: The Sb supergene in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta determines the form of colony social organization, with colonies whose inhabitants bear the element containing multiple reproductive queens and colonies lacking it containing only a single queen. Several features of this supergene — including suppressed recombination, presence of deleterious mutations and abundant transposable elements, association with a large centromere, and "green-beard" behavior — suggest that it may be a selfish genetic element that engages in transmission ratio distortion (TRD), defined as significant departures in progeny allele frequencies from Mendelian inheritance ratios. We tested this possibility by surveying segregation ratios in embryo progenies of 101 queens of the "polygyne" social form (3512 embryos) using three supergene-linked markers and twelve markers not associated with the supergene. Results: Significant departures from Mendelian ratios were observed at the supergene loci in 3-5 times more progenies than expected in the absence of TRD and than found, on average, among non-supergene loci. Also, supergene loci displayed the greatest mean deviations from Mendelian ratios among all study loci, although these typically were modest. A surprising feature of the observed inter-progeny variation in TRD was that significant deviations involved not only excesses of supergene alleles but also similarly frequent excesses of the alternate alleles on the homologous chromosome. As expected given the common occurrence of such "drive reversal," alleles associated with the supergene evidently gain no consistent transmission advantage over their alternate alleles at the population level. Finally, we observed low levels of recombination and incomplete gametic disequilibrium across the supergene, including between adjacent markers within a single inversion. Conclusions: Our data confirm the prediction that the Sb supergene is a selfish genetic element capable of biasing its own transmission during reproduction, yet counterselection for suppressor loci evidently has produced an evolutionary stalemate in TRD between the variant homologous haplotypes on the "social chromosome". Evidence implicates prezygotic segregation distortion as responsible for the TRD we document, with "true" meiotic drive the most likely mechanism. Low levels of recombination and incomplete gametic disequilibrium across the supergene suggest that selection does not act to preserve a single uniform supergene haplotype.
The Selfish Pony Jess Foreman
I changed the textures and the lighting on this model for the competition. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data for: The suppression of a selfish genetic element increases a male's mating success in a fly
<p>X chromosome meiotic drive (XCMD) kills Y-bearing sperm during spermatogenesis, leading to the biased transmission of the selfish X chromosome. Despite this strong transmission, some natural XCMD systems remain at low and stable frequencies, rather than rapidly spreading through populations. The reason may be that male carriers can have reduced fitness, as they lose half of their sperm, only produce daughters, and may carry deleterious alleles associated with XCMD. Thus, females may benefit from avoiding mating with male carriers, yielding a further reduction in fitness. Genetic suppressors of XCMD, which block the killing of Y sperm and restore fair Mendelian inheritance, are also common and could prevent the spread of XCMD. However, whether suppressed males are as fit as a wild-type male remains an open question, and the effect that genetic suppressors may have on a male's mating success is rarely considered. Here, we investigate the mating ability of XCMD males and suppressed XCMD males in comparison to wild-type males in the fruit fly <em>Drosophila subobscura</em>, where drive remains at a stable frequency of 20% in wild populations where it occurs. We use both competitive and non-competitive mating trials to evaluate male mating success in this system. We found no evidence that unsuppressed XCMD males were discriminated against. Remarkably, however, their suppressed XCMD counterparts had a higher male mating success compared to wild-type controls. Unsuppressed XCMD males suffered 12% lower offspring production in comparison to wild-type males. This cost appears too weak to counter the transmission advantage of XCMD, and thus the factors preventing the spread of XCMD remain unclear.</p>
Selfish herd effects depend on prey crypsis
<p>Determining why some animals form groups while others remain solitary is a longstanding goal in behavioural ecology. Group formation can help mitigate predation risk through a variety of mechanisms, including risk dilution and group vigilance. The 'selfish herd hypothesis' proposes that prey can reduce their risk by minimizing the area around which all points in that area are closer to them than to another conspecific (i.e., by minimising their 'domain of danger'). This hypothesis assumes that an individual's predation risk is proportional to the size of its domain of danger, however, the relationship between risk and proximity to conspecifics may depend on additional factors. Specifically, approaching conspecifics may be costly for prey that rely on crypsis because group formation increases detectability. Using model prey, we experimentally manipulated prey colouration as well as the domain of danger, then tracked their 'survival' under natural field conditions. We found that an individual's predation risk increased with their domain of danger for conspicuous (red) prey, but decreased with the domain of danger in cryptic (green) prey. Our results are consistent with patterns in natural systems and indicate that the relationship between predation risk and domain of danger depends on additional factors like prey colouration.</p>
Dissecting the sequential evolution of a selfish mitochondrial genome in Caenorhabditis elegans data
<p>Mitochondrial genomes exist in a nested hierarchy of populations where mitochondrial variants are subject to genetic drift and selection at each level of organization, sometimes engendering conflict between different levels of selection, and between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Deletion mutants in the <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> mitochondrial genome can reach high intracellular frequencies despite strongly detrimental effects on fitness. During a mutation accumulation (MA) experiment in <em>C. elegans</em>, a 499 bp deletion in <em>ctb-1</em> rose to 90% frequency within cells while significantly reducing fitness. During the experiment, the deletion-bearing mtDNA acquired three additional mutations in <em>nd5</em>, namely two single insertion frameshift mutations in a homopolymeric run, and a base substitution. Despite an additional fitness cost of these secondary mutations, all deletion-bearing molecules contained the <em>nd5 </em>mutations at the termination of the MA experiment. The presence of mutant mtDNA was associated with increased mtDNA copy-number. Variation in mtDNA copy-number was greater in the MA lines than in a wildtype nuclear background, including a severe reduction in copy-number at one generational timepoint. Evolutionary replay experiments using different generations of the MA experiment as starting points suggests that two of the secondary mutations contribute to the proliferation of the original <em>ctb-1</em> deletion by unknown mechanisms. </p>
Results of "Collaborative Spatial Reuse in Wireless Networks via Selfish Multi-Armed Bandits"
<p>This dataset contains the results obtained for the article "Collaborative Spatial Reuse in Wireless Networks via Selfish Multi-Armed Bandits", authored by Francesc Wilhelmi, Cristina Cano, Gergely Neu, Boris Bellalta, Anders Jonsson and Sergio Barrachina. The article has been sent to Elsevier Ad-hoc Networks.</p> <p>The content of this dataset has been obtained by means of the code allocated in the following GitHub repository: <a href="https://github.com/fwilhelmi/collaborative_sr_in_wns_via_selfish_mabs">https://github.com/fwilhelmi/collaborative_sr_in_wns_via_selfish_mabs</a></p> <p>Contact information: francisco.wilhelmi@upf.edu</p>
Dissecting the sequential evolution of a selfish mitochondrial genome in Caenorhabditis elegans data
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Data from: Neighbor density and post-contact immobility duration as antipredator behavior: Antlion larvae do not fit the selfish prey hypothesis
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.