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105 results for “sex differentiation”
Age, sex, length (mm), weight (g), and plasma sex steroid concentrations (ng/ml) of greater amberjack Seriola dumerili reared in sea cages during the process of sex differentiation
<p>The dataset contains an excel file with the age, sex, total length (mm), wet weight (g) and plasma concentrations (ng/ml) of the following sex steroids, measured with the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS): adrenosterone (Ad), androstenedione (Δ4), 11-ketotestosterone (11ΚΤ), testosterone (Τ), estradiol (Ε2), progesterone (P4) and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP).</p>
Data from: Chromosome-scale assembly with a phased sex-determining region resolves features of early Z and W chromosome differentiation in a wild octoploid strawberry
<p>Abstract: When sex chromosomes stop recombining, they start to accumulate differences. The sex-limited chromosome (Y or W) especially is expected to degenerate via the loss of nucleotide sequence and the accumulation of repetitive sequences. However, how early signs of degeneration can be detected in a new sex chromosome is still unclear. The sex determining region (SDR) of the octoploid strawberries is young, small, and dynamic. Using PacBio HiFi reads, we obtained a chromosome scale assembly of a female (ZW) <em>Fragaria chiloensis</em> plant carrying the youngest and largest of the known SDR on the W in strawberries. We fully characterized the previously incomplete SDR, confirming its gene content, genomic location and evolutionary history. Resolution of gaps in the previous characterization of the SDR added 10 kbp of sequence including a non-canonical LTR-retrotransposon; whereas the Z sequence revealed a <em>Harbinger</em> transposable element adjoining the SDR insertion site. Limited genetic differentiation of the sex chromosomes coupled with structural variation may indicate an early stage of W degeneration. The sex chromosomes have a similar percentage of repeats but differ in their repeat distribution. Differences in the pattern of repeats (transposable element polymorphism) apparently precede sex chromosome differentiation, thus potentially contributing to recombination cessation as opposed to being a consequence of it.</p> <p>Repository content: data (sequence alignments, phylogenetic trees, genome assembly, and vcf files) and scripts associated with the manuscript "Chromosome-scale assembly with a phased sex-determining region resolves features of early Z and W chromosome differentiation in a wild octoploid strawberry"</p>
Figure 4 in Differential gene expression pattern and plasma sex steroids during testicular development in Genyatremus luteus (Perciforme: Haemulidae) (Bloch, 1790)
Figure 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) used to classify the influence of lhr and er gene expression, plasma steroids (11-KT, 17- OHP and E2), ichthyological parameters and GSI on male G. luteus individuals. Legend: LHR = LH receptor; ER = estrogen receptor; KT = 11-ketotestosterone; E2 = 17β-estradiol; OHP = 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone; TW = total weight; TL = total length; GW = gonad weight; GSI = gonadosomatic index.
Figure 1 in Differential gene expression pattern and plasma sex steroids during testicular development in Genyatremus luteus (Perciforme: Haemulidae) (Bloch, 1790)
Figure 1. Photomicrographs of germ cell and testes development stages of Genyatremus luteus. Stages were determined as (A) Immature, (B) Maturing, (C) Mature. Abbreviations are as follows: SPG, spermatogonia; SPC, spermatocyte; SPZ, spermatozoa. All panels were at 60x magnification.
Figure 2 in Differential gene expression pattern and plasma sex steroids during testicular development in Genyatremus luteus (Perciforme: Haemulidae) (Bloch, 1790)
Figure 2. Steroid concentrations in the blood plasma of male Genyatremus luteus individuals during their reproductive cycle. (A) 11-ketotestosterone. (B) 17 α-hidroxy progesterone. (C) 17β-estradiol. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. abc: indicates statistically significant difference (p<0.05).
Fig. 1 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 1. Distributions of breeding and wintering populations of S. m. borealis, S. m. dresseri, and S. m. sedentaria in North America and Greenland. Populations of S. m. borealis are wintering in two areas in the pictured region; one in Southwest Greenland and one in East Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador). Individuals wintering in Southwest Greenland migrate to breed in West Greenland or Arctic Canada, whereas individuals wintering in East Canada have breeding areas in Arctic Canada (illustrated by the different direction of the red diagonal lines). For S. m. dresseri the breeding and wintering ranges overlap in one area that covers Newfoundland and Labrador as well as the northeastern part of the US, as shown by the grey horizontal lines. The subspecies S. m. sedentaria has its year-round residence in the Hudson Bay area as shown by the blue vertical lines. Dark stars mark the sampling locations of eiders in this study, whereas the white star marks the sampling location of eiders by Tourangeau et al. (2018). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 3. Prevalences of the cestodes Lateriporus sp. (A) and Microsomacanthus spp. (B), and the acanthocephalan Profilicollis sp. (C) in common eiders. Abbreviations: bor, CD = S. m. borealis, Cape Dorset; bor, GRLD = S. m. borealis, Greenland; bor, NFLD = S. m. borealis, Newfoundland; dre, NFLD = S. m. dresseri, Newfoundland; sed, BI = S. m. sedentaria [data published in Tourangeau et al. (2018)]. n-m = non-migratory, po-m = post-migratory, prm = pre-migratory. Letters describe significant differences between groups: if two groups share a letter, there is no significant difference in their prevalences.
Fig. 2 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 2. Examples of gastrointestinal parasites retrieved from common eiders in this study. (A) The trematode Notocotylus sp., (B) the cestode Lateriporus sp., (C) the acanthocephalan, Profilicollis sp. (D) microphallid trematodes, and (E) Microsomacanthus spp. cestodes.
Fig. 5 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 5. Cumulative percentages of birds infected with (A) Microsomacanthus spp., (B) Microphallus spp. and (C) Gymnophallus spp. from five different locations. Legend denotes the five infection levels: 0, 1s, 10s, 100s, and 1000s of parasite individuals within a single host. Abbreviations: bor, GRLD = S. m. borealis, Greenland; bor, NFLD = S. m. borealis, Newfoundland; dre, NFLD = S. m. dresseri, Newfoundland; bor, CD = S. m. borealis, Cape Dorset; sed, BI = S. m. sedentaria, Belcher Islands [data published in (Tourangeau et al., 2018)]. nm = non-migratory, po-m = post-migratory, pr-m = pre-migratory.
Data from: Population genomics reveals multiple drivers of population differentiation in a sex-role-reversed pipefish
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Data from: Does sex-biased dispersal account for the lack of geographic and host-associated differentiation in introduced populations of an aphid parasitoid?
Host recognition and use in female parasitoids strongly relies on host fidelity, a plastic behavior which can significantly restrict the host preferences of parasitoids, thus reducing the gene flow between parasitoid populations attacking different insect hosts. However, the effect of migrant males on the genetic differentiation of populations has been frequently ignored in parasitoids, despite its known impact on gene flow between populations. Hence, we studied the extent of gene flow mediated by female and male parasitoids by assessing sibship relationships among parasitoids within and between populations, and its impact on geographic and host-associated differentiation in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. We report evidences of a high gene flow among parasitoid populations on different aphid hosts and geographic locations. The high gene flow among parasitoid populations was found to be largely male mediated, suggested by significant differences in the distribution of full-sib and paternal half-sib dyads of parasitoid populations.
IIb-RAD-seq coupled with random forest classification indicates regional population structuring and sex-specific differentiation in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
<p><span>The aquaculture industry has been dealing with salmon lice problems forming serious threats to salmonid farming. Several treatment approaches have been used to control the parasite. Treatment effectiveness must be optimized, and the systematic genetic differences between sub-populations must be studied to monitor louse species and enhance targeted control measures. We have used IIb-RAD sequencing in tandem with a random forest classification algorithm to detect the regional genetic structure of the Norwegian salmon lice and identify important markers for sex differentiation of this species. We identified 19428 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 95 individuals of salmon lice. These SNPs, however, were not able to distinguish differential structure of lice populations. Using the random forest algorithm, we selected 91 SNPs important for geographical classification and 14 SNPs important for sex classification. The geographically important SNP data substantially improved the genetic understanding of the population structure and classified regional demographic clusters along the Norwegian coast. </span><span>We also uncovered SNP markers that could help determine the sex of the salmon louse. </span><span>A large portion of the SNPs identified to be under directional selection were also ranked highly important by random forest. According to our findings, there is a regional population structure of salmon lice associated with the geographical location along the Norwegian coastline.</span></p>
Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on floral development and sex differentiation in Morus alba L.
<p>The effects of global warming on floral development have been reported in many plants, but knowledge of floral development regarding gender and sex differentiation under elevated temperature, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and their combination remains limited. So here we analysed flowering phase, sex ratio, floral morphology and biomass, total carbon and nitrogen data in male and female inflorescences (flowers) of <em>Morus alba </em>L. to determine whether and how they differ.</p> <p>This excel file contains the raw data for each data table and figure within a manuscript submitted to Annals of Forest Science.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Differential sex allocation strategies between females and facultative hermaphrodites of Chamaelirium hisauchianum (Melanthiaceae)
<p><span>Species of <em>Chamaelirium</em> are known to be highly diversified in sexual characters, but there has been no detailed empirical approach to elucidate the mechanism and process of sexual diversification in the genus. This paper reports the results of population-based analyses on various sexual aspects of <em>C. hisauchianum</em> endemic to Japan. Of the 20 populations surveyed, eight (40%) were composed of facultative hermaphrodites highly labile in sexual expression, exhibiting a wide range of gradational variation from hermaphroditism through andromonoecy to male. The remaining 12 populations (60 %) consisted of females and facultative hermaphrodites. In them, 11.8–30.9% (mean 22.2%) of the individuals were female. With no reciprocal sex changes, females and facultative hermaphrodites were regarded as, plausibly genetically determined, discrete sex morphs. In contrast, sexual expression in both sex morphs appeared resource dependent. Besides the difference in floral sexual traits, the average ratio of ovuliferous flowers in females was higher than that in facultative hermaphrodites. The production of ovuliferous flowers by females was less susceptible to both field and cultivated conditions and tended to be significantly relatively higher under unfavorable growing conditions. Females were thus less plastic (or more persistent) in producing ovuliferous flowers (or female organs) than facultative hermaphrodites irrespective of internal and external conditions. In all populations, andromonoecious plants dominated (50.8–100%), which appeared to reflect the high plasticity in sex allocation of facultative hermaphrodites. The different modes of sex allocation were regarded as secondary sex characters and presumably stem from a difference in easiness or attainability of sexual reproduction between the two sex morphs. </span></p>
Data from: Differential early-life survival underlies the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a long-lived reptile
<p><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Many ectotherms rely on temperature cues experienced during development to determine offspring sex. The first descriptions of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) were made over 50 years ago, yet an understanding of its adaptive significance remains elusive, especially in long-lived taxa. </span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>One novel hypothesis predicts that TSD should be evolutionarily favored when two criteria are met – (a) incubation temperature influences annual juvenile survival and (b) sexes mature at different ages. Under these conditions, a sex-dependent effect of incubation temperature on offspring fitness arises through differences in age at sexual maturity, with the sex that matures later benefiting disproportionately from temperatures that promote juvenile survival.</span></span><span class="eop"><span><span> </span></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>The American alligator (<em>Alligator mississippiensis</em>) serves as an insightful model in which to test this hypothesis, as males begin reproducing nearly a decade after females. Here, through a combination of artificial incubation experiments and mark-recapture approaches, we test the specific predictions of the survival-to-maturity hypothesis for the adaptive value of TSD by disentangling the effects of incubation temperature and sex on annual survival of alligator hatchlings across two geographically distinct sites.</span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span><span> </span></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Hatchlings incubated at male-promoting temperatures consistently exhibited higher survival compared to those incubated at female-promoting temperatures. This pattern appears independent of hatchling sex, as females produced from hormone manipulation at male-promoting temperatures exhibit similar survival to their male counterparts.</span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span><span> </span></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Additional experiments show that incubation temperature may affect early-life survival primarily by affecting the efficiency with which maternally transferred energy resources are used during development. </span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Results from this study provide the first explicit empirical support for the adaptive value of TSD in a crocodilian <span>and point to developmental energetics as a potential unifying mechanism underlying persistent survival consequences of incubation temperature.</span></span></span></p>
Differential sex allocation strategies between females and facultative hermaphrodites of Chamaelirium hisauchianum (Melanthiaceae)
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Data from: Does sex-biased dispersal account for the lack of geographic and host-associated differentiation in introduced populations of an aphid parasitoid?
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Differential avoidance of the odour of opposite sex mice receiving acute and repeated Lipopolysaccharide
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Data from: Differential early-life survival underlies the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a long-lived reptile
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IIb-RAD-seq coupled with random forest classification indicates regional population structuring and sex-specific differentiation in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
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Allen Brain Atlas
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