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Raw data for: Sex and Power: Sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its eco-evolutionary and statistical implications
<p>This is a dataset obtained from the EBI in August 2018. The full code, analyses and processed data that are associated with the paper that is based on this large dataset can be found here: <a href="https://github.com/itchyshin/mice_sex_diff">https://github.com/itchyshin/mice_sex_diff</a></p> <p> </p>
Onthophagus babirussa sexual size dimporphism and male sexual trait files and R codes
<p><span>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) arises when natural selection and sexual selection act differently on males and females. Male-biased SSD is rare in insects and usually indicates strong selection pressure on a population or species. Patterns of SSD can also vary between populations of species that are exposed to different environmental conditions, such as differing resource availability and diversity. Here, we investigate intra-specific variation in SSD as well as relative investment in precopulatory (horn length) and postcopulatory traits (sperm length and testes weight) in a tropical rainforest dung beetle<em> Onthophagus babirussa </em>across Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. Overall, three out of four populations displayed significant male-biased SSD and SSD was greater in populations with smaller overall body size. Average male body size was similar across all populations while female body size was significantly smaller in Singapore, suggesting that the pronounced SSD may also be due to stronger sexual selection on male body size in Singapore populations. All populations showed significant investment in horns as a weapon used in precopulatory competition, while postcopulatory traits showed no clear scaling relationship with body size, suggesting a higher priority on precopulatory sexual traits in the mating system of this species.</span></p>
Fig. 3 in Sexual Size Dimorphism in Ground Beetle Carabus cumanus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and its Variation in Different Traits
Fig. 3. Results of RMA regression in C. cumanus traits: a - elytra length, b - elytra width, c - pronotum length, d - pronotum width, e - head length, f - distance between eyes (1 - steppe biotope, 2 - forest biotope. Circles and triangles denote individuals measured in forest and steppe biotopes respectively. Black dotted line denotes isometry)
Fig. 4 in Sexual Size Dimorphism in Ground Beetle Carabus cumanus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and its Variation in Different Traits
Fig. 4. Values of SSD in different traits in C. cumanus. Significant values of SSD (due to Fig. 3, where deviation from isometric curve were significant) are marked by asterisks (A - elytra length, B - elytra width, V - pronotum length, G - pronotum width, D - head length, E - distance between eyes)
FIGURE 7 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 7 | Correlation between total length and number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: total length in cm. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 4 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 4 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus with hooks. b: base of the hook. fr: first ray. lr: last ray. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. st: hook cusp. Scales: A and B. 1.0 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 5 | Phases of testes maturation in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Immature. B. Immature intersex. C. Regressing. D. Regenerating. E. Spawning Capable (primary male). F. Spawning Capable (secondary male). bv: blood vessels. cy: germ cell cysts. dge: discontinuous germinal epithelium. in: interstice. pg: primary growing oocyte. sg: spermatogonia. s: Sertoli cell. sz: sperm. tw: testis wall. va: vacuoles. Scales: A, C, D, E. 20 µm; B, F. 50 µm. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
FIGURE 3 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 3 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus without hooks. ca: callosity. fb: first fork. fr: first ray. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A. 0.5 cm; B. 200 µm; C. 100 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 6 | Correlation between stages of the reproductive cycle and the number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: Stages of the reproductive cycle, being, 0 – Immature specimens, 1 – Regressing, 2 – Regenerating specimens, 3 – Developing specimens, 4 – Spawning Capable specimens. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 1 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 1 | Anal fins in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Specimen of B. orbignyanus. B. Anal fin regions. C. Rays (r). D. Anal fin rays. af: anal fin. bi: bifurcation of rays. ca: caudal region. cr: cranial region. fr: first ray. im: interradial membrane. me: medial region. sg: radius segment. Scales: A. 5 cm; B and D. 1 cm; C. 200 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 2 | Details regarding the fins of Brycon orbignyanus. A, C and E. Rays without hooks. B, D and F. Rays with hooks. b: base. fb: first fork. r: rays. rs: rays with hooks. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. st: hooks cusp. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A and B. 1 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm; F. 50 µm.
Data from: Environmental conditions during development affect sexual selection through trait-fitness relationships
<p>Sexual selection can be shaped by spatial variation in environmental features among populations. Differences in sexual selection among populations generated through the effects of the environment could be shaped via four paths: differences in mean absolute fitness, differences in the means or variances of phenotypes, or differences in the absolute fitness-trait function relationship. Because sexual selection only occurs during the adult life stage, most studies have focused on identifying environmental features that influence these metrics of fitness and trait distributions among adults. However, these adult features could also be affected by environmental factors experienced in early life stages that then shape the trajectory for sexual selection during the adult life stage. Here we investigated how among-population variation in environmental conditions during the juvenile (larval) stage of two species of <i>Enallagma</i> damselflies shapes sexual selection on male body size. We found that environmental factors related to predation pressures, lake primary productivity, and habitat availability have a role in shaping spatial variation in sexual selection. This acts mainly through how the environment affects absolute fitness-body size associations, not spatial variation in mean fitness or body size means and variances. These results demonstrate that the underpinnings of sexual selection in the wild can arise from environmental conditions during pre-reproductive life stages.</p>
Data from: Environmental conditions during development affect sexual selection through trait-fitness relationships
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Latitudinal patterns in a reproductive trait driven by sexual selection
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Data from: Asymmetry in cross-sex cross-trait genetic covariances and the evolvability of sexual dimorphism
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Onthophagus babirussa sexual size dimporphism and male sexual trait files and R codes
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Data from: Change in sexual signalling traits outruns morphological divergence across an ecological gradient in the post‐glacial radiation of the songbird genus Junco
<p>The relative roles of natural and sexual selection in promoting evolutionary lineage divergence remains controversial and difficult to assess in natural systems. Local adaptation through natural selection is known to play a central role in promoting evolutionary divergence, yet secondary sexual traits can vary widely among species in recent radiations, suggesting that sexual selection may also be important in the early stages of speciation. Here we compare rates of divergence in ecologically relevant traits (morphology) and sexually selected signaling traits (coloration) relative to neutral structure in genome-wide molecular markers, and examine patterns of variation in sexual dichromatism to explore the roles of natural and sexual selection in the diversification of the songbird genus <i>Junco </i>(Aves: Passerellidae). Juncos include divergent lineages in Central America and several dark-eyed junco (<i>J. hyemalis</i>) lineages that diversified recently as the group recolonized North America following the last glacial maximum (c.a. 18,000 years ago). We found an accelerated rate of divergence in sexually selected characters relative to ecologically relevant traits. Moreover, sexual dichromatism measurements suggested a positive relationship between the degree of color divergence and the strength of sexual selection when controlling for neutral genetic distance. We also found a positive correlation between dichromatism and latitude, which coincides with the geographic axis of decreasing lineage age in juncos but also with a steep ecological gradient. Finally, we found significant associations between genome-wide variants linked to functional genes and proxies of both sexual and natural selection. These results suggest that the joint effects of sexual and ecological selection have played a prominent role in the junco radiation.</p>
Data from: Marine protected areas rescue a sexually selected trait in European lobster
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly implemented worldwide to maintain and restore depleted populations. However, despite our knowledge on the myriad of positive responses to protection, there are few empirical studies on the ability to conserve species' mating patterns and secondary sexual traits. In male European lobsters (Homarus gammarus), the size of claws relative to body size correlates positively with male mating success and is presumably under sexual selection. At the same time, an intensive trap fishery exerts selection against large claws in males. MPAs could therefore be expected to resolve these conflicting selective pressures and preserve males with large claws. We explored this hypothesis by contrasting claw size of males and females in three pairs of MPAs and nearby fished areas in Southern Norway. By finding that male lobsters have up to 8 % larger claws inside MPAs compared to similarly sized males in fished areas, our study provides evidence that MPAs rescue a secondary sexual trait. Recovery from harvest selection acting on claws is the most likely explanation, however, the higher abundance of lobster inside MPAs does not rule out a plastic response on claw size due to increased competition. Regardless of the underlying cause, our study demonstrates (1) the value of protected areas as a management tool for mitigating fishery-induced evolution, and (2) that MPAs help maintaining the scope for sexual selection in populations with vulnerable life-histories and complex mating system.
Sexual size dimorphism is associated with reproductive life history trait differentiation in coexisting sepsid flies
Organismal life histories evolve as syndromes, resulting in correlated evolutionary differentiation of key traits that ultimately aid in discerning species. Reproductive success depends both on the absolute body size of an individual and its size relative to the opposite sex: sexual size dimorphism. In an attempt to further elucidate their coexistence and ecological diversification, we compared standard life history (first reproduction, clutch size, egg size) and associated reproductive trait differentiation of 15 widespread European sepsid fly species (Diptera: Sepsidae) under laboratory common garden conditions. Despite relatively uniform body sizes, sexual dimorphism ranged from female- to male-biased, and development time varied twofold across species. We expected, and found, the abundant and relatively large species (Sepsis cynipsea, punctum, thoracica) with often male-biased SSD to lay larger but fewer eggs and show fast-developing, fast-reproducing life histories with aggressive (coercive) mating behavior characterized by short mating latencies and male conflict. In contrast, the smaller and more dispersed species with female-biased SSD (S. flavimana, orthocnemis, violacea) laid smaller but more eggs, showing a generally slower life history with long and delayed copulation and oviposition, high mating reluctance fostering extensive inter-sexual conflict, and more elaborate male (pre-)copulatory courtship. Two Saltella species were exceptional, being large, developing slowly, nevertheless copulating soon after adult emergence, profusely and briefly. The documented life history differentiation seems partly driven by sexual selection leading to male-biased dimorphism, rather than undetermined ecological selection, which regardless appears insufficient to explain the coexistence and diversification of these sepsid species in European pastoral landscapes.
Data from: Artificial selection on sexual aggression: correlated traits and possible trade‐offs
<p>Forced copulation is an extreme form of sexual aggression that can affect the evolution of sex-specific anatomy, morphology and behavior. To characterize mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of forced copulation, we artificially selected male fruit flies based on their ability to succeed in the naturally prevalent behavior of forced matings with newly eclosed (teneral) females. The low and high forced copulation lineages showed rapid divergence, with the high lineages ultimately showing twice the rates of forced copulation as the low lineages. While males from the high lineages spent more time aggressively pursuing and mounting teneral females, their behavior towards non-teneral and heterospecific females was similar to that of males from the low lineages. Males from the low and high lineages also showed similar levels of male-male aggression. This suggests little or no genetic correlations between sexual aggression and non-aggressive pursuit of females, and between male aggression towards females and males. Surprisingly however, males from the high lineages had twice as high mating success than males from the low lineages when allowed to compete for consensual mating with mature females. In further experiments, we found no evidence for trade-offs associated with high forced mating rates: males from the high lineages did not have lower longevity than males from the low lineages when housed with females, and four generations of relaxed selection did not lead to convergence in forced mating rates. Our data indicate complex interactions among forced copulation success and consensual mating behaviour, which we hope to clarify in future genomic work. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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