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1,663 results for “shell”
Shell geochemistry and environmental instability along the Georgia Coast during the Late Archaic Period (5000 - 3800 BP)
This dataset includes stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) data collected from eastern oysters (n=19) (Crassostrea virginica) and hard clams (n=59) (Mercenaria spp.) from the Late Archaic (ca. 50000-3500 cal. BP) Sapelo Shell Rings on Sapelo Island, Georgia. A total of 1064 isotope samples were collected and analyzed from these shells. The data are part of a larger project reconstructing paleo-climate and Native American adaption and resilience in the context of climate instability along the South Atlantic coast of North America during the Late Archaic Period. Shell isotope samples were collected by multiple researchers over the last decade. Carey Garland added to and cleaned the data between June 2020 and December 2021. The dataset was structured to include site name, location, and provenience (e.g., unit, level, etc.) associated with each shell analyzed, as well as all raw isotope data. The original database contains sensitive information, such as the specific location of archaeological sites. If a professional archaeologist needs site location information, they can contact the Georgia Archaeological Site File.
Dataset of "Strain-Engineered Ir Shell Enhances Activity and Stability of Ir-Ru Catalysts for Water Electrolysis: An Operando Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study"
<p>Ir-Ru alloys with high Ru content serve as stable and highly active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers (PEM-WEs), enabling efficient operation with remarkably low Ir loadings (150 µg cm-²). Despite this, the mechanisms behind their enhanced stability remain unclear. In this study, we employ operando Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) and complementary ex-situ techniques to investigate the structural evolution of these magnetron-sputtered alloys within a PEM-WE cell. Our results reveal that, upon potential application, Ru is leached from the surface, leading to the formation of a bimetallic Ir-Ru@IrOx core-shell structure. The Ir shell, significantly strained by the underlying Ir-Ru core, exhibits substantially higher catalytic activity than pure Ir. Notably, the Ir-Ru 25:75 catalyst shows superior stability over Ir-Ru 50:50, despite its higher Ru content, due to a more robust Ir shell that protects subsurface Ir and Ru from oxidation and dissolution. This study not only clarifies the performance-enhancing mechanisms of Ir-Ru catalysts but also suggests that other, more economical materials such as Co, Os, or Ti could serve as effective cores in Ir-M systems, offering a pathway to more cost-effective catalysts for PEM-WE applications.</p>
Dataset from: Sexual dimorphism in shells of Cochlostoma septemspirale (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoroidea, Diplommatinidae, Cochlostomatinae)
<p>Here we provide the dataset (in CSV format) used by <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.208.2869">Reichenbach et al. (2012)</a>. The same data was earlier published by <a href="https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.ns7v7">Reichenbach et al. (2012)</a> on Dryad (in tabbed text format). The images used for taking measurements are available from <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4266946">Reichenbach et al. (2020)</a>.</p> <p>Cited papers are listed below in the "References" section.</p>
MAR2PROTECT - Coconut shell derived activated carbon for effective separation of greenhouse gases - DATASET
<p>The need for innovative and efficient adsorptive materials with enhanced structural characteristics that facilitate the selective capture of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is critical. Porosity and surface area play an important role in the adsorptive capture and separation of GHGs, enabling the design of processes that reduce GHGs emissions. This study shows how residual coconut shell (CS) biomass can be reused for the design of novel biomaterials (CS-CO<sub>2</sub>, CS-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) with structural characteristics that promote the selective adsorption of GHGs. Additionally, the results are compared with those obtained with activated carbon monoliths (ACM) and a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF Fe-BTC) to understand the impact of different porous solid matrices on adsorptive GHG capture. In this context, the adsorption performance of difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (R-125), 1,1,1,1-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), 1,1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) on CS-CO<sub>2</sub>, CS-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>, ACM and Fe-BTC were measured by gravimetry at 283.15 K, 303.15 K and 323.15 K. The experimental data are correlated using the dual-site Langmuir adsorption model, and the selectivities of the commercial mixtures R-410A, R-407C, R-404A and CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> are calculated using the Ideal Adsorption Solution theory (IAST). CS-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> has a higher selectivity for R-125 over R-32 in the separation of R-410A at low pressure, and also a higher selectivity for R-407C due to its larger pore volume. In the separation of the R-404A refrigerant blend, CS-CO<sub>2</sub> adsorbs predominantly R-134a and R-143a over R-125. Finally, the ACM material preferentially adsorbs CO<sub>2</sub> over CH<sub>4</sub>, owing to its large and elongated micropores that favour the adsorption of the smaller molecule. This study introduces novel and innovative materials to enhance the separation of GHGs mixtures, contributing to a reduction in their emissions.</p>
Dataset of the paper "Control of electronic band profiles through depletion layer engineering in core-shell nanocrystals"
<p>This dataset provides the raw data of the paper "Control of electronic band profiles through depletion layer engineering in core-shell nanocrystals"</p>
Dataset supporting the paper "Inducing open-shell character in porphyrins through surface-assisted phenalenyl π-extension. J. Am. Chem. Soc 142, 18109 (2020)"
<p>Dataset corresponding to theoretical calculations in the paper "<em>Inducing open-shell character in porphyrins through surface-assisted phenalenyl π-extension. J. Am. Chem. Soc 142, 18109 (2020)</em>" DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c07781">10.1021/jacs.0c07781</a>.</p> <p>List of files:</p> <p>Several folders corresponding to the figures of the paper. They contain:</p> <ul> <li>.siesta files: STM images in WsXM format (<a href="http://www.wsxm.eu/">http://www.wsxm.eu/</a>) simulated using STMpw (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3581159">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3581159</a>).</li> <li>CONTCAR files: relaxed structures in VASP format. They can be visualized with VESTA (<a href="https://jp-minerals.org/vesta/en/">https://jp-minerals.org/vesta/en/</a>).</li> <li>.agr: grace files (<a href="https://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/Grace/">https://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/Grace/</a>).</li> </ul>
Experimental determination of the sulfur K-shell fundamental parameters employing the holistic approach
<p>This dataset contains the experimentally determined fundamental parameters for the sulfur K-subshells from as shown in the publication with the title "Experimental determination of the sulfur K-shell fundamental parameters employing the holistic approach". The paper will be published soon in a peer-reviewd journal.</p> <p>This file contains the following fundamental parameters for sulfur: K-subshell fluorescence yield, K-shell Auger yield, Ka and Kb transition probabilities, K-subshell photo ionization cross sections up to 10 keV, K-subshell fluorescence prodution cross sections up to 10 keV</p>
A novel and holistic approach for experimental X-ray fundamental parameter determination - the Ru L-shell
<p>This dataset contains the experimentally determined fundamental parameters for the ruthenium L-subshells from our paper with the title "A novel and holistic approach for experimental X-ray fundamental parameter determination - the Ru L-shell". The paper will be published soon in a peer-reviewd journal.</p> <p>This file contains L-subshell fluorescence yields, L-shell Coster-Kronig factors, L-shell Auger yields, <br> Mass attenuation coefficients in energy range from 2.41 keV to 8 keV, L-subshell photo ionization cross sections up to 8 keV and <br> L-subshell fluorescence prodution cross sections of Ru.</p>
Data set for the journal article: Colloidal-ALD Grown Metal Oxide Shells Enable the Synthesis of Photoactive Ligand/ Nanocrystal Composite Materials
<p>The data for each figure of the main manuscript is included in this folder.</p> <p>Figure 1 is not included as it contains no data.</p> <p>The folder for Figure 2 contains a sub-folder for the EDX and NMR data of 9-ACA/PbS@AlOx. The NMR data was processed by Mestrenova.</p> <p>The folder for Figure 3 contains optical absorption spectrum data of 9-ACA/PbS@AlOx.</p> <p>The folder for Figure 4 contains NMR data which was processed by Mestrenova. It contains the data for 9-ACA/CuInS2@AlOx, 1-PCA/CsPbBr3@AlOx and 9-PTA/CsPbBr3@AlOx.</p> <p>The folder for Figure 5 is made of three sub-folders for figure 5A, 5B and 5C. 5A and 5B contain optical absorption for the CuInS2 and CsPbBr3 datasets while 5C contain time resolved data for CsPbBr3.</p> <p>The folder for Figure 6 contains time resolved PL for the as synthesized CsPbBr3, 1-PCA/CsPbBr3@AlOx and 9-PTA/CsPbBr3@AlOx. The 9-PTA/CsPbBr3@AlOx data contain two decays that span 200 ns (short) or 13.5 us (long).</p> <p>The folder for Figure 7 contains time resolved PL for the as synthesized 9-PTA/CsPbBr3@AlOx and 1-PCA/9-PTA/CsPbBr3@AlOx. For both samples the data contain two decays that span 200 ns (short) or 13.5 us (long). Also an NMR folder is present with the 1H spectrum for 9-PTA/CsPbBr3@AlOx and 1-PCA/9-PTA/CsPbBr3@AlOx.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Dreissenid mussel shell deposition, and benthic community data in the Rouge and Huron Rivers, Southeastern, MI., USA.
This data package was assembled and accompanies a project entitled "Investigating the effects of Dreissenid mussel shells in streams post-invasion," carried out in the Rouge and Huron Rivers in Southeastern, MI., USA in 2017. We assessed the impacts of Dreissenid shells on macroinvertebrates and fish communities. This package includes dreissenid shell density data, water quality data during macroinvertebrate sampling, macroinvertebrate data, water quality data during fish sampling in spring, fish data from spring, water quality data during fall sampling, and fish data from fall. All data tables feature rivers, identifiers, GPS coordinates, and sample dates.
Snail Shell Strength and Total Crush Force of a Northern Michigan Snail as a Function of Predation Risk at the University of Michigan Biological Station Stream Research Facility (5/31/23-8/1/23)
Many prey organisms respond to the non-consumptive effects of predators by altering their physiology, morphology, and behavior. These inducible defenses can create refuges for prey by decreasing the likelihood of consumption by predators. Some prey, as in marine mollusks, have been shown to alter their morphology in response to the presence of size-limited predation. To extend this work into the freshwater realm, we presented pointed campeloma snails (Campeloma decisum) to chemical cues from a natural predator, the rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus), to better understand how snail morphology changes under the threat of predation. The total force needed to crush shells, total shell length, aperture width, and total weight, along with changes to these three body measurements were recorded for each individual and used to quantify morphological changes as a function of risk. Snails exposed to crayfish chemical cues needed significantly more force to crush their shells than controls (p = 0.002). Total shell length was greater in crayfish exposed snails than control snails (p = 0.002), and snails in the crayfish treatment also showed significantly more change in shell length than control snails (p = 0.003). Similarly, aperture width was significantly greater in exposed snails (p = 0.002). However, exposed snails exhibited significantly less change in aperture width than controls (p = 0.017). Finally, we found that snails exposed to crayfish weighed significantly more than snails in the control (p = 0.0009). Thus, the results of this study show that morphology of gastropods is altered in the presence of predators, and this may be an antipredator tactic directly related to risk.
Metabolic recovery and compensatory shell growth of juvenile Pacific geoduck Panopea generosa following short-term exposure to acidified seawater
<p><strong>METABOLIC RECOVERY AND COMPENSATORY SHELL GROWTH OF JUVENILE PACIFIC GEODUCK <em>PANOPEA GENEROSA</em> FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO ACIDIFIED SEAWATER</strong></p> <p><strong>Samuel J. Gurr<sup>1*</sup>, Brent Vadopalas<sup>2</sup>, Steven B. Roberts<sup>3</sup>, Hollie M. Putnam<sup>1</sup></strong></p> <p><sup>1 </sup>University of Rhode Island, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, 120 Flagg Rd, Kingston, RI 02881 USA</p> <p><sup>2 </sup>University of Washington, Washington Sea Grant, 3716 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA</p> <p><sup>3 </sup>University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA</p> <p><strong>*Corresponding author:</strong> Fax: Phone:1-401-874-9510 Email: samuel_gurr@uri.edu</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>While acute stressors can be detrimental, environmental stress conditioning can improve performance. To test the hypothesis that physiological status is altered by stress conditioning, we subjected juvenile Pacific geoduck, <em>Panopea generosa, </em>to repeated exposures of elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in a commercial hatchery setting followed by a period in ambient common garden. Respiration rate and shell length were measured for juvenile geoduck periodically throughout short-term repeated reciprocal exposure periods in ambient (~550 µatm) or elevated (~2400 µatm) <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> treatments and in common, ambient conditions, five months after exposure. Short-term exposure periods comprised an initial 10-day exposure followed by 14 days in ambient before a secondary 6-day reciprocal exposure. The initial exposure to elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>significantly reduced respiration rate by 25% relative to ambient conditions, but no effect on shell growth was detected. Following 14 days in common garden, ambient conditions, reciprocal exposure to elevated or ambient <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> did not alter juvenile respiration rates, indicating ability for metabolic recovery under subsequent conditions. Shell growth was negatively affected during the reciprocal treatment in both exposure histories, however clams exposed to the initial elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> showed compensatory growth with 5.8% greater shell length (on average between the two secondary exposures) after five months in ambient conditions. Additionally, clams exposed to the secondary elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>showed 52.4% increase in respiration rate after five months in ambient conditions. Early exposure to low pH appears to trigger carry-over effects suggesting bioenergetic re-allocation facilitates growth compensation. Life stage-specific exposures to stress can determine when it may be especially detrimental, or advantageous, to apply stress conditioning for commercial production of this long-lived burrowing clam.</p> <p> </p>
Salihundam, Gara Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Votive shell inscription.
<p>Salihundam, Gara Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Votive shell inscription at Buddhist site located approximately at 18°20'7"N 84°2'28"E, as documented in 2007.</p>
Salihundam, Gara Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Votive shell inscription.
<p>Salihundam, Gara Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Votive shell inscription at Buddhist site, located approximately at 18°20'2"N 84°2'38"E, as documented in 2007.</p>
Salihundam, Gara Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Votive shell inscription.
<p>Salihundam, Gara Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Votive shell inscription at Buddhist site, located approximately at 18°20'2"N 84°2'38"E, as documented in 2007.</p>
Semi-regular Vase - Shell-lattice construction based on regular and semi-regular tiling via functional composition.
<p>This vase has been created using tools and algorithms developed at the Technion, and are part of the IRIT geometric modeling kernel (<a href="https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~irit/">https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~irit/</a>).</p> <p>This specific vase model has been created using function composition of dual semi-regular trivariate tiles over the shell geometry of trivariate deformation function yielding a trivariate volumetric representation of the shell.</p> <p>This model is provided in STL and MSH file formats.</p>
Semi-regular Duck - Shell-lattice construction based on regular and semi-regular tiling via functional composition.
<p>This duck has been created using tools and algorithms developed at the Technion, and are part of the IRIT geometric modeling kernel (<a href="https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~irit/">https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~irit/</a>).</p> <p>This specific duck model has been created using function composition of dual semi-regular tiles over the shell geometry of a B-spline bivariate duck. </p> <p>This model is provided in STL and OBJ file format.</p>
Fisheries dataset on moulting patterns and shell quality of American lobsters H. americanus in Atlantic Canada
<p>This survey collated data on lobster moult indicators and on life-history traits (sex, size) during a twelve-year monitoring program (2004 – 2015) in six lobster fishing areas in Atlantic Canada. A standardized sampling protocol was followed to collect data from a total of 141,659 lobsters over 1,195 sampling events using commercial lobster fishing traps. Data on pleopod stages, hemolymph protein levels (˚Brix values) and shell hardness can be used for moult stage determination. Evaluation of sex ratio dynamics is also possible but existing biases in sampling males and females need to be noted. This dataset is valuable in terms of inferring spatio-temporal trends in the life history of lobsters, as well as in the analysis of their moult cycle, and hence more generally for fisheries science and marine ecology.</p>
Bhiwkund, Maharashtra, India. Lower cave, shell inscription
<p>Bhiwkund, Maharashtra, India (21.052010, 79.45922). Lower cave, shell inscription, as documented 2/2015.</p>
Generalised oscillator strength for core-shell electron excitation by fast electrons based on Dirac solutions
<div> <div>The rich information of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) comes from the complex inelastic scattering process whereby fast electrons transfer energy and momentum to atoms, exciting bound electrons from their ground states to higher unoccupied states. To quantify EELS, the common practice is to compare the cross-sections integrated within an energy window or fit the observed spectrum with theoretical differential cross-sections calculated from a generalized oscillator strength (GOS) database with experimental parameters [1].</div> <div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div>The previous Hartree-Fock-based [2] or DFT-based [3] GOS was calculated from Schrödinger's solution of atomic orbitals, which does not include the full relativistic effects. Here, we attempt to go beyond the limitations of the Schrödinger solution in the GOS tabulation by including the full relativistic effects using the Dirac equation within the local density approximation using FAC [4], which is particularly important for core-shell electrons of heavy elements with strong spin-orbit coupling. This has been done for all elements in the periodic table (up to Z = 118) for all possible excitation edges using modern computing capabilities and parallelization algorithms. The relativistic effects of fast incoming electrons were included to calculate cross-sections that are specific to the acceleration voltage. We make these tabulated GOS available under an open-source license to the benefit of both academic users as well as allowing integration into commercial solutions.</div> <div> </div> <div>If you wish to be notfied by the database updates, please register <a href="https://forms.gle/ddpJSPrCbPZNL1oH7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</div> <div> </div> <div>For details, you can find the paper on <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.10151">arxiv</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Database Details:</p> <ul> <li>Covers all elements (Z: 1-108) and all edges</li> <li>Large energy range: 0.01 - 4000 eV</li> <li>Large momentum range: from minimum momentum transfer to double Bethe ridge for each edge. Adaptive momentum sampling is developed in such a manner to maximize the physical information for a given finite number of sampling points. For example, for C edge this range is 0.14 -67 Å-1 </li> <li>Fine log sampling: 128 points for energy and 256 points for momentum</li> <li>Data format: GOSH [3]</li> </ul> <p>Calculation Details:</p> <ul> <li>Single atoms only; solid-state effects are not considered</li> <li>Unoccupied states before continuum states of ionization are not considered; no fine structure</li> <li>Plane Wave Born Approximation</li> <li>Frozen Core Approximation is employed; electrostatic potential remains unchanged for orthogonal states when a core-shell</li> <li>electron is excited</li> <li>Self-consistent Dirac–Fock–Slater iteration is used for Dirac calculations; A modified local density approximation is used for the correct asymptotic behavior of the exchange energy; continuum states are normalized against asymptotic form at large distances</li> <li>Both large and small component contributions of Dirac solutions are included in GOS</li> <li>Final state contributions are included until the contribution of the last states falls below 0.1%. A convergence log is provided for reference.</li> </ul> <p>Version 1.6.5 release note:</p> <ul> <li>Add a compact version of the database which uses (a) single precesion, (b) 80x80 sampling in the energy and momentum space (c) 'gzip' to compress the gos data array. This helps for user with limited bandwidth for downloading.</li> </ul> <p>Version 1.6.1 release note:</p> <ul> <li>Add missing metadata</li> </ul> <p>Version 1.6 release note:</p> <ul> <li>Improved convergence for M and N edges for some elements</li> </ul> <p>Version 1.5 release note:</p> <ul> <li>Adaptive sampling for momentum space (previously it is fixed at 0.05 -50 Å-1, now adaptive for each edge)</li> <li>Improved convergence</li> </ul> <p>Version 1.2 release note:</p> <ul> <li>Add “File Type / File version” information</li> </ul> <p>Version 1.1 release note:</p> <ul> <li>Update to be consistent with GOSH data format [3]</li> <li>All the edges are now within a single hdf5 file.</li> <li>A notable change in particular, the sampling in momentum is in 1/m, instead of previously in 1/Å.</li> <li>Great thanks to Gulio Guzzinati for his suggestions and sending conversion script for GOSH format. </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>[1] Verbeeck, J., and S. Van Aert. Ultramicroscopy 101.2-4 (2004): 207-224.</p> <p>[2] Leapman, R. D., P. Rez, and D. F. Mayers. The Journal of Chemical Physics 72.2 (1980): 1232-1243.</p> <p>[3] Segger, L, Guzzinati, G, & Kohl, H. Zenodo (2023). doi:10.5281/zenodo.7645765</p> <p>[4] Gu, M. F. Canadian Journal of Physics 86(5) (2008): 675-689.</p>
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