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19 results for “shell adaptations”
Data from: Local adaptation in shell shape traits of a brooding chiton with strong population genomic differentiation
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Comparing divergence in quantitative tr</span><span>aits and neutral m</span><span>olecular markers, such as <em>Q</em><sub>ST</sub><em>–F</em><sub>ST</sub> comparisons, provides a means to distinguish between natural selection and genetic drift as causes of population differentiation in complex polygenic traits. </span><em>Onithochiton neglectus</em> (Rochebrune, 1881) is a morphologically variable chiton endemic to New Zealand, with populations distributed over a broad latitudinal environmental gradient. In this species, the morphological variants cluster into two geographically separated shell shape groups, and the phenotypic variation in shell shape has been hypothesised to be adaptive. Here, we assessed this hypothesis by comparing neutral genomic differentiation between populations (<em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em><span>)</span> with an index of phenotypic differentiation (<em>P<sub>ST</sub></em>). We used 7,562 putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 15 populations and three clades of <em>O. neglectus</em> throughout New Zealand to infer <em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em>. <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> was calculated from 18 shell shape traits and gave highly variable estimates across populations, clades and shape groups. By systematically comparing <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> with <em>F<sub>ST</sub></em><sub>,</sub> we identified evidence of local adaptation in a number of the <em>O. neglectus </em>shell shape traits. This <span>supports the hypothesis that shell shape could be an adaptive trait, potentially correlated with the ability to live and raft in kelp holdfasts.</span></p>
Data from: Local adaptation in shell shape traits of a brooding chiton with strong population genomic differentiation
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Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
<p>Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show a remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), <em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across eleven populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analysed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (<em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low <em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>-values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.</p>
Data from: Biogeography of shell morphology in over-exploited shellfish reveals adaptive tradeoffs on human-inhabited islands and incipient selectively driven lineage bifurcation
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Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
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Figure 4 in Shell surface adaptations in relation to water management in rockdwelling land snails, Albinaria (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)
Figure 4. Means ¡95% confidence intervals of activation time for smooth and ribbed Albinaria snails.
Figure 3 in Shell surface adaptations in relation to water management in rockdwelling land snails, Albinaria (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)
Figure 3. Means ¡95% confidence intervals of (a) water gain; (b) water loss and (c) proportion of retained water, for smooth and ribbed Albinaria shells after removing the effect of length (and water gain in b).
Figure 2 in Shell surface adaptations in relation to water management in rockdwelling land snails, Albinaria (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)
Figure 2. (a) Relation between shell length and dry weight for ribbed and smooth Albinaria snails; (b) means ¡95% confidence intervals of dry weight for smooth and ribbed Albinaria shells after removing the effect of length.
Figure 1. Shells.A–J in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 1. Shells.A–J, Pupilla alpicola (A–E, lowland populations"P.pratensis"; F–J, typical mountain populations).K–P, P.loessica. Q–T, P. muscorum. A, M_6001_3_1, Lake Galenbeck (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany). B, SMNS-ZI0138340, type locality Dinkelscherben near Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany). C, M_846_1_2, Burgtonna (Thuringia, Germany), fossil from Early
Figure 6 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 6. Thin-plate splines illustrating (theoretical) transitions in shape, side view, exaggeration 5 times. A, fossil P. loessica → extant P. loessica. B, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. pratensis. C, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. alpicola. D, extant P. pratensis → P. alpicola. E, extant P. loessica→ P. alpicola. F, fossil P. muscorum → extant P. muscorum.
Figure 8 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree based on COI. 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis with posterior probabilities/bootstrap support values (from maximum likelihood analysis). Sample abbreviations and groups of samples are given in Tables 1 and 3.
Figure 11 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 11. Pupa muscorum var. pratensis. Series of four shells from type locality Dinkelscherben near Augsburg (Germany) in frontal and lateral view. A, neotype SMNS-ZI0138339. B–D, SMNS-ZI0138341.
Figure 10 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 10. Pupilla loessica. Series of four shells from type locality Předmostí at Přerov (Czech Republic, fossil from Saalian loess) in frontal and lateral view. A is the designated neotype. All deposited at the National Museum of Prague.
Figure 7 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 7. Shell microsculpture (SEM micrographs). A–T, P. loessica. U–Z, P. alpicola. a–d, P. alpicola (morphogroup P. m. densegyrata). e–h, P. alpicola (lowland populations "P. pratensis"). i–j, P. muscorum. A–B, M_4559, Altai, Saylyugem (Russia). C–D, M_4575, Altai, Saylyugem (Russia). E–F, H_MC409, Altai, Dzhazator (Russia). G–H, M_3970, Khatgal, shore of Lake Khövsgöl Nuur (northern Mongolia). I–J, M_2523_2, Yelantsy near Lake Baikal (Russia). K–L, M_2523_1, Yelantsy near Lake Baikal (Russia). M–N, M_994, Karsdorf (Saxony Anhalt, Germany), fossil from Early Saalian. O–P, M_459, Zeuchfeld (Saxony
Figure 9 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 9. Phylogenetic tree based on ITS2. 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis with posterior probabilities/bootstrap support values (from maximum likelihood analysis). Sample abbreviations and groups of samples are given in Tables 1 and 3.
Figure 1 in Shell surface adaptations in relation to water management in rockdwelling land snails, Albinaria (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)
Figure 1. Maximum Parsimony phylogeny of the subset of populations used in the QVI analyses.
Figure 5 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 5. Thin-plate splines illustrating (theoretical) transitions in shape, frontal view. A, fossil P. loessica → extant P. loessica. B, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. pratensis. C, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. alpicola. D, extant P. pratensis → P. alpicola. E, extant P. loessica→ P. alpicola. F, fossil P. muscorum → extant P. muscorum.
Figure 3 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 3. Landmarks for frontal (left) and lateral (right) aspects in geometric morphometric analyses.
Figure 2. Localities. A in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 2. Localities. A, Eurasia with insets of detailed maps. B, European samples. C, Asian samples. Due to the large scale, single symbols may stand for several adjacent localities. In (B), 1 indicates the type locality of P. loessica (Předmostí at Přerov, Czech Republic), and 2 the type locality of Pupa muscorum var. pratensis (Dinkelscherben near Augsburg, Germany).
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