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89 results for “shell shape”
Data from: Local adaptation in shell shape traits of a brooding chiton with strong population genomic differentiation
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Comparing divergence in quantitative tr</span><span>aits and neutral m</span><span>olecular markers, such as <em>Q</em><sub>ST</sub><em>–F</em><sub>ST</sub> comparisons, provides a means to distinguish between natural selection and genetic drift as causes of population differentiation in complex polygenic traits. </span><em>Onithochiton neglectus</em> (Rochebrune, 1881) is a morphologically variable chiton endemic to New Zealand, with populations distributed over a broad latitudinal environmental gradient. In this species, the morphological variants cluster into two geographically separated shell shape groups, and the phenotypic variation in shell shape has been hypothesised to be adaptive. Here, we assessed this hypothesis by comparing neutral genomic differentiation between populations (<em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em><span>)</span> with an index of phenotypic differentiation (<em>P<sub>ST</sub></em>). We used 7,562 putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 15 populations and three clades of <em>O. neglectus</em> throughout New Zealand to infer <em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em>. <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> was calculated from 18 shell shape traits and gave highly variable estimates across populations, clades and shape groups. By systematically comparing <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> with <em>F<sub>ST</sub></em><sub>,</sub> we identified evidence of local adaptation in a number of the <em>O. neglectus </em>shell shape traits. This <span>supports the hypothesis that shell shape could be an adaptive trait, potentially correlated with the ability to live and raft in kelp holdfasts.</span></p>
Fig. 4 in Variation of shell shape in Solariella obscura (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea) in the Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent part of the Western Pacific Ocean
Fig. 4. PCA scatterplots: A–C – varieties of Solariella obscura; typical form – red crosses, «var. intermedia» – black dots, «var. bella» – blue squares; D–F – geographic groups; Arctic – green crosses, Pacific – violet circles.
Fig. 1 in Variation of shell shape in Solariella obscura (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea) in the Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent part of the Western Pacific Ocean
Fig. 1. Varieties of Solariella obscura: A – «var. intermedia», Barents Sea, Iokangskie Islands, 68°04.38′ N, 39°34.70′ E, ZIN 28/4289; B – typical form, Bering Sea, 29 m, 64°02.2′ N, 170°04′ W, ZIN 675/56388; C – «var. bella», Barents Sea, 154 m, 69°40.597′ N, 34°06.184′ E. Scale bar 3 mm.
Fig. 2 in Variation of shell shape in Solariella obscura (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea) in the Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent part of the Western Pacific Ocean
Fig. 2. Scheme of shell measurements (A–B) and counting of whorls number (C). Shell of «var. bella». SH – shell height; BWH – body whorl height; AH – aperture height; AW – aperture width; SW – shell width; UW – umbilicus width; spiral arrow indicates the first whorl, whorls number of the shell = 3.9.
Fig. 3 in Variation of shell shape in Solariella obscura (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea) in the Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent part of the Western Pacific Ocean
Fig. 3. Box plots of conchological parameters: A – shell height; B – body whorl height; C – aperture height; D – shell width; E – umbilicus width; F – whorls number. 1 – «var. intermedia», 2 – typical form, 3 – «var. bella».
Cross section shape: circular elliptical unknown Siphuncle position: central marginal unknown Fig. 4 Morphometrics of orthoconic cephalopods from the Besano Formation. Measurements are compared with discrete characters of the shell. Orange circles represent definite and orange crosses likely orthoceratoids, while blue triangles represent definite and blue crosses likely coleoids. Black crosses are indeterminable. A Apical angle, calculated from length and diameters of the specimens. B Maximum diameter in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea
Cross section shape: circular elliptical unknown Siphuncle position: central marginal unknown Fig. 4 Morphometrics of orthoconic cephalopods from the Besano Formation. Measurements are compared with discrete characters of the shell. Orange circles represent definite and orange crosses likely orthoceratoids, while blue triangles represent definite and blue crosses likely coleoids. Black crosses are indeterminable. A Apical angle, calculated from length and diameters of the specimens. B Maximum diameter
FIG. 4 in Shell shape variation of the symbiotic gastropod Phenacovolva rosea (Ovulidae) in Vietnam
FIG. 4. ANOVA tests of width-to-height ratio of P. rosea shells across different host species, vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence intervals. A. In three northern locations (current effect: F(2, 23)=,09015, p=,91411). B. In Nha Trang (F(2, 12)=1,4096, p=,281).
FIG. 1 in Shell shape variation of the symbiotic gastropod Phenacovolva rosea (Ovulidae) in Vietnam
FIG. 1. Map of studied locations. A. Outline of Vietnam highlighting the two studied regions marked with black boxes. B. Detailed map showing the three northern locations: Cat Ba Island, Quan Lan Island, and Co To. C. Map depicting Nha Trang Bay and its islands.
РИС. 2. ИЗменчивость формы раковины P. rosea. Слева. ВиЗуалиЗация иЗменчивости формы раковины для каЖдой глав- ной компоненты по отдельности, выполнена в программе PrinPrint пакета SHAPE. Справа. Контрастные варианты формы раковины. Все шесть раковин приведены в стандартной поЗиции устьем вверх, для двух иЗ них приведены фото с дорЗальной стороны, как пример иЗобраЖений испольЗованных в аналиЗе силуЭтов. A. Локация – Ня Чанг, хоЗяин – Echinogorgia sp. 2. B. Ко То, Astrogorgia sp. 2. C. Куан Лан, Astrogorgia sp. 3. D. Ня Чанг, Menella sp. E. Ня Чанг, Bebryce sp. F. Ня Чанг, Paraplexaura sp. in Shell shape variation of the symbiotic gastropod Phenacovolva rosea (Ovulidae) in Vietnam
РИС. 2. ИЗменчивость формы раковины P. rosea. Слева. ВиЗуалиЗация иЗменчивости формы раковины для каЖдой глав- ной компоненты по отдельности, выполнена в программе PrinPrint пакета SHAPE. Справа. Контрастные варианты формы раковины. Все шесть раковин приведены в стандартной поЗиции устьем вверх, для двух иЗ них приведены фото с дорЗальной стороны, как пример иЗобраЖений испольЗованных в аналиЗе силуЭтов. A. Локация – Ня Чанг, хоЗяин – Echinogorgia sp. 2. B. Ко То, Astrogorgia sp. 2. C. Куан Лан, Astrogorgia sp. 3. D. Ня Чанг, Menella sp. E. Ня Чанг, Bebryce sp. F. Ня Чанг, Paraplexaura sp.
Figure 8 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 8. Relationships between values of distribution coefficients (Kd Shell/Water Zn (A), Kd Shell/Water Sr (B) and Kd Shell/Water Al (C)) and principal component 1, revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.
Figure 6. Normed PCA factorial graph F1 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 6. Normed PCA factorial graph F1 × F2 of two revealed geographical groups of Beringiana beringiana samples (blue circles indicate samples from Primorsky Krai, Kunashir, Sakhalin, and Iturup islands; red circles indicate samples from Kamchatka Peninsula). Ellipses show 95 % confidence interval.
Figure 5 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 5. Relationships between Kd Shell/Sediment Al and Kd Shell/Water Al: (1) Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island, (2) Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island, (3) Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai, (4) Lebedinoe Lake, Iturup Island, (5) Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (6) Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (7) Chernoye Lake, Sakhalin Island.
Figure 4 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 4. Median joining networks of Beringiana beringiana (N = 50) based on the COI gene fragment. The circle size is proportional to the number of available sequences belonging to the given haplotype (the smallest = 1 sequence). The red numbers near branches indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions between haplotypes.
Figure 2 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 2. Shells of Beringiana beringiana specimens, collected from studied waterbodies: A – Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula (voucher number RMBH biv1212/2), B – Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai (RMBH biv1181/1), C – Lebedinoye Lake, Iturup Island (RMBH biv1254/2), D – Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island (RMBH biv1250/1), E - Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island (RMBH biv1251/1), F – Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula (RMBH biv1213/3). Scale bar = 50 mm.
Figure 1 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 1. Map of the studied region. Lakes: (1) Kurazhechnoye, Kamchatka Peninsula (n = 5), (2) Khalaktyrskoye, Kamchatka Peninsula (n = 5), (3) Lebedinoye, Iturup Island (n = 3), (4) Peschanoye, Kunashir Island (n = 3), (5) Chernoye, Sakhalin Island (n = 3), (6) Bolshoye Vavayskoye, Sakhalin Island (n = 3), (7) Vaskovskoye, Primorsky Krai (n = 3). n reveals the number of collected shells of Beringiana beringiana.
Figure 3. Principal components 1 and 2 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 3. Principal components 1 and 2 visualized by drawing synthetic outlines of extreme (±2SD) and mean shell shapes of Beringiana beringiana. The umbo position marked by star.
Figure 11 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 11. Relationships between values of KAl and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), d Shell/Sediment revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.
Figure 7 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 7. Relationships between Ca-normalized concentration of zinc in shells and principal component 1, (A), copper in shells and principal component 1 (B), revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana: (1) Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island, (2) Lebedinoe Lake, Iturup Island, (3) Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island, (4) Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (5) Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai, (6) Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula.
Figure 10 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 10. Relationships between values of Kd Shell/Water Al (A), Kd Shell/Water P (B), Kd Shell/Water Fe (C) and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.
Figure 9 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Figure 9. Relationships between Zn: Ca – ratio in Beringiana beringiana shells and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), revealed from shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.
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