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34 results for “skull shape”
Raw landmarks related to the paper, "Evolution under intensive industrial breeding: skull size and shape comparison between historic and modern pig lineages "
<p>PLEASE NOTE: This dataset has been superseeded by an updated version which has the correct number of specimens as referred to in the below article. It can be accesssed at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14262754</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Raw coordinates (p x k = 82 x 3) of domestic and wild pig skulls that form the dataset for the paper, "­Evolution under intensive industrial breeding: skull size and shape comparison between historic and modern pig lineages "</p>
Figure 2 in Interspecific and intraspecific size and shape variation in skull of two closely related species Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) from Turkey
Figure 2. Location of 17 two-dimensional landmarks on the dorsal (A) and ventral (B) skull side of a common toad. A. Dorsal side: 1. Snout tip, 2. Anterior end of suture between premaxilla and maxilla, 3. Anterior end of nasal, 4. Lateralmost point of nasal, 5. Mostanterior point of frontoparietal, 6. Lateralmost point of nasal (posterior), 7. Middle point of the median edge of frontoparietal, 8. Mostposterior median point of frontoparietal, 9. Posterior end of suture between frontoparietal and prootic, 10. Anterior end of suture between frontoparietal and prootic, 11. Middle point of the lateral edge of frontoparietal, 12. Mostanterior point of squamosal, 13. Posterior end of squamosal in contact with prootic, 14. Mostposterior point of prootic, 15. Mostposterior point of maxilla, 16. Posterior end of quadrate, 17. Medial tip of occipital. B. Ventral side: 1. Anteriormost point of premaxilla, 2. Anteriolateral end of premaxilla, 3. Mostposterior median end of premaxilla, 4. Posteriolateral end of premaxilla, 5. Lateralmost point of vomer, 6. Mostposterior end of vomer, 7. Most median point of palatine, 8. Anteriolateral end of palatine, 9. Posteriolateral end of palatine (anterior end of suture between palatine and pterygoid or anterior end of pterygoid), 10. Posteriomedian end of pterygoid, 11. Posteriolateral end of pterygoid, 12. Lateralmost end of parasphenoid, 13. Mostanterior median end of parasphenoid, 14. Mostposterior median end of parasphenoid, 15. Posterior end of maxilla in contact with quadratojugal, 16. Posterior end of quadratojugal, 17. Mostposterior end of occipital condyl.
Figure 1 in Interspecific and intraspecific size and shape variation in skull of two closely related species Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) from Turkey
Figure 1. Distribution map of Bufo bufo (blue) and Bufo verrucosIssImus (yellow) in Turkey according to IUCN Red List and Özdemir et al. (2020), and geographical positions of analysed populations.
Figure 3 in Interspecific and intraspecific size and shape variation in skull of two closely related species Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) from Turkey
Figure 3. The positions of the specimens in morphospaces defined by the first two principal axes derived from covariance matrices of skull shape variables. Blue dots; B. bufo, yellow dots; B. verrucosissimus. DC: dorsal cranium, VC: ventral cranium.
Skull shape data for 188 species of living Carnivora
<p>There are 5 files. Two include 2D coordinates used to quantify cranium and mandible shape for a sample of 188 averaged Carnivora species. These coordinates are in .NTS format. Another file is the phylogenetic tree employed for this study in nexus format. In Excel there is museum catalog list of all the specimens included in the study while the text file RoutineR.txt include most of the scripts employed in this study with examples on how to run simulations and other analyses. </p>
Skull shape data for 188 species of living Carnivora
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Island biogeography predicts skull gigantism and shape variation in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) through ecological release and allometry
Island Rule describes the graded trend of gigantism in small-bodied species to dwarfism in large-bodied species inhabiting islands, but causal explanations remain unresolved. We used geometric morphometrics to quantify cranial morphology of 544 meadow vole (<i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i>) samples across 11 island and 3 mainland populations from the Outer Lands of New England (Atlantic) and the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska (Pacific). We compared the thermoregulation and endurance (TRE) and ecological release (ER) hypotheses using all-subsets linear models employing residual randomization permutation procedures (rrpp), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) for model selection. We decoupled direct and indirect effects of island variables on size using path analysis. We evaluated shape with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Procrustes ANOVA on Procrustes shape coordinates, then assessed the impact of static allometry and TRE and ER variables on shape. Six Atlantic island populations exhibit significant signals of gigantism with the largest voles occurring on the smallest islands lacking predators. ER explains 63% of cranial size differences. Island area has a significant total effect on size by influencing the number of mammalian predators, resulting in a 0.011 increase in unit centroid size for a 100 km<sup>2</sup> decrease in island area. This corresponds to a predicted 0.9% change in size for every 100 km<sup>2</sup>. Given static allometry, cranial shape does not respond to insularity independent of size. These results suggest that Island Rule is a latent evolutionary process whose manifestation depends on nuanced biogeographic and ecological contexts that have important conservation and taxonomic implications.
Burrowing Constrains Patterns of Skull Shape Evolution in Wrasses
<p>The evolution of behavioral and ecological specialization can have marked effects on the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution. Head-first burrowing has been shown to exert powerful selective pressures on the head and body shapes of many vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. In wrasses, burrowing behaviors have evolved multiple times independently, and are commonly used in foraging and predator avoidance behaviors. While recent studies have examined the kinematics and body shape morphology associated with this behavior, no study to-date has examined the macroevolutionary implications of burrowing on patterns of phenotypic diversification in this clade. Here, we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to study the evolution of skull shape in fossorial wrasses and their relatives. We test for skull shape differences between burrowing and non-burrowing wrasses and evaluate hypotheses of shape convergence among the burrowing wrasses. We also quantify rates of skull shape evolution between burrowing and non-burrowing wrasses to test for whether burrowing constrains or accelerates rates of skull shape evolution in this clade. We find that while burrowing and non-burrowing wrasses exhibit similar degrees of morphological disparity, for burrowing wrasses, it took nearly twice as long to amass this disparity. Furthermore, while the disparities between groups are evenly matched, we find that most burrowing species are confined to a particular region of shape space with most species exhibiting narrower heads than many non-burrowing species. These results suggest head-first burrowing constrains patterns of skull shape diversification in wrasses by potentially restricting the range of phenotypes that can perform this behavior.</p>
Skull shape of a widely-distributed, endangered marsupial reveals little evidence of local adaptation between fragmented populations
<p>The biogeographical distribution of diversity among populations of threatened mammalian species is generally investigated using population genetics. However, intraspecific phenotypic diversity is rarely assessed beyond taxonomy-focused linear measurements or qualitative descriptions. Here, we use a technique widely used in the evolutionary sciences – geometric morphometrics – to characterize shape diversity in the skull of an endangered marsupial, the northern quoll, across its 5,000 km distribution range along Northern Australia. Skull shape is a proxy for feeding, behaviour, and phenotypic differentiation, allowing us to ask if populations can be distinguished and if patterns of variation indicate adaptability to changing environmental conditions. We analysed skull shape in 101 individuals across four mainland populations and several islands. We assessed the contribution of population, size, sex, rainfall, temperature, and geography to skull shape variation using Principal Components Analysis, Procrustes ANOVA, and variation partitioning analyses. The populations harbour similar amounts of broadly overlapping skull shape variation, with relatively low geographic effects. Size predicted skull shape best, coinciding with braincase size variation and differences in zygomatic arches. Size-adjusted differences in populations explained less variation with far smaller effect sizes, relating to changes in the insertion areas of masticatory muscles, as well as the upper muzzle and incisor region. Climatic and geographic variables contributed little. Strikingly, the vast majority of shape variation - 76% - remained unexplained. Our results suggest a uniform intraspecific scope for shape variation, possibly due to allometric constraints or phenotypic plasticity beyond the relatively strong allometric effect. The lack of local adaptation indicates that cross-breeding between populations will not reduce local morphological skull (and probably general musculoskeletal) adaptation because none exists. However, the potential for heritable morphological variation (e.g. specialization to local diets) seems exceedingly limited. We conclude that 3D geometric morphometrics can provide a comprehensive, statistically rigorous phenomic contribution to genetics-based conservation studies.</p>
Island biogeography predicts skull gigantism and shape variation in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) through ecological release and allometry
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Burrowing Constrains Patterns of Skull Shape Evolution in Wrasses
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Skull shape of a widely-distributed, endangered marsupial reveals little evidence of local adaptation between fragmented populations
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The limits of convergence: the roles of phylogeny and dietary ecology in shaping non-avian amniote skulls
Cranial morphology is remarkably varied in living amniotes, ranging from short-faced mammals to the elongate snouts of crocodylians. This diversity of shapes is thought to correspond with feeding ecology, a relationship repeatedly demonstrated at smaller phylogenetic scales, but one that remains untested across amniote phylogeny. Using a combination of 2D geometric and linear morphometrics, we investigate the links between phylogenetic relationships, diet, and skull shape in an expansive dataset of extant amniotes with teeth: mammals, lepidosaurs, and crocodylians. We find that both phylogeny and diet have statistically significant effects on skull shape, although these effects differ depending on the dataset analyzed. The three major clades largely partition morphospace, each plotting in separate regions with limited overlap. Mammals and squamates extensively diversify within their respective regions. Among all three groups, dietary generalists often occupy clade-specific central regions of morphospace. Some parallel changes in skull shape occur in clades with distinct evolutionary histories but similar diets. However, members of a given clade often present distinct skull shape solutions for a given diet, and the vast majority of species retain the unique aspects of their ancestral skull plan, underscoring the limits of morphological convergence due to ecology in amniotes. These data demonstrate that certain skull shapes may provide functional advantages suited to particular diets, but accounting for both phylogenetic history and ecology can provide a more nuanced approach for inferring the ecology and functional morphology of cryptic or extinct amniotes.
Data from: The evolution of skull and body shape in Triturus newts reconstructed from 3D morphometric data and phylogeny
To explore the relationship between morphological change and species diversification, we reconstructed the evolutionary changes in skull size, skull shape, and body elongation in a monophyletic group of eight species that make up salamander genus Triturus. Their well-studied phylogenetic relationships and the marked difference in ecological preferences among five species groups makes this genus an excellent model system for the study of morphological evolution. The study involved three-dimensional imagery of the skull and the number of trunk vertebrae, in material that represents the morphological, spatial, and molecular diversity of the genus. Morphological change largely followed the pattern of descent. The reconstruction of ancestral skull shape indicated that morphological change was mostly confined to two episodes, corresponding to the ancestral lineage that all crested newts have in common and the Triturus dobrogicus lineage. When corrected for common descent, evolution of skull shape was correlated to change in skull size. Also, skull size and shape, as well as body shape, as inferred from the number of trunk vertebrae, were correlated, indicating a marked impact of species' ecological preferences on morphological evolution, accompanied by a series of niche shifts, with the most pronounced one in the T. dobrogicus lineage. The presence of phylogenetic signal and correlated evolutionary changes in skull and body shape suggested complex interplay of niche shifts, natural selection, and constraints by a common developmental system
The effects of foraging ecology and allometry on avian skull shape vary across levels of phylogeny
<p>Avian skull shape diversity is classically thought to result from selection for structures that are well-adapted for distinct ecological functions, but recent work has suggested that allometry is the dominant contributor to avian morphological diversity. If true this hypothesis would overturn much conventional wisdom regarding the importance of form-function relationships in adaptive radiations, but it is possible that these results are biased by the low taxonomic levels of the clades that have been studied. Using 3D morphometric data from the skulls of a relatively old and ecologically diverse order of birds, the Charadriiformes (shorebirds and relatives), we found that foraging ecology explains more than two-thirds of the variation in skull shape across the clade. However, we also found support for the hypothesis that skull allometry evolves, contributing more to shape variation at the level of the family than the order. Allometry may provide an important source of shape variation on which selection can act over short time scales, but its potential to evolve complicates generalizations between clades. Foraging ecology remains a better predictor of avian skull shape over macroevolutionary time scales. </p>
The limits of convergence: the roles of phylogeny and dietary ecology in shaping non-avian amniote skulls
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Data from: Getting a head in hard soils: convergent skull evolution and divergent allometric patterns explain shape variation in a highly diverse genus of pocket gophers (Thomomys)
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Data from: The evolution of skull and body shape in Triturus newts reconstructed from 3D morphometric data and phylogeny
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The effects of foraging ecology and allometry on avian skull shape vary across levels of phylogeny
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Data from: Macroevolutionary patterns and drivers of skull shape in the global radiation of true toads
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