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Fig. 6 in Small shelly fossils from the argillaceous facies of the Lower Cambrian Forteau Formation of western Newfoundland

Fig. 6. Problematic taxa from the Lower Cambrian, Forteau Formation (Western Newfoundland). A, B. Chancelloria sp. A. Phosphatic internal mould, NFM−707; B. Phosphatic internal mould viewed from basal facet, NFM−708. C, D. Archiasterella sp. C. NFM−709 from ICS 1421, phosphatic internal mould; C1, lateral view; C2, viewed from basal facet. D. NFM−710, oblique view of phosphatic internal mould. E, F. Hyolithellus sp. E. NFM−711. F. NFM−712. G. Lapworthella shodakensis (Lochman, 1956). NFM−713, dorso−ventrally flattened sclerite; in lateral (G1) and dorsal (G2) views. All specimens from JSP 1982−01 unless otherwise stated. Scale bars 200 ̊m.

Fig. 1 in Small shelly fossils from the argillaceous facies of the Lower Cambrian Forteau Formation of western Newfoundland

Fig. 1. Lower Cambrian localities in eastern Laurentia (A), map of Newfoundland indicating the Bonne Bay region (B) and simplified Lower Cambrian stratigraphy in western Newfoundland (C).

Fig. 2 in Small shelly fossils from the argillaceous facies of the Lower Cambrian Forteau Formation of western Newfoundland

Fig. 2. Brachiopods from the Lower Cambrian, Forteau Formation (Western Newfoundland). A, B. Eoobolus priscus (Poulsen, 1932). A. NFM−662, exterior view of incomplete ventral valve. B. NFM−663, ventral valve interior with pseudointerarea. C. Ventral valve of Eothele sp., NFM−664 from ICS 1421. D, E. Acrotretid indet. D. NFM−665, ventral valve exterior. E. NFM−666, dorsal valve exterior. F, G. Micromitra bella (Billings, 1872). F. NFM−667, ventral valve interior. G. NFM−668, dorsal valve interior. H, I. Obolella crassa (Hall, 1847). H. NFM−669, fragmentary ventral valve interior. I. NFM−670, fragmentary dorsal valve interior. All specimens from JSP 1982−01 unless otherwise stated. Scale bars 500 ̊m.

Fig. 3 in Small shelly fossils from the argillaceous facies of the Lower Cambrian Forteau Formation of western Newfoundland

Fig. 3. Trilobites, echinoderms, and sponges from the Lower Cambrian, Forteau Formation (Western Newfoundland). A. Dorypygidae indet., internal mould of fragmentary cephalon, NFM−671 from ICS 1421; in dorsal (A1) and left lateral (A2) views. B. Calodiscus lobatus (Hall, 1847), NFM−672, dorsal view of silicified cephalon. C. Ptychoparioid indet., NFM−673 from ICS 1421, silicified cephalon. D. Olenellid indet., NFM−674 from ICS 1421, dorsal view of silicified juvenile cephalon. E–J. Phosphatised echinoderm ossicles. E. Morphotype 1, NFM−675, dorsal view. F. Morphotype 1, NFM−676, dorsal view. G. Morphotype 1, NFM−677, ventral view. H. Morphotype 2, NFM−678, ventral view. I. Morphotype 2, NFM−679, dorsal view. J. Morphotype 2, NFM−680, oblique lateral view. K. Hexactinellid spicule, NFM−681, scale bar 100 ̊m. All specimens from JSP 1982−01 unless otherwise stated. All scale bars except K 500 ̊m.

Fig. 13 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 13. Coleolus sp. A. MGUH 27119, from GGU sample 314933, lateral view. B. MGUH 27120, from GGU sample 314835; B1–B3, lateral views; B4, cross−section. C. MGUH 3527 from the collections of C. Poulsen, lateral view. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 10. A–C in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 10. A–C. "Orthotheca bayonet var. groenlandica (Poulsen, 1932)". A. MGUH 3521; A1, venter; A2, right lateral edge; A3, dorsum. B. MGUH 3523, venter. C. MGUH 3525; C1, dorsum; C2, venter; C3, cross−section. D. "Orthotheca communis (Billings, 1872)", MGUH 3524; D1, cross−section; D2, dorsum; D3, right lateral edge with venter to right; D4, venter. E. "Orthotheca bayonet var. longa (Poulsen, 1932)", MGUH 3526, venter. F. "Orthotheca billingsi (Walcott, 1886)", MGUH 3528, venter. G. Coleolus sp.? MGUH 3517. All specimens from the collections of C. Poulsen. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 4. A, B. Parkula bounites Bengtson, 1990a. A. MGUH 27092 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 4. A, B. Parkula bounites Bengtson, 1990a. A. MGUH 27092; A1, exterior of operculum from above; A2, lateral view of operculum with conical shield to right. B. MGUH 27093, interior of operculum with cardinal processes and clavicles (top of the picture). C, D. Parkula? sp. C. MGUH ZZZ13; C1, exterior of operculum from above; C2, view from cardinal shield showing enlarged cardinal processes. D. MGUH 27095; D1, exterior of operculum from above; D2, lateral view of operculum with conical shield to right; D3, view from cardinal shield showing enlarged cardinal processes. E–I. Hyptiotheca karraculum Bengtson, 1990a. E. MGUH 27096; E1, exterior of operculum from above; E2, lateral view with conical shield to right, showing no change in angle between conical and cardinal shields; E3, view from edge of conical shield. F. MGUH 27097; F1, oblique view from above of exterior of operculum from above; F2, view from edge of conical shield; F3, exterior of operculum from above. G. MGUH 27098; G1, oblique view from above of exterior of operculum from above; G2, lateral view of operculum with conical shield to right, showing abrupt change in angle between cardinal and conical shields. H. MGUH 27099; H1, lateral view of operculum with conical shield to right, showing abrupt change in angle between cardinal and conical shield; H2, exterior of operculum from above. I. MGUH 27100, interior view showing weakly developed depressions along edges only, corresponding to rooflets on exterior. All from GGU sample 314835. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 9. A in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 9. A. Gracilitheca sp. MGUH 27108. From GGU sample 314908; A1, cross−section viewed from apical region with dorsum above; A2, venter; A3, dorsum. B, C. Orthothecid? sp. B. MGUH 27109; B1, oblique view of dorsum; B2, venter; B3, cross−section. C. MGUH 27110; C1, cross−section; C2, oblique view of dorsum; C3, venter. D. Contitheca? sp. MGUH 27111; D1, oblique view with venter to right. D2, cross−section viewed from apical region with dorsum on top. All except A from GGU sample 314809. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

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Small shelly fossils and carbon isotopes from the early Cambrian (Stage 3-4) Mural Formation of western Laurentia

The extraordinary window of phosphatised and phosphatic Small Shelly Fossils (SSFs) during the early and middle Cambrian is an important testament to the radiation of biomineralising metazoans. While SSF are well known from most Cambrian palaeocontinents during this time interval, western Laurentia has relatively few SSF faunas. Here we describe a diverse SSF fauna from the early Cambrian (Stage 3-4) Mural Formation at three localities in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada, complemented by carbon isotope measurements at two of the recorded sites to aid in a potential future bio-chemostratigraphic framework.. The fauna expands the recorded SSF assemblage diversity in western Laurentia and includes several brachiopods, four bradoriids, three chancelloriids, two hyoliths, a tommotiid and a helcionellid mollusc as well as echinoderm ossicles and specimens of Microdictyon, Volborthella and Hyolithellus. New taxa include the tommotiid genus Canadiella gen. nov., the new bradoriid species Hipponicharion perforata sp. nov. and Pseudobeyrichona taurata sp. nov. Compared to contemporaneous faunas from western Laurentia, the fauna is rich, particularly in taxa with originally phosphatic shells, which appear to be associated with archaeocyathid buildups. This suggests that the generally low faunal diversity in western Laurentia may be at least partly a consequence of poor sampling of suitable archaeocyathan reef environments. In addition, the tommotiid Canadiella filigrana appears to be of biostratigraphic significance in Cambrian Stage 3 strata of western Laurentia and the unexpected high diversity of bradoriid arthropods in the fauna also suggests that this group may prove useful for biostratigraphic resolution in the region.

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Small shelly fossils and carbon isotopes from the early Cambrian (Stage 3-4) Mural Formation of western Laurentia

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Fig. 17 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 17. Map of the Early Cambrian world showing distribution of taxa documented herein (modified after C.R. Scotese, University of California)

Fig. 15 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 15. Cassitella baculata sp. nov. A. MGUH 27130, holotype; scale bars 0.2 mm; A1, view from above; A2, lateral view; A3, oblique lateral view showing ridges; A4, view showing fold and ridges. B. MGUH 27131, exterior view from above; scale bar 0.5 mm. C. MGUH 27132; scale bars 0.2 mm except C4 which is 0.1 mm; C1, oblique lateral view showing ridges; C2, view showing fold and ridges; C3, view from above; C4, enlarged view of "protoconch". D. MGUH 27133, from GGU sample 314807; scale bars 1 mm; D1, oblique lateral view; D2, oblique view of exterior. E. MGUH 27134; scale bars 0.5 mm; E1, lateral view of interior showing diverging ridges; E2, view from above of interior showing diverging ridges. F. MGUH 27135, from GGU sample 314807; scale bars 1 mm except F3 which is 0.2 mm; F1, lateral view of interior showing diverging ridges; F2, view from above of interior showing diverging ridges; F3, enlarged view of termination of ridge. All specimens, except D and F, from GGU sample 314835.

Fig. 16 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 16. Table showing distribution outside North−East Greenland of taxa documented herein. Forms endemic to Greenland are included for completeness.

Fig. 12 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 12. Cupitheca holocyclata (Bengtson, 1990b). A. MGUH 27114; A1, apical view showing septum; A2, lateral view showing shell with ornamentation. B. MGUH 27115; B1, B2, oblique views of apical septum with structure of shell wall visible in B2. C. MGUH 27116. From GGU sample 314809. Lateral view showing apical septum. D. MGUH 27117; D1, lateral view showing apical septum; note oblique angle of constriction; D2, enlarged view of apical septum and constriction. E. MGUH 27118, lateral view showing apical septum. All specimens except C from GGU sample 314807. Scale bars 0.2 mm except B2 which is 0.1 mm.

Fig. 11 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 11. Cupitheca hemicyclata (Bengtson, 1990b). A. MGUH 27112. B. MGUH 27113. Both specimens from GGU sample 314835. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7. Operculum B. A. MGUH 27106 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 7. Operculum B. A. MGUH 27106; exterior view of operculum from above. B. MGUH 27107; B1, interior view from above; B2, lateral view; B3, interior view showing distal edges of clavicles. Both from GGU sample 314933. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 5. Exterior view of operculum of Parkula bounites Bengtson, 1990, MGUH 27101, showing possible borehole. From GGU sample 314807. Scale bar 0.2 mm.

Fig. 6. A, B. Hyptiotheca karraculum Bengtson, 1990a. A. MGUH 3522 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 6. A, B. Hyptiotheca karraculum Bengtson, 1990a. A. MGUH 3522, exterior view of operculum from above. B. MGUH 27102; B1, interior view with ridges emanating from central raised region and terminating at edge of raised region; B2, lateral view; B3, lateral view showing edge of ridge. C–E. Operculum A. C. MGUH 27103; C1, internal mould of interior of operculum showing semi−circular cardinal processes and elongate clavicles; C2, lateral view with conical shield to right. D. MGUH 27104; D1, interior of operculum with clavicles in foreground; D2, interior of operculum with cardinal processes at right edge of photograph. E. MGUH 27105; E1, exterior view of operculum from above; E2, oblique view from dorsal edge showing cardinal processes; E3, oblique exterior view. A, from the collections of C. Poulsen; B–D, from GGU sample 314835; E from GGU sample 314807. Scale bars 0.2 mm, except A which is 1 mm and B1–B3 which are 0.5 mm.

Fig. 8. A–D in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 8. A–D. "Hyolithus (Hyolithus) americanus Billings, 1872". A. MGUH 3531, venter. B. MGUH 3530, venter. C. MGUH 3532; C1, left lateral edge; C2, oblique view of left lateral edge with venter on left; C3, venter. D. MGUH 3529, venter, with apex of smaller hyolith protruding from conch. E. "Hyolithus (Hyolithus) mutatus Poulsen, 1932", MGUH 3534; E1, cross−section; E2, venter in apertural region; E3, magnified view of shell on right flank of dorsum; E4, dorsum; E5, left flank of dorsum; E6, right flank of dorsum. F. "Hyolithus (Hyolithus) sp." MGUH 3536; F1, dorsum; F2, venter. All from the collections of C. Poulsen. Scale bars 5 mm, except E3 which is 1 mm.

Fig. 3. A, B. Microcornus eximius Duan, 1984. A. MGUH 27085 in Hyoliths and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of North-East Greenland

Fig. 3. A, B. Microcornus eximius Duan, 1984. A. MGUH 27085; A1, dorsum; A2, right flank of dorsum; A3, venter; A4, cross−section and view of dorsum from aperture. B. MGUH 27086; B1, dorsum; B2, cross−section and view of dorsum from aperture. C, D. Microcornus petilus Bengtson, 1990a. C. MGUH 27087, venter. D. MGUH 27088; D1, dorsum; D2, venter. E, F. Paracornus poulseni gen. et sp. nov. E. MGUH 27089, holotype; E1, dorsum; E2, venter; E3, enlarged view of ornament at right lateral edge (venter to right). F. MGUH 27090, dorsum. G. Parkula bounites Bengtson, 1990a, MGUH 27091; G1, exterior of operculum from above; G2, exterior of operculum from conical shield; G3, lateral view of operculum with conical shield to right; G4, exterior of operculum with cardinal shield in foreground. A, D–G, from 314835; B, from GGU sample 314906; C, from GGU sample 314904. Scale bars 0.2 mm, except E3 which is 50 µm.