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Long-term adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Fall Monitoring Program
This data set includes long-term observation of the abundance of periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) at sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystem (GCE) LTER study area. Visual counts of adult Littoraria were conducted within 0.5m x 0.5m quadrats in-line with permanent GCE vegetation plots. Juvenile Littoraria (1-4mm shell length) were found and counted by looking inside all leaf furls within a nested quadrat (0.25m x 0.25m). In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats. This method was started in 2012 as a new part of the annual GCE monitoring and supplements the invertebrate data that has been collected since October 2000. This data set includes observations from 2012 to 2023 and will be updated annually to include the prior year observations.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2021.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2021. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2022.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2022. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2023.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2023. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Snail Survey in Northern Wisconsin Lakes 2006
The Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) is a large invasive gastropod that achieves high densities in waters across North America, yet little is known about its ecological significance in invaded systems. We surveyed 44 lakes to describe the patterns and determinants of B. chinensis distributions in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., and to assess the likelihood of effects on native snail communities in the invaded systems. B. chinensis was widespread among surveyed lakes (21 of 42 lakes with snails) and its occurrence was correlated with indicators of lake productivity and anthropogenic dispersal vectors (boat landings, distance to population centers, shoreline housing density). Some native snail species tended not to occur at sites where B. chinensis was abundant; among these was Lymnaea stagnalis, which suffered reduced survival in the presence of B. chinensis in a recently published mesocosm study. However, there was no difference in overall snail assemblage structure at either the site or lake level as a function of B. chinensis presence or abundance. Lake occurrences of many snail species have apparently been lost over time, but a comparison to a 1930's survey showed that there was no increased likelihood of species loss in lakes invaded by B. chinensis (or by the invasive crayfish Orconectes rusticus). Although B. chinensis is widespread and sometimes abundant in northern Wisconsin lakes, it does not appear to have strong systematic impacts on native snail assemblages. Solomon, C.T., J.D.Olden, P.T. J. Johnson, R.T. Dillon Jr., and M. Jake Vander Zanden. 2010. Distribution and community-level effects of the Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) in northern Wisconsin lakes. Biological Invasions 12:1591–1605. Number of sites: Sites surveyed within 44 lakes. Sampling Frequency: Each lake surveyed once in summer of 2006
Snail Consumption of Marsh Grasses in Mesocosms, 2018 and 2020
This experiment evaluated the effects of resource availability via nutrient addition and snail herbivory on the plant traits of Spartina alterniflora. Marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata) and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) were collected from Cushman's Landing marsh on the Eastern Shore in the summer of 2018 and set up in mesocosm tanks at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science in Gloucester Point, VA. There were four treatments: nutrient addition only, herbivory only, nutrient addition plus herbivory, and a control. At the end of the experiment, plants were analyzed for a series of plant traits. Dried and ground plant tissues were then resuspended in agar and a feeding assay was conducted in the summer of 2020 to evaluate how treatments influenced subsequent snail grazing. Six types of data were collected: 1) Feeding Assay Snail Morphometrics, 2) Final Plant Measurements, 3) Initial Plant Measurements, 4) Mesocosm Snail Morphometrics, 5) Plant Traits and 6) Snail Consumption.
Genome evolution and introgression in the New Zealand mud snails Potamopyrgus estuarinus and Potamopyrgus kaitunuparaoa
<p>We have sequenced, assembled, and analyzed the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and transcriptomes of <i>Potamopyrgus estuarinus</i> and <i>Potamopyrgus kaitunuparaoa</i>, two prosobranch snail species native to New Zealand that together span the continuum from estuary to freshwater.<i> </i>These two species are the closest known relatives of the freshwater species <i>P. antipodarum—</i>a model for studying the evolution of sex, host-parasite coevolution, and biological invasiveness—and thus provide key evolutionary context for understanding its unusual biology. The <i>P. estuarinus</i> and <i>P. kaitunuparaoa </i>genomes are very similar in size and overall gene content. Comparative analyses of genome content indicate that these two species harbor a near-identical set of genes involved in meiosis and sperm functions, including seven genes with meiosis-specific functions. These results are consistent with obligate sexual reproduction in these two species and provide a framework for future analyses of <i>P. antipodarum—</i>a species comprising both obligately sexual and obligately asexual lineages, each separately derived from a sexual ancestor. Genome-wide multigene phylogenetic analyses indicate that <i>P. kaitunuparaoa</i> is likely the closest relative to <i>P. antipodarum. </i>We nevertheless show that there has been considerable introgression between <i>P. estuarinus</i> and <i>P. kaitunuparaoa.</i> That introgression does not extend to the mitochondrial genome, which appears to serve as a barrier to hybridization between <i>P. estuarinus </i>and <i>P. kaitunuparaoa.</i> Nuclear-encoded genes whose products function in joint mitochondrial-nuclear enzyme complexes exhibit similar patterns of non-introgression, indicating that incompatibilities between the mitochondrial and the nuclear genome may have prevented more extensive gene flow between these two species.<i> </i> </p>
LTREB: Aboveground biomass, plant density, annual aboveground productivity, plant heights and snail observations in control and fertilized plots in a Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh, North Inlet, Georgetown, SC: 1984-2025
Aboveground biomass and plant density were measured non-destructively as a component of a long-term project seeking to understand how salt marsh primary production and sediment chemistry respond to anthropogenic (e.g. eutrophication) and natural (e.g. sea-level rise) environmental change. Feedbacks between plants, sediments, nutrients and flooding were investigated with particular attention to mechanisms that keep marshes in equilibrium with sea level. Biomass was calculated from plant height measurements using allometric equations. Annual productivity was calculated from approximately-monthly biomass estimates. In addition to plant height measurements, observations of snails in sample plots were recorded. Other data collected as part of the project include marsh surface elevation and porewater nutrient concentrations. These data have been used to develop the Marsh Equilibrium Model, an important tool for coastal resource managers. Sampling occurred at Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh sites in North Inlet, a relatively pristine estuary near Georgetown, SC on the SE coast of the United States. North Inlet is a tidally-dominated, bar-built estuary, with a semi-diurnal mixed tide and a tidal range of 1.4m. The 25-km2 estuary is comprised of about 20.5 km2 of intertidal salt marsh and mudflats, and 4.5 km2 of open water. Sampling began at one location in 1984, and at three additional locations in 1986. Sampling occurred approximately monthly through 2025. The study is on-going. There are four sampling locations at two sites. Two locations are in the low marsh; two locations are in the high marsh. One high marsh location had control sampling plots in addition to plots fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2013.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2013. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats. Data was collected at all GCE domain sites as well as one additional Zizaniopsis site (label SCZ2).
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2014.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2014. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2015.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2015. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2016.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2016. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in replicate quadrats (8 in creekbank and 12 in mid-marsh zones).
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2017.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2017. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2018.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2018. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2019.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2019. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2020.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2020. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Snail Shell Strength and Total Crush Force of a Northern Michigan Snail as a Function of Predation Risk at the University of Michigan Biological Station Stream Research Facility (5/31/23-8/1/23)
Many prey organisms respond to the non-consumptive effects of predators by altering their physiology, morphology, and behavior. These inducible defenses can create refuges for prey by decreasing the likelihood of consumption by predators. Some prey, as in marine mollusks, have been shown to alter their morphology in response to the presence of size-limited predation. To extend this work into the freshwater realm, we presented pointed campeloma snails (Campeloma decisum) to chemical cues from a natural predator, the rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus), to better understand how snail morphology changes under the threat of predation. The total force needed to crush shells, total shell length, aperture width, and total weight, along with changes to these three body measurements were recorded for each individual and used to quantify morphological changes as a function of risk. Snails exposed to crayfish chemical cues needed significantly more force to crush their shells than controls (p = 0.002). Total shell length was greater in crayfish exposed snails than control snails (p = 0.002), and snails in the crayfish treatment also showed significantly more change in shell length than control snails (p = 0.003). Similarly, aperture width was significantly greater in exposed snails (p = 0.002). However, exposed snails exhibited significantly less change in aperture width than controls (p = 0.017). Finally, we found that snails exposed to crayfish weighed significantly more than snails in the control (p = 0.0009). Thus, the results of this study show that morphology of gastropods is altered in the presence of predators, and this may be an antipredator tactic directly related to risk.
Effects of the relative abundance of predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) on abundances of snails and fiddler crabs in a Georgia salt marsh
Predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) are two of the main resident infaunal predators in southeastern US salt marshes. Little is known, however, about their effects on important prey species. These influences are llikely to be dependent on the identity and relative abundances of the two predator species. We therefore manipulated the relative abundances of Panopeus and Eurytium in experimental cages in the field (at Airport Marsh, Sapelo Island, GA). We maintained the treatments over 4 months (July - October 2011), before assessing impacts on predator limb loss (an indicator of interspecific antagonism) and prey densitities (small and large mud fiddler crabs and marsh periwinkles).
Neritina snails upstream migrations at the intersection of Rio Mameyes with road PR Route 3 (bridge 1771)
This data set includes N. virginea densities and sizes from two channels in lower Rio Mameyes under PR Route 3 bridge during the upstream migration season Aug-Dec 2000. Microhabitat use (near-bed water velocities and depth) within both channels is also included. Massive migrations in long trails occurring on the sloped concrete embankment of the main channel were also documented during 99 weeks. Individual size from migratory aggregations was measured during selected dates. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Neritina snails hierarchical distribution
This data set includes N. virginea densities and sizes relative to streambed substrate type, water depth, and habitat type in a low land reach in RÃÂo Mameyes near PR Route 3 bridge, and presence and inland extent of distribution of in 32 coastal rivers around the island. Hydrologic and water chemistry variables are reported as predictors of snail distribution at regional and stream-network scales. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
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