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101 results for “snake evolution”
Data from: Foraging mode constrains the evolution of cephalic horns in lizards and snakes
<p>A phylogenetically diverse minority of snake and lizard species exhibit rostral and ocular appendages that substantially modify the shape of their heads. These cephalic horns have evolved multiple times in diverse squamate lineages, enabling comparative tests of hypotheses on the benefits and costs of these distinctive traits. Here, we demonstrate correlated evolution between the occurrence of horns and foraging mode. We argue that although horns may be beneficial for various functions (e.g., camouflage, defence) in animals that move infrequently, they make active foragers more conspicuous to prey and predators, and hence are maladaptive. We therefore expected horns to be more common in species that ambush prey (entailing low movement rates) rather than in actively searching (frequently moving) species. Consistent with that hypothesis, our phylogenetic comparative analysis of published data on 1,939 species reveals that cephalic horns occur almost exclusively in sit-and-wait predators. This finding underlines how foraging mode constrains the morphology of squamates and provides a compelling starting point for similar studies in other animal groups.</p>
Comparative genomics sheds new light on the convergent evolution of infrared vision in snakes
<p>Infrared vision is a highly specialized sensory system that evolved independently in three clades of snakes. Apparently, convergent evolution occurred in the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (<em>TRPA1</em>) proteins of infrared-sensing snakes. However, this gene can only explain how infrared signals are received, and not the transduction and processing of those signals. We sequenced the genome of <em>Xenopeltis unicolor</em>, a key outgroup species for pythons, and performed a genome-wide analysis of convergence between two clades of infrared-sensing snakes. Our results revealed pervasive molecular adaptation in pathways associated with neural development and other functions, with parallel selection on loci associated with trigeminal nerve structural organization. Additionally, we found evidence of convergent amino acid substitutions in a set of genes, including <em>TRPA1 </em>and<em> TRPM2</em>. Analysis also identified convergent accelerated evolution in non-coding elements near 12 genes involved in facial nerve structural organization and optic nerve development. Thus, convergent evolution occurred across multiple dimensions of infrared vision in vipers and pythons, as well as amino acid substitutions, non-coding elements, genes, and functions. These changes enabled independent groups of snakes to develop and utilize infrared vision.</p>
FIG. 7 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 7. — "Coluber" cf. caspioides from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr) and caudal (ca) views: A, cervical vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 520); B, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 533). Abbreviations: dia, diapophysis; pa, parapophysis; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pp, parapophyseal process; for other abbreviations, and see Figures 4 & 6. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 12 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 12. — Micrurus cf. gallicus from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 642), in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and caudal (ca) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4 & 6.
FIG. 11 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 11. — Natrix sp. (small form) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a, in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views: A, anterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 570); B, posterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 578); C, trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 592). Abbreviations: other abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6 & 7. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 2 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 2. — Digital elevation model of southern Germany (from Kuhlemann et al. 2006), indicating the geographic position of Griesbeckerzell.
FIG. 5 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 5. — cf. Bavarioboa sp. from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a. Anterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 502) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figure 4. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 4 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 4. — Bavarioboa aff. hermi from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr), and caudal (ca) views: A, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 499); B, cloacal vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 501). Abbreviations:cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hae, haemapophysis; hk, haemal keel; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; po, postzygapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; scf, subcentral foramen; scr, subcentral ridge; syn, synapophysis; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 10 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 10. — Texasophis cf. meini from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 554), in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4 & 7. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 14.— A in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 14.— A, Vipera sp. ("Oriental vipers" group) or Daboia sp. from the Middle Miocene (late MN 5) of Griesbeckerzell 1b; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 646) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr), and caudal (ca) views; B, Vipera sp. ("Oriental vipers" group) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of the Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 656) in dorsal (d) ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6, 7 & 13.
FIG. 13 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 13. — Elapidae indet. from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 643) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and caudal (ca) views. Abbreviations: scg, subcentral groove; other abbreviations: see Figure 4.
FIG. 8 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 8.— Coluber hungaricus (Bolkay, 1913) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a, in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr) and caudal (ca) views: A, posterior cervical vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 541); B, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 547); C, posterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 549). Abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6 & 7. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 3 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 3. — Synoptical chart of the chronology for the Early to Middle Miocene lithostratigraphic units in the Bavarian part of the NAFB (modified from Abdul Aziz et al. 2010) and stratigraphic position of the Griesbeckerzell localities (*): 1, Marine Molasse; 2, Grimmelfingen beds; 3, Albstein; 4, Kirchberg Formation; 5, Sand-Kalkmergel-Serie and untere Bunte Mergel Serie; 6, Limnische Untere Serie; 7, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, lower part; 8, Fluviatile Untere Serie; 9, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, upper part; 10, Fluviatile Untere Serie; 11, Zwischenmergel; 12, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, upper part; 13, GerÖllsand Serie; 14, Brock-horizon; 15, Sand-Mergel-Decke; 16, dated volcanic ash; 17, undated volcanic ash; 18, Lower Laimering Series, Ubergangsschichten; 19, Steinbalmensande.
Figure 7 in The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Figure 7. Most parsimonious reconstructions of the evolution of fang character states, with characters ordered, in the context of the phylogenies of (A) Cadle (1988) and (B) Kraus & Brown (1998). The Kraus & Brown tree is an example of just one of seven equally parsimonious reconstructions. U, ungrooved; G, grooved; and T, tubular.
Figure 6 in The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Figure 6. Most parsimonious recontruction of the evolution of the position of attachment of the pterygoideus within the context of the hypotheses of (A) Cadle (1988) and (B) Kraus & Brown (1998). A, anterior attachment near the posterior maxillary teeth, on the posterior end of the maxilla; P, anterior attachment on the ectopterygoid (i.e. posterior).
Figure 4 in The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Figure 4. Most parsimonious reconstruction of the evolution of venom glands and Duvernoy's glands in the context of (A) Cadle's (1988) and (B) Kraus & Brown's (1998) phylogeny. X, Duvernoy's gland and venom gland absent; D, Duvernoy's gland present; VV, venom gland of viperid type present; VE, venom gland of elapid type present; VA, venom gland of atractaspidid type present.
Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution
<p>Garter snakes (<i>Thamnophis</i>) are a successful group of natricines endemic to North America. They have become important natural models for ecological and evolutionary research, yet prior efforts to resolve phylogenetic relationships have resulted in conflicting topologies and weak support for certain relationships. Here, we use phylogenomic data generated with a reduced representation double-digest RADseq approach to reassess the evolutionary relationships across <i>Thamnophis</i>. We then use the resulting phylogeny to better understand how biogeography and feeding ecology have influenced lineage diversification and morphological evolution. We recovered highly congruent and strongly supported topologies from maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, but some discordance with a multispecies coalescent approach. All phylogenomic estimates split <i>Thamnophis</i> into two clades largely defined by northern and southern North American species. Divergence time estimates and biogeographic analyses indicate a mid-Miocene origin of <i>Thamnophis </i>in Mexico. In addition, historical vicariant events thought to explain biogeographic patterns in other lineages (e.g., Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Rocky Mountain Range, and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt) appear to have influenced patterns of diversification in <i>Thamnophis</i> as well. Analyses of morphological traits associated with feeding ecology showed degrees of phylogenetic signal, and ancestral state reconstruction suggested some association between head morphology and diet composition. Our new estimate of <i>Thamnophis</i> phylogeny yields an improved understanding of the biogeographic history and morphological evolution of garter snakes, and provides a robust framework for future research on these snakes.</p>
Data from: Foraging mode constrains the evolution of cephalic horns in lizards and snakes
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Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Comparative genomics sheds new light on the convergent evolution of infrared vision in snakes
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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