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Figures 1–2 in The species of the snakefly genus Xanthostigma (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China

Figures 1–2. Habitus of Xanthostigma spp. from China. 1. X. gobicola, male from Hebei. 2. X. xanthostigma, male from Xinjiang. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Figures 5–8 in The species of the snakefly genus Xanthostigma (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China

Figures 5–8. Xanthostigma gobicola Aspöck & Aspöck. 5. Male genital segments, lateral view. 6. Female genital segments, lateral view. 7. Female sternite, ventral view; 8. Atrium bursae, dorsal view. Abbreviation. T&S7–9, tergite and sternite 7–9; e, ectoproct; gx9, gonocoxite 9; hv, hypovalva (= gonapophyses 9); ep, endophallus; gst 9, gonostylus 9; o, ovipositor. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figures 3–4 in The species of the snakefly genus Xanthostigma (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China

Figures 3–4. Xanthostigma gobicola Aspöck & Aspöck, male genital segments. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Ventral view. Abbreviation. T&S8–9, tergite and sternite 8–9; e, ectoproct; gx9, gonocoxite 9; hv, hypovalva (= gonapophyses 9); gst 9, gonostylus 9. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figures 9–11 in The species of the snakefly genus Xanthostigma (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China

Figures 9–11. Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel), male genital segments (based on Chinese specimen). 9. Lateral view. 10. Dorsal view. 11. Ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Early Cretaceous Snakefly Larvae in Amber from Lebanon, Myanmar, and France (Raphidioptera)

Fig. 8. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) reconstruction of specimen JG-13 in Lebanese amber. Ventral surface partly covered by dust and microscopic bubbles (indicated by stippled areas). Scale bar 5 0.25 mm.

Fig. 7 in Early Cretaceous Snakefly Larvae in Amber from Lebanon, Myanmar, and France (Raphidioptera)

Fig. 7. Photomicrograph of head capsule (dorsal view left, ventral view right) of specimen JG-13 in Lebanese amber. Scale bars 5 0.25 mm.

Fig. 3 in Early Cretaceous Snakefly Larvae in Amber from Lebanon, Myanmar, and France (Raphidioptera)

Fig. 3. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) line illustrations of specimen MNHN-ARC-265.6 in French amber. Scale bar 5 0.25 mm.

Figs. 1–2 in Early Cretaceous Snakefly Larvae in Amber from Lebanon, Myanmar, and France (Raphidioptera)

Figs. 1–2. Photomicrographs of larval snakeflies in French amber. 1. Head capsule of specimen MNHN- ARC-265.6 in dorsal view. 2. Head capsule and prothorax of specimen MNHN-ARC-328.4. Scale bars 5 0.25 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Supporting data for: The de novo genome of the Black-necked Snakefly (Venustoraphidia nigricollis Albarda, 1891): A resource to study the evolution of living fossils

Snakeflies (Raphidioptera) are the smallest order of holometabolous insects that have kept their distinct and name-giving appearance since the Mesozoic, probably since the Jurassic, and possibly even since their emergence in the Carboniferous, more than 300 million years ago. Despite their interesting nature and numerous publications on their morphology, taxonomy, systematics, and biogeography, snakeflies have never received much attention from the general public, and only a few studies were devoted to their molecular biology. Due to this lack of molecular data, it is therefore unknown, if the conserved morphological nature of these living fossils translates to conserved genomic structures. Here, we present the first genome of the species and of the entire order of Raphidioptera. The final genome assembly has a total length of 669 Mbp and reached a high continuity with an N50 of 5.07 Mbp. Further quality controls also indicate a high completeness and no meaningful contamination. The newly generated data was used in a large-scaled phylogenetic analysis of snakeflies using shared orthologous sequences. Quartet score and gene-concordance analyses revealed high amounts of conflicting signals within this group that might speak for substantial incomplete lineage sorting and introgression after their presumed re-radiation after the asteroid impact 66 million years ago. Overall, this reference genome will be a door-opening dataset for many future research applications, and we demonstrated its utility in a phylogenetic analysis that provides new insights into the evolution of this group of living fossils.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Unraveling the evolutionary history of the snakefly family Inocelliidae (Insecta: Raphidioptera) through integrative phylogenetics

Inocelliidae is one of the two extant families of the holometabolan order Raphidioptera (snakeflies), with the modern fauna represented by seven genera and 44 species. The evolutionary history of the family is little known. Here we present the first phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses based on a worldwide sampling of taxa and datasets combined with morphological characters and mitochondrial genomes, aiming to investigate the intergeneric phylogeny and historical biogeography of Inocelliidae. The phylogenetic inference from the combined analysis of morphological and molecular data recovered the sister-group relationship between a clade of (Negha + Indianoinocellia) + Sininocellia and a clade of Fibla + the Inocellia clade (interiorly nested by Amurinocellia and Parainocellia). Amurinocellia stat. rev. and Parainocellia stat. rev. et emend. nov. are relegated to subgeneric status within Inocellia, while a newly erected subgenus of Inocellia, Epinocellia subgen. nov., accommodates the former Parainocellia burmana (U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck, 1968) plus a new species Inocellia (Epinocellia) weii sp. nov. Further, the Inocellia crassicornis group constitutes the nominate subgenus Inocellia stat. nov., but the Inocellia fulvostigmata group is paraphyletic. Diversification within Inocelliidae is distinguished by an Eocene divergence leading to extant genera and a Miocene radiation of species. A biogeographic scenario depicts how the diverse inocelliid fauna from East Asia could have originated from western North America via dispersal across the Beringia during the early Tertiary, and how the Miocene ancestors of Inocellia could have accomplished long-distance dispersals via the Tibet‐Himalayan corridor or eastern Palaearctic to western Palaearctic. Our results shed new light specifically on the evolution of Inocelliidae and, in general, the Raphidioptera.

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Figs. 5–6 in Early Cretaceous Snakefly Larvae in Amber from Lebanon, Myanmar, and France (Raphidioptera)

Figs. 5–6. Photomicrographs of larval snakeflies in Burmese amber. 5. Head capsule of AMNH Bu-507

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Fig. 4 in Early Cretaceous Snakefly Larvae in Amber from Lebanon, Myanmar, and France (Raphidioptera)

Fig. 4. Line illustration of specimen MNHN- ARC-328.4 in French amber. Scale bar 5 0.25 mm.

publicDec 2023View details →

Supporting data for: The de novo genome of the Black-necked Snakefly (Venustoraphidia nigricollis Albarda, 1891): A resource to study the evolution of living fossils

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publicApr 2022View details →

Unraveling the evolutionary history of the snakefly family Inocelliidae (Insecta: Raphidioptera) through integrative phylogenetics

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FIGURE 25 in New species of the snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) from Yunnan, China

FIGURE 25. Geographic distribution of the Inocellia species from Yunnan Province. ●: I. nigra sp. nov.; ․: I. yunnanica sp. nov.;: I. cheni Liu, H. Aspöck, Yang & U. Aspöck.

FIGURES 12–19 in New species of the snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) from Yunnan, China

FIGURES 12–19. Inocellia yunnanica sp. nov. 12. Male genital segments, lateral view; 13. Male genital segments, dorsal view; 14. Male genital segments, ventral view; 15. Male genital segments, caudal view; 16. Male genital segments showing internal structures, lateral view; 17. Gonarcus (fused gonocoxites 11), dorsal view; 18. Fused parameres (complex of fused gonocoxites, gonapophyses, and gonostyli 10), dorsal view; 19. Hypandrium internum, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 5–7 in New species of the snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) from Yunnan, China

FIGURES 5–7. Inocellia yunnanica sp. nov. 5. Male pupa; 6. Female adult; 7. Collecting site of type specimens in Mt. Wuliangshan.

FIGURES 20–24 in New species of the snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) from Yunnan, China

FIGURES 20–24. Inocellia yunnanica sp. nov. 20. Female genital segments, lateral view, paratype female; 21. Female genital segments, ventral view, paratype female; 22. Female genital segments, lateral view, female from Mt. Meili; 23. Bursa copulatrix, lateral view, female from Mt. Meili; 24. Female genital segments, lateral view, female from Mt. Gaoligongshan. ab: atrium bursae; gr: glandula receptaculi; o: ovipositor; r: receptaculum seminis; sb: sacculus bursae; sg: subgenitale (fused gonocoxites 8); S7: sternite 7; T7–9: tergite 7–9. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 8–11 in New species of the snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) from Yunnan, China

FIGURES 8–11. Inocellia nigra sp. nov. 8. Male genital segments, lateral view; 9. Male genital segments, caudal view; 10. Male genital segments showing internal structures, lateral view; 11. Fused parameres (complex of fused gonocoxites, gonapophyses, and gonostyli 10), dorsal view. e: ectoproct; ep: endophallus; g: gonarcus (fused gonocoxites 11); gx9: gonocoxite 9; p: fused parameres; ps: pseudostylus (basal parts of gonapophyses 9); s: stylus or stylus-like process (gonostylus 9); S8, 9: sternite 8 and 9; T8, 9: tergite 8 and 9. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 1–4 in New species of the snakefly genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843 (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) from Yunnan, China

FIGURES 1–4. Habitus images of Inocellia spp. 1. I. nigra sp. nov., holotype male; 2. Same, lateral view; 3. I. yunnanica sp. nov., holotype male; 4. Same, paratype female. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.