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Brain activity during reciprocal social interaction investigated using conversational robots as control condition
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Data from: Social complexity affects cognitive abilities but not brain structure in a Poecilid fish
<p>Some cognitive abilities are suggested to be the result of a complex social life, allowing individuals to achieve higher fitness through advanced strategies. However, most evidence is correlative. Here, we provide an experimental investigation of how group size and composition affect brain and cognitive development in the guppy (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>). For six months, we reared sexually mature females in one of three social treatments: a small conspecific group of three guppies, a large heterospecific group of three guppies and three splash tetras (<em>Copella arnoldi</em>) – a species that co-occurs with the guppy in the wild, and a large conspecific group of six guppies. We then tested the guppies' performance in self-control (inhibitory control), operant conditioning (associative learning), and cognitive flexibility (reversal learning) tasks. Using X-ray imaging, we measured their brain size and major brain regions. Larger groups of six individuals, both conspecific and heterospecific groups, showed better cognitive flexibility than smaller groups, but no difference in self-control and operant conditioning tests. Interestingly, while social manipulation had no significant effect on brain morphology, relatively larger telencephalons were associated with better cognitive flexibility. This suggests alternative mechanisms beyond brain region size enabled greater cognitive flexibility in individuals from larger groups. Although there is no clear evidence for the impact on brain morphology, our research shows that living in larger social groups can enhance cognitive flexibility. This indicates that the social environment plays a role in the cognitive development of guppies.</p>
BRAIN Journal-The Presence and Activity on Facebook of the Informative Travel Organizations in Romania-Figure 3. Integration of Social Media elements on tourism organization's websites
<p>Currently, in Romania there are about 8 million Facebook users (Facebrands.ro). In the recent years there has been a spectacular increase of this phenomenon, which shows how important is the use of social networks for an economic and even for a non-profit entity in order to make the brand known or to promote an activity (DailyBusiness.ro). </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 16. Social media postings
<p>After different stages of experimentation, we produced different statistical analysis of our results:</p> <p>a. concerning the most accessed social media. It indicated that Panoramio was the most visited, and Google+ had the majority of postings (Figure 16). </p> <p>The statistics indicate that the different social networks had different levels of impact on the children and that in the future developments the focus should be on those more frequently accessed. </p> <p>b. concerning the pedagogical content. A survey was done among teachers and children to evaluate the interest in our solutions and the quality of the educational content and therefore of the overall efficiency</p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 12. Children applying glass-engraving techniques under the control of the staff from the NUA Bucharest
<p>The information from a) and b) has been used by other colleagues in the local school and in the future will be used by other schools in the country or abroad. This represented the second educational level of the project, i.e. the analysis of the collected data. Information from c) was further analyzed by university teachers, filtered and added as an enhancement to the content of the AR platform. An example of user-created content are the movies made with smartphone cameras, recording the children2 while performing traditional crafts (Figures 11, 12). </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 13. School girl presenting Vădastra School's Facebook page
<p>In order to achieve the third educational level, we experimented the social media tools, i.e. the project’s Google+ educational blog, by posting information complementary to that available on the Time Maps website, and also thematic questionnaires to foster a question-answer (Q&A) learning style. This allowed us to monitor and evaluate the information retention. In this stage we encountered the challenge to stimulate children and teachers to continue using our learning system, by posting new educational content, announcements and social messages. After a period of experimentation we proceeded to a statistical evaluation of children’s answers, which is presented in the next section.</p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 7. The projects's Twitter page for educational and research micro-blogging
<p>The fourth stage was the use of social media to build a social learning network based on content and experience sharing and creation. The following web 2.0 services were used as a distributed platform able to support our experimental learning system: a) Panoramio (http://www.panoramio.com/user/7606828) (Figure 6) as a geo-referenced photo-sharing service over Google Maps and Google Earth for sharing project’s essential results; b) Twitter (https://twitter.com/maps_of_time) (Figure 7), as a social network and micro-blogging service for short announcements and comments; c) Google+ (https://plus.google.com/114705936110835992130?hl=en#114705936110835992130/posts?hl=en) (Figure 8), as a platform for sharing and tagging multiple content (photo, video), blogging and video chatting service with the recent Google Hangout, for sharing educational content; d) Google Drive (Levin, 2013) for cloud storage and collaborative document editing. We also created a YouTube channel for public distribution of video content (https://www.youtube.com/TimemapsNet), (Rusu et al., 2013) and a Facebook page of Vădastra School (https://www.facebook.com/scoalaVădastra). </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 6. Virtual Space on Panoramio+ with the experiments carried in Vădastra village
<p>The fourth stage was the use of social media to build a social learning network based on content and experience sharing and creation. The following web 2.0 services were used as a distributed platform able to support our experimental learning system: a) Panoramio (http://www.panoramio.com/user/7606828) (Figure 6) as a geo-referenced photo-sharing service over Google Maps and Google Earth for sharing project’s essential results; b) Twitter (https://twitter.com/maps_of_time) (Figure 7), as a social network and micro-blogging service for short announcements and comments; c) Google+ (https://plus.google.com/114705936110835992130?hl=en#114705936110835992130/posts?hl=en) (Figure 8), as a platform for sharing and tagging multiple content (photo, video), blogging and video chatting service with the recent Google Hangout, for sharing educational content; d) Google Drive (Levin, 2013) for cloud storage and collaborative document editing. We also created a YouTube channel for public distribution of video content (https://www.youtube.com/TimemapsNet), (Rusu et al., 2013) and a Facebook page of Vădastra School (https://www.facebook.com/scoalaVădastra)</p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 1. An experiment of building a prehistoric house, carried out by Professor Dragoş Gheorghiu in Vădastra
<p>The learning experiment in Vădastra village began by geo-referencing some points of interest in the archaeological area (Gheorghiu & Stefan, 2013a; 2013b), which were identified from the archaeological published materials and from information provided by the villagers, as well as resulting from fieldwork conducted for over a decade (i.e. archaeological experimentation) in this village (Gheorghiu, 2001; 2008). The geographic data (POIs) was collected on the archaeological site by the K-12 children under the coordination of a project team member from the National University of Arts Bucharest (NUA). </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 2. An experiment with sunken up-draught kilns, carried out by Professor Dragoş Gheorghiu in Vădastra
<p>The second stage was represented by the physical reconstruction at real scale of a prehistoric house and of a corner of a Roman villa rustica, designed and coordinated by Professor Dragoş Gheorghiu. In these physical reconstructions video recordings and photo shoots were produced by specialist members of the project team, in order to be used later as augmentations in the AR application and for distribution by means of SNS. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 4. Augmented Reality with video movie and social media (a vertical loom in front of two reconstructed kilns and a wall of a Roman villa rustica)
<p>The third stage was represented by the 3D virtual reconstruction process of the historical contexts, in our case a prehistoric village and a complete Roman villa rustica, with the help of students from the Design Department, NUA, coordinated by Professor Arch. Andreea Hasnaş. The AR application was created and tested on two commercial AR platforms, Layar and Junaio, and recently moved on the Aurasma platform (https://www.aurasma.com/). The POIs were augmented with the 3D virtual reconstructions, and also with 2D images and videos representing 3D virtual tours and technological processes (Figures 3, 4, 5). The AR application was connected to teachers’ emails and to Twitter, Facebook and Google+ project’s pages. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 9.The educational blog on Google+ Time Maps page–the weaving techniques
<p>For this subject two video films were posted on Google+ (a performance and a 3D reconstruction), slightly different from those available on the Time Maps web site, but containing the same information. The children had to make a little effort to relate this information with the one presented on the site, to make a connection between the questions, the fragments from videos at which the answers referred to and the information from the site. The set of questionnaires lead the school children through the majority of data offered by the web site regarding to the two historical periods (Figures 9, 10).</p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 3. Augmented Reality with archaeological stratigraphy (a prehistoric house and a Roman villa reconstructed in 3D)
<p>The third stage was represented by the 3D virtual reconstruction process of the historical contexts, in our case a prehistoric village and a complete Roman villa rustica, with the help of students from the Design Department, NUA, coordinated by Professor Arch. Andreea Hasnaş. The AR application was created and tested on two commercial AR platforms, Layar and Junaio, and recently moved on the Aurasma platform (https://www.aurasma.com/). The POIs were augmented with the 3D virtual reconstructions, and also with 2D images and videos representing 3D virtual tours and technological processes (Figures 3, 4, 5). The AR application was connected to teachers’ emails and to Twitter, Facebook and Google+ project’s pages. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 15. Social media visits
<p>We also point out the following the advantages of Google+: - Google+ is a more user-friendly than other social environments and very suitable for use by school children than other blogging environments (e.g. Wordpress); thus it stimulated the play-like learning. - Google+ is more customizable than other social environments; - By allowing teachers to post questionnaires and to share images and videos or links to content on the Time Maps website, the Google+ page acted as an aggregator of information and a for scaffolding the learning process. After different stages of experimentation, we produced different statistical analysis of our results: concerning the most accessed social media. It indicated that Panoramio was the most visited (Figure 15)</p> <p>The statistics indicate that the different social networks had different levels of impact on the children and that in the future developments the focus should be on those more frequently accessed. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 8. Virtual social space on Google+
<p>For micro-blogging we hashtagged the main topic as #maps_of_time and created keywords related to three ancient technologies specific for the studied contexts (textiles, glass, ceramics) to facilitate a categorization of the topics and their retrieval. To achieve a unified and coherent platform, the personal spaces of the social networks were customized with logos and landing pages, designed by Associate Professor Marina Theodorescu (NUA). </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 14. The survey as a public posting on Google+ Time Maps page
<p>During this experimentation phase a symposium was organized at Vădastra School with the purpose to present our learning experiment to a group of 30 teachers from the Olt County. An open history lesson on the Time Maps web site was held by a history teacher, and a school girl described the Facebook page of the Vădastra School (Figure13), maintained by both teachers and children. The invited teachers gave a feedback on the effectiveness and utility of the Time Maps learning system by responding to a questionnaire-based survey, which was posted on the Google+ page (Figure 14). </p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 10. The educational blog on Google+ Time Maps page – the glass manufacturing techniques
<p>For this subject two video films were posted on Google+ (a performance and a 3D<br> reconstruction), slightly different from those available on the Time Maps web site, but containing<br> the same information. The children had to make a little effort to relate this information with the one<br> presented on the site, to make a connection between the questions, the fragments from videos at<br> which the answers referred to and the information from the site.<br> The set of questionnaires lead the school children through the majority of data offered by the<br> web site regarding to the two historical periods (Figures 9, 10).</p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 5. Fiber artist Alexandra Rusu (NUA) working at a Roman vertical loom (video movie)
<p>The third stage was represented by the 3D virtual reconstruction process of the historical contexts, in our case a prehistoric village and a complete Roman villa rustica, with the help of students from the Design Department, NUA, coordinated by Professor Arch. Andreea Hasnaş. The AR application was created and tested on two commercial AR platforms, Layar and Junaio, and recently moved on the Aurasma platform (https://www.aurasma.com/). The POIs were augmented with the 3D virtual reconstructions, and also with 2D images and videos representing 3D virtual tours and technological processes (Figures 3, 4, 5). The AR application was connected to teachers’ emails and to Twitter, Facebook and Google+ project’s pages</p>
BRAIN Journal-Participative Teaching with Mobile Devices and Social Networks for K-12 Children-Figure 11. Children applying weaving techniques under the control of the staff from NUA Bucharest
<p>The information from a) and b) has been used by other colleagues in the local school and in the future will be used by other schools in the country or abroad. This represented the second educational level of the project, i.e. the analysis of the collected data. Information from c) was further analyzed by university teachers, filtered and added as an enhancement to the content of the AR platform. An example of user-created content are the movies made with smartphone cameras, recording the children2 while performing traditional crafts (Figures 11, 12). </p>
Complete numerical solutions for "Inference of ecological and social drivers of human brain-size evolution" by Mauricio González-Forero and Andy Gardner
<p>This zip file contains the complete numerical solutions across the parameter sweep over the P parameters for the six cases considered.</p> <p>/1RatioForm/ -> solutions for power competence.<br> /2DiffForm/ -> solutions for exponential competence.</p> <p>/1RatioForm/1BenchmarkFromSimpleInitialGuess -> solution for the step 1 of initialization (section 5 of the SI).<br> /1RatioForm/2Benchmark/ -> solution for the step 2 of the initialization (section 5 of the SI).<br> /1RatioForm/3AdditiveCoop/ -> solutions across the P parameter combinations for additive cooperation.<br> /1RatioForm/4MultCoop/ -> solutions across the P parameter combinations for multiplicative cooperation.<br> /1RatioForm/5SubMultCoop/ -> solutions across the P parameter combinations for submultiplicative cooperation.</p> <p>The contents of /2DiffForm/ are analogous.</p> <p>The P vector is written in these files in the order (etas,etac,etaC,etag), where<br> etas -> P1<br> etac -> P3<br> etaC -> P2<br> etag -> P4</p> <p>The files 1runNotesACMC.pdf and 2runNotesSC.pdf contain the tree structure of the parameter sweep, specifying which parameter combination was used as the resident and which combinations converged to an uninvadable strategy (those with a checkmark).</p> <p>The file 3runNotesMaternalCareOptimization.pdf contains the 10 parameter combinations that yielded the best adult fit, which then were subject to variation in the parameter phi to find the combination that yielded the best ontogenetic fit.</p> <p>The file 4runNotesDuplicates.pdf gives the parameter combinations that were not run because they are equivalent to other parameter combinations.</p> <p>Running [T,N1,run,Tshort,N1short,runShort]=etaCombinations in Matlab and typing run.seed{i}.parallel{:} gives the "next" parameter combinations from parameter combination i (where i is a number 1,2,...) for PC-AC, EC-MC, PC-SC, and EC-SC. The meaning of "next" is explained in step 4 of the parameter sweep (section 5 of the SI). Typing runShort.seed{i}.parallel{:} gives the "next" parameter combinations from parameter combination i for PC-MC and EC-AC.</p> <p>The terminal folders contain the solutions and have the following files:<br> brainNashDeep.m -> the master file launching the iteration of best responses.<br> brainMainDeep.m -> the file launching one iteration solving the optimal control problem to find best response.<br> brainMainTestRunDeep.m -> runs a test to check if there are infeasibility warnings.<br> brainContinuous.m -> specifies the dynamic constraints.<br> brainEndpoint.m -> specifies the terminal constraints.<br> parameters.m -> specifies the parameter values and rescales them to rescale units as specified in section 5 of the SI.<br> getSolution.m -> extracts solution.<br> plots.m -> plots solutions over best response iterations.<br> brainPlot.m -> plots solution of a given best response iteration.<br> guessDeep.mat -> initial guess and resident used.<br> solutionNashDeep.mat -> solutions over best response iterations.<br> solutionDeep.mat -> solution of last best response iteration.</p> <p> </p>
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