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24 results for “social investment”
Estimated life-cycle-based environmental indicators and social indicators for companies and investment funds
<p>The data files represent the 26 estimated life-cycle-based indicators for a sample of companies and funds, obtained using the methodology described in the linked journal article. The files SD1 and SD2 contain the individual values estimated for the fund and company samples. These estimates are based on the methodology described in the linked article. The data herein is the source for producing all figures of the paper. All companies and funds have been anonymized, as the data is sourced from proprietary databases. At the same link, supplementary file SD3 contains the summary statistics and comparison of sustainable funds versus conventional funds sample. The file SD4 contains the data used to create Figure 4. The file SD5 contains sample data to create Figure 5. The file SD6 contains sample data to create Figure 6. Additional more detailed data can be provided upon reasonable request, but cannot be publicly disclosed as it contains data from licenced databases. </p>
Data from: Stalk size and altruism investment within and among populations of the social amoeba
Reproductive division of labor is common in many societies, including those of eusocial insects, cooperatively breeding vertebrates, and most forms of multicellularity. However, conflict over what is best for the individual versus the group can prevent an optimal division of labor from being achieved. In the social amoeba <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i>, cells aggregate to become multicellular and a fraction behaves altruistically, forming a dead stalk that supports the rest. Theory suggests that intraorganismal conflict over spore-stalk cell fate can drive rapid evolutionary change in allocation traits, leading to polymorphisms within populations or rapid divergence between them. Here we assess several proxies for stalk size and spore-stalk allocation as metrics of altruism investment among strains and across geographic regions. We observe geographic divergence in stalk height that can be partly explained by differences in multicellular size, as well as variation among strains in clonal spore-stalk allocation, suggesting within-population variation in altruism investment. Analyses of chimeras comprised of strains from the same versus different populations indicated genotype-by-genotype epistasis, where the morphology of the chimeras deviated significantly from the average morphology of the strains developed clonally. The significantly negative epistasis observed for allopatric pairings suggests that populations are diverging in their spore-stalk allocation behaviors, generating incompatibilities when they encounter one another. Our results demonstrate divergence in microbial social traits across geographically separated populations and demonstrate how quantification of genotype-by-genotype interactions can elucidate the trajectory of social trait evolution in nature.
Volatile social environments can favour investments in quality over quantity of social relationships
<p>Cooperation does not occur in a vacuum: interactions develop over time in social groups that undergo demographic changes. Intuition suggests that stable social environments favour developing few but strong reciprocal relationships (a 'focused' strategy), while volatile social environments favour the opposite: more but weaker social relationships (a 'diversifying' strategy). We model reciprocal investments under a quality-quantity tradeoff for social relationships. We find that volatility, counterintuitively, can favour a focused strategy. This result becomes explicable through applying the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy, originally developed for senescence, to social life. Diversifying strategies show superior performance later in life, but with costs paid at young ages while the social network is slowly being built. Under volatile environments, many individuals die before reaching sufficiently old ages to reap the benefits. Social strategies that do well early in life are then favoured: a focused strategy leads individuals to form their first few social bonds quickly and to make strong use of existing bonds. Our model highlights the importance of pleiotropy and population age structure for the evolution of cooperative strategies and other social traits, and shows that it is not sufficient to reflect on the fate of survivors only, when evaluating the benefits of social strategies.</p>
Data of paper entitled "The Impact of Financial Influencers, Social Influencers, and FOMO Economy on the Decision-Making of Investment on Millennial Generation and Gen Z of Indonesia"
<p>The repository contains:</p> <ol> <li>Result of inner model of PLS</li> <li>Result of outer model of PLS</li> <li>Questionnaire result</li> </ol>
Data from: Stalk size and altruism investment within and among populations of the social amoeba
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Territoriality, sociality and male weaponry shape horn investment in female bovids
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Data from: Maternal investment is positively associated with the presence of extra-pair offspring in a socially monogamous songbird
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Volatile social environments can favour investments in quality over quantity of social relationships
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Code and data associated with 'The web architecture, dynamics, and silk investment in the social spider, Stegodyphus sarasinorum'
<p>Location of the main files and folders relevant to the paper:</p> <p>All R based analyses were done with a combination of a Windows 8 laptop and a Linux Mint 19.2 Cinnamon.<br> The nparLD analyses require R version 2.15.3, and the other analyses were done with R version<br> 3.4.4. Multiple versions of R can be installed and run on the same system using the Rbuild and Renv packages. Please see the parts of the Rmd files describing the nparLD analyses to see how this was done.</p> <p>## Silk investment and topology related analyses are in the folder 'web-construction FINAL round- raw data/analysis-FINALround/analysis-results/feb_2016_Rmdfiles/</p> <p>R Markdown notebook files and associated HTML outputs used to replicate figures and results in paper:</p> <p>### Pore-size and coordination number analysis</p> <p>- beleyur_et_al_topology_analyses.Rmd</p> <p>### Silk investment and per-capita analyses</p> <p>- beleyur_et_al_silk_analyses.Rmd</p> <p>### Weight-loss analysis</p> <p>- weight_loss_analysis.Rmd</p> <p>### nparLD analysis scripts</p> <p>- poresize_CN_nparLD.R<br> - silk_nparLD.R</p> <p>## Coordination number and pore size calculations</p> <p>Code and data used to quantify the coordination number and pore size in 'AllResults.zip' - a combination of raw images, .mat data files and .m files that can be analysed using the MATLAB platform.</p> <p>All data and code in 'AllResults.zip'</p> <p> </p> <p>## Raw data location:</p> <p>'web-construction FINAL round- raw data/pics-till 11th March/pics by date and batch/'</p> <p>All raw JPG images are placed according to their batch (A-J), and group size. Please note that not all webs can be finally analysed as having the labelled group size because despite all efforts spiders somehow managed to move between colonies in some cases! Please refer to the actual colonies used in the manuscript, these webs have definitely been built by the specified number of spiders.</p> <p>## Hand-cropped images of only web with retreat</p> <p>'web-construction FINAL round- raw data/pics-till 11th March/cropped_photos_in_one_place/'</p> <p>These are TIF files made after manual cropping of the web pictures. Please see the note above explaining how to choose the webs with valid group sizes.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Cooperative investment in public goods is kin directed in communal nests of social birds
The tragedy of the commons predicts social collapse when public goods are jointly exploited by individuals attempting to maximise their fitness at the expense of other social group members. However, animal societies have evolved many times despite this vulnerability to exploitation by selfish individuals. Kin selection offers a solution to this social dilemma, but in large social groups mean relatedness is often low. Sociable weavers (Philetairus socius) live in large colonies that share the benefits of a massive communal nest, which requires individual investment for construction and maintenance. Here, we show that despite low mean kinship within colonies, relatives are spatially and socially clustered and that nest-building males have higher local relatedness to other colony members than do non-building males. Alternative hypotheses received little support, so we conclude that the benefits of the public good are shared with kin and that cooperative investment is, despite the large size and low relatedness of these communities, kin-directed.
Data from: Social complexity influences brain investment and neural operation costs in ants
The metabolic expense of producing and operating neural tissue required for adaptive behaviour is considered a significant selective force in brain evolution. In primates, brain size correlates positively with group size, presumably owing to the greater cognitive demands of complex social relationships in large societies. Social complexity in eusocial insects is also associated with large groups, as well as collective intelligence and division of labour among sterile workers. However, superorganism phenotypes may lower cognitive demands on behaviourally specialized workers resulting in selection for decreased brain size and/or energetic costs of brain metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we compared brain investment patterns and cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity, a proxy for ATP usage, in two ant species contrasting in social organization. Socially complex Oecophylla smaragdina workers had larger brain size and relative investment in the mushroom bodies (MBs)—higher order sensory processing compartments—than the more socially basic Formica subsericea workers. Oecophylla smaragdina workers, however, had reduced COX activity in the MBs. Our results suggest that as in primates, ant group size is associated with large brain size. The elevated costs of investment in metabolically expensive brain tissue in the socially complex O. smaragdina, however, appear to be offset by decreased energetic costs.
Resourcing long-term care: A social investment approach
<p>This video explores decision-making for investments in long-term care.</p>
Data from: Social complexity influences brain investment and neural operation costs in ants
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Investment in chemical signalling glands facilitates the evolution of sociality in lizards
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Data from: Adult social environment alters female reproductive investment in the cricket Gryllus firmus
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Data from: Cooperative investment in public goods is kin directed in communal nests of social birds
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Data from: Sex differences in parental care: gametic investment, sexual selection and social environment
Male and female parents often provide different type and amount of care to their offspring. Three major drivers have been proposed to explain parental sex roles: (i) differential gametic investment by males and females that precipitates into sex difference in care, (ii) different intensity of sexual selection acting on males and females, and (iii) biased social environment that facilitates the more common sex to provide more care. Here we provide the most comprehensive assessment of these hypotheses using detailed parental care data from 792 bird species covering 126 families. We found no evidence for the gametic investment hypothesis: neither gamete sizes nor gamete production by males relative to females was related to sex difference in parental care. However, sexual selection correlated with parental sex roles, because the male share in care relative to female decreased with both extra-pair paternity and frequency of polygamy. Parental sex roles were also related to social environment, because male parental care increased with male-biased adult sex ratios. Taken together, our results are consistent with recent theories suggesting that gametic investment is not tied to parental sex roles, and highlight the importance of both sexual selection and adult sex ratios in influencing parental sex roles.
Data from: Distributed cognition and social brains: reductions in mushroom body investment accompanied the origins of sociality in wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
The social brain hypothesis assumes the evolution of social behaviour changes animals' ecological environments, and predicts evolutionary shifts in social structure will be associated with changes in brain investment. Most social brain models to date assume social behaviour imposes additional cognitive challenges to animals, favouring the evolution of increased brain investment. Here, we present a modification of social brain models, which we term the distributed cognition hypothesis. Distributed cognition models assume group members can rely on social communication instead of individual cognition; these models predict reduced brain investment in social species. To test this hypothesis, we compared brain investment among 29 species of wasps (Vespidae family), including solitary species and social species with a wide range of social attributes (i.e. differences in colony size, mode of colony founding and degree of queen/worker caste differentiation). We compared species means of relative size of mushroom body (MB) calyces and the antennal to optic lobe ratio, as measures of brain investment in central processing and peripheral sensory processing, respectively. In support of distributed cognition predictions, and in contrast to patterns seen among vertebrates, MB investment decreased from solitary to social species. Among social species, differences in colony founding, colony size and caste differentiation were not associated with brain investment differences. Peripheral lobe investment did not covary with social structure. These patterns suggest the strongest changes in brain investment—a reduction in central processing brain regions—accompanied the evolutionary origins of eusociality in Vespidae.
Data Transcripts RBF Analysis of social investment in health systems reform
<p>Data transcripts</p>
Data from: Sex differences in parental care: gametic investment, sexual selection and social environment
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.