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56 results for “social organization”
Driving social and economic development in the MENA region: the role of international organizations - Stakeholders' engagement meeting report
<p>On 15 November 2018, the Center for Public Policy and Democracy Studies (PODEM) hosted a stakeholders’ meeting in Istanbul with twenty-nine participants, including academics, experts, and representatives from civil society and international humanitarian and development organizations from Europe and the MENA region, as part of the Middle East North Africa Regional Architecture Project (MENARA). Through two panels of expert presentations and facilitated discussion, the participants addressed present challenges, ongoing transformations and future opportunities facing societies across the region, as well as the role of international organizations in addressing these challenges and opportunities. This report will summarize the discussion during that meeting in two broad parts, focusing on the region’s challenges and positive developments respectively and is further divided into sections by issue subject. Two sets of policy recommendations are provided at the end of the report.</p>
The evolution of marsupial social organization
<p>It is generally believed that marsupials are more primitive mammals than placentals and mainly solitary living, representing the ancestral form of social organization of all mammals. However, field studies have observed pair- and group-living in marsupial species, but no comparative study about their social evolution was ever done. Here we describe the results of primary literature research on marsupial social organization which indicate that most species can live in pairs or groups and many show intra-specific variation in social organization. Using Bayesian phylogenetic mixed-effects models with a moderate phylogenetic signal of 0.18 we found that solitary living is the most likely ancestral form (35% posterior probability), but has high uncertainty, and the combined probability of partly sociable marsupial ancestors (65%) should not be overlooked. For Australian marsupials, group-living species were less likely to be found in climates representing tropical rainforest, and species with a variable social organization were associated with low and unpredictable precipitation representing deserts. Our results suggest that modern marsupials are more sociable than previously believed and that there is no strong support that their ancestral state was strictly solitary living, such that the assumption of a solitary ancestral state of all mammals may also need reconsideration.</p>
(c) simulation on Repast: after queen adaptive development-MODELING SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEMS WITH SOCIAL INSECTS ALGORITHMS
<p>On figures (b) and (c), simulations on RePast [11, 16, 18] are<br> provided at successive times. The last figure shows the adaptive mechanism<br> of the queen which grows with time according to the material density around<br> it, like in natural observations.</p>
Figure 7: Cultural equipment dynamics modeling-MODELING SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEMS WITH SOCIAL INSECTS ALGORITHMS
<p>The multi-template modelling can be used to model cultural equipment<br> dynamics as described in figure 7. On this figure, we associate a queen to each<br> cultural center (cinema, theatre, ...). Each queen will emit many pheromon<br> templates, each template is associated to a specific criterium (according to age,<br> sex, ...). Initially, we put the material in the residential place. Each material<br> has some characteristics, corresponding to the people living in this residential<br> area. The simulation shows the self-organization processus as the result of the<br> set of the attractive effect of all the centers and all the templates.</p>
Figure 4: Complexity of geographical space with respect of emergent organizations-MODELING SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEMS WITH SOCIAL INSECTS ALGORITHMS
<p>The applications we focus on in the models that we will propose in the<br> following, concerns specifically the multi-center (or multi-organizational) phenomona<br> inside urban development. As an artificial ecosystem, the city development<br> has to deal with many challenges, specifically for sustainable development,<br> mixing economical, social and environmental aspects. The decentralized<br> methodology proposed in the following allows to deal with multi-criteria problems,<br> leading to propose a decision making assistance, based on simulation<br> analysis.</p>
Figure 1: Complex spatial organizational model-MODELING SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEMS WITH SOCIAL INSECTS ALGORITHMS
<p>On Figure 1, we describe a two-level model of spatial self-organizations with<br> interactions in both directions between these two levels: the emergence of organizations<br> from entities interactions but also the feed-back process describing<br> how organizations are regulating their own entities.</p>
Figure 2: Optimization in natural ants collective behavior: foraging and clustering (from [8])-Self-organization and social insects algorithms
<p>On figure 2, two examples of self-organization in natural ants are presented.<br> On the left side, the well-known Deneubourg experiment consists to highlight<br> with a very simple device the ant foraging problem. The ant objectives is<br> to find the optimal way from nest to food source, using pheromone trail deposition.<br> On the right side, cemetery clustering formation are shown at 4<br> successive times: ants form piles of corpses to clean their nests. Each of them<br> has elementary actions, unknowing the whole situation, but dealing only with<br> local information. There is no supervisor to lead the piles formation which<br> emerges from ant interactions.</p>
BRAIN Journal-The Presence and Activity on Facebook of the Informative Travel Organizations in Romania-Figure 3. Integration of Social Media elements on tourism organization's websites
<p>Currently, in Romania there are about 8 million Facebook users (Facebrands.ro). In the recent years there has been a spectacular increase of this phenomenon, which shows how important is the use of social networks for an economic and even for a non-profit entity in order to make the brand known or to promote an activity (DailyBusiness.ro). </p>
Data from: Density-dependent feedback across nested levels of organization in a social primate
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The evolution of marsupial social organization
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Simple Physical Interactions Yield Social Self-Organization in Honeybees - datasets
<p>Empirical data of the location of the bees in complex thermal environments in specific time intervals. For more details please refer to <br> <br> Szopek M, Stokanic V, Radspieler G and Schmickl T (2021) Simple Physical Interactions Yield Social Self-Organization in Honeybees. <em>Front. Phys.</em> 9:670317. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2021.670317</p> <p> </p> <p>exp_1.csv contains the percentage of bees in the left, the center and the right evaluation zone in 1-minute intervals (runtime 30 min) for each of the 9 repetitions of Experiment 1 (static thermal environment with one global optimum at 36°C and a pessimum at 30°C).</p> <p>exp_2.csv contains the percentage of bees in the left, the center and the right evaluation zone in 1-minute intervals (runtime 30 min) for each of the 8 repetitions of Experiment 2 (static thermal environment with one global optimum at 36°C and one local optimum at 32°C).</p> <p>exp_3.csv contains the percentage of bees in the left, the center and the right evaluation zone in 1-minute intervals (runtime 30 min) for each of the 6 repetitions of Experiment 3 (static thermal environment with two equal optima of 36°C).</p> <p>exp_4.csv contains the percentage of bees in the left, the center and the right evaluation zone in 1-minute intervals (runtime 105 min) for each of the 17 repetitions of Experiment 4 (dynamic thermal environment).</p> <p>exp_5.csv contains the percentage of bees in the left, the center and the right evaluation zone at minute 30 for i) each of the 10 repetitions of Experiment 5 (static thermal environment with social stimulus) and ii) for each of the 8 repetitions of an experiment with the same thermal environment but without a social stimulus for comparison.</p>
Barbier et al., 2021_Diagnosis of the structure of the social representations of organ donation (test of context independance)
<p>Abstract</p> <p><em>Introduction.</em> – On 1<sup>st</sup> January 2017, the updated presumed consent for organ donation was widely communicated in France. From a social psychological point of view, this may have changed the shared meanings people associate with organ donation.</p> <p><em>Objective</em>. –First, this study aimed to identify the content and structure of the social representation of organ donation. Second, it aimed to account for social anchoring and see how the processes of social anchoring participate in the arrangement of structured sets of the social representation of organ donation.</p> <p><em>Method. –</em> The study consisted of filling in a self-reported online survey disseminated through Facebook. In total, 778 French people participated (393 women, 381 men, <em>M</em>age = 37.02 yrs, <em>SD</em> = 12.60). A two-step methodology from exploratory to confirmatory analysis was applied.</p> <p><em>Results. –</em> In line with our assumptions, findings showed: changes in the content of representation that may have occurred in response to the legislative update, in particular; a dichotomy that structures the social representations of organ donation, intrinsically linked to the donor/non-donor variable; effects of gender and age on content of the social representations of organ donation. Contrary to our preliminary expectations, findings showed: no effects of gender and age on structure of the social representations of organ donation; no effect of religious affiliation on content nor on structure, suggesting that the role of religion is not orientating social thinking about organ donation, but rather, legitimising social practices related to organ donation.</p> <p><em>Conclusion. –</em> These results are discussed in relation to the identity issues facing organ donation, in the sense that the shared meaning associated with organ donation reveal ideological positions. We suggest avenues for future research likely to find interesting applications in the organ donation field.</p>
Barbier et al., 2021_Collection of the content of the social representations of organ donation
<p>Abstract</p> <p><em>Introduction.</em> – On 1<sup>st</sup> January 2017, the updated presumed consent for organ donation was widely communicated in France. From a social psychological point of view, this may have changed the shared meanings people associate with organ donation.</p> <p><em>Objective</em>. –First, this study aimed to identify the content and structure of the social representation of organ donation. Second, it aimed to account for social anchoring and see how the processes of social anchoring participate in the arrangement of structured sets of the social representation of organ donation.</p> <p><em>Method. –</em> The study consisted of filling in a self-reported online survey disseminated through Facebook. In total, 778 French people participated (393 women, 381 men, <em>M</em>age = 37.02 yrs, <em>SD</em> = 12.60). A two-step methodology from exploratory to confirmatory analysis was applied.</p> <p><em>Results. –</em> In line with our assumptions, findings showed: changes in the content of representation that may have occurred in response to the legislative update, in particular; a dichotomy that structures the social representations of organ donation, intrinsically linked to the donor/non-donor variable; effects of gender and age on content of the social representations of organ donation. Contrary to our preliminary expectations, findings showed: no effects of gender and age on structure of the social representations of organ donation; no effect of religious affiliation on content nor on structure, suggesting that the role of religion is not orientating social thinking about organ donation, but rather, legitimising social practices related to organ donation.</p> <p><em>Conclusion. –</em> These results are discussed in relation to the identity issues facing organ donation, in the sense that the shared meaning associated with organ donation reveal ideological positions. We suggest avenues for future research likely to find interesting applications in the organ donation field.</p>
Population dynamics and social organization of sambar (Rusa unicolor unicolor) in Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka
<p>We estimated the population density and investigated the social organization of sambar (<em>Rusa unicolor unicolor</em>) in Horton Plains National Park (HPNP), Sri Lanka. Distance sampling was conducted along six strip transects every month for a period over three years (2018–2020) to estimate the density of the sambar population in grasslands of HPNP (9.4 km<sup>2</sup>), while the antler stage of males and the behaviour of individuals were recorded to describe the population's reproductive stage and hence the social organization. Population density estimates showed relative stability over the three years and varied over the seasons but with consistent peaks from year to year with the highest population densities recorded in November-December (212.93 ± 25.38 animals/km<sup>2</sup> in 2018, 187.91 ± 28.51 in 2019, and 179.76 ± 31.85 in 2020). The highest percentage of males in hard antlers was observed from November through January, while the percentage of antlers cast sambar peaked from March to April each year. Hinds were observed with newborn calves throughout the year, but the highest number of newborn calves were recorded from July to August each year, while the number of calves counted each year varied from 210–267 individuals. The mean group size was variable throughout each year with the largest groups recorded from September to December (up to 52), the period accompanied by the most observations of mating and sparring behaviour. Although on a tropical island, HPNP is situated on a rolling plateau landscape in the highlands, where sambar showed a degree of reproductive seasonality somewhat similar to temperate cervid species.</p>
Population dynamics and social organization of sambar (Rusa unicolor unicolor) in Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka
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Social organization of necrophoresis: Insights into disease risk management in ant societies
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Social representations and interface layout: a new way of enhancing persuasive technology applied to organ donation
<p>Although campaigns promoting organ donation have proved their effectiveness, increasing the number of people who explicitly agree to become donors is still difficult. Based on the social marketing notion of persuasive technology, we reasoned that it was timely to focus on the design of this persuasive technology and to analyze its contribution in particularly challenging contexts such as organ donation. More specifically, the originality of the present study lay in the way we linked the field of persuasive technology to the theory of social representations, and combined them with an analysis of the ergonomic aspects of interface layout. This study had two complementary goals. The first was to determine whether the sociocognitive salience of the central elements of social representations (i.e., the most frequent and important themes related to the subject—here, organ donation—for individuals), can be used to achieve persuasive outcomes. The second was to determine whether interface layout, in terms of information location and background characteristics (color and contrast), can strengthen the persuasive impact. University students (<em>N</em> > 200) were exposed to a computer screen displaying a message involving either central or peripheral elements of the social representations of organ donation (status), placed either in the middle or on one side of the screen (location), and shown against either a white or a blue background (background). Eye-tracking data were recorded, in addition to self-reported data. In line with the elaboration likelihood model, results showed that participants who were exposed to central (vs. peripheral) elements of the social representations of organ donation followed the central route in processing information. Moreover, they had stronger attitudes, and more of them stated that they were <em>actual</em> organ donors. Importantly, however, at least for some variables, these status-related effects were not independent of the interface layout. More specifically, the persuasive impact of the central elements was enhanced when the information was displayed in the middle (vs. the side) of the screen and when it was displayed on a white (vs. blue) background. We discuss the theoretical and practical issues raised by these results.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Key players and hierarchical organization of prairie dog social networks
The use of social network theory in evaluating animal social groups has gained traction in recent years. Despite the utility of social network analysis in describing attributes of social groups, it remains unclear how comparable this approach is to traditional behavioral observational studies. Using data on Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) social interactions we describe social networks from three populations. We then compare those social networks to groups identified by traditional behavioral approaches and explore whether individuals group together based on similarities. The social network social groups identified by social network analysis were consistent with those identified by more traditional behavioral approaches. However, fine-grained social sub-structuring was revealed only with social network analysis. We found variation in the patterns of interactions among prairie dog social groups that was largely independent of the behavioral attributes or genetics of the individuals within those groups. We detected that some social groups include disproportionately well-connected individuals acting as hubs or bridges. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that social networks analysis is a robust and efficient tool for examining social dynamics.
Data from: Polyandry and polygyny in a social rodent: an integrative perspective based on social organization, copulations, and genetics
Animal mating systems have fascinated biologists for thousands of years. Ways to describe amating systeminclude determining social organization, observing copulations, or using genetics to assign parentage. Social organization can be difficult to quantify, however, documentation of copulations is often challenging, many copulations do not produce offspring, and genetic variation is sometimes minimal. Here we use data from a 7-year study of wild white-tailed prairie dogs (WTPDs, Cynomys leucurus) living in Colorado USA to estimate the frequencies of polyandry (i.e., copulation with ≥2 males) and polygyny (i.e., copulation with ≥2 females) from three independent approaches: (1) determination of the number of males and females living in the same territory (social organization); (2) observations of copulations; and (3) genetic assignments of paternity from seven polymorphic microsatellites. We predicted that our three approaches would yield similar estimates of polyandry and polygyny. Because a WTPD female's period of sexual receptivity each spring is limited to several hours on a single day, we also predicted that frequencies of polyandry and polygyny would be lower for WTPDs than for animals with longer periods of receptivity. Our results did not support these predictions. For polyandry, observations of copulations and genetics indicated similar overall percentages (27%), but social organization indicated a much lower percentage (2%). For polygyny, observations of copulations indicated the highest overall percentage (84%), then social organization (59%), then genetics (46%). All three approaches showed striking annual variation in the frequencies of WTPD polyandry and polygyny. Long-term studies that integrate behavioral and genetic insights can provide a detailed view of a mating system, but feasibility will depend on ease of capture, visibility of copulations, length of mating season, research objectives, and genetic variation.
Data from: Propagule pressure and colony social organization are associated with the successful invasion and rapid range expansion of fire ants in China
We characterized patterns of genetic variation in populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta in China using mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci to test predictions as to how propagule pressure and subsequent dispersal following establishment jointly shape the invasion success of this ant in this recently invaded area. Fire ants in Wuchuan (Guangdong province) are genetically differentiated from those found in other large infested areas of China. The immediate source of ants in Wuchuan appears to be somewhere near Texas, which ranks first among states in the southern USA infested states in the exportation of goods to China. Most colonies from spatially distant, outlying areas in China are genetically similar to one another and appear to share a common source (Wuchuan, Guangdong province), suggesting that long-distance jump dispersal has been a prevalent means of recent spread of fire ants in China. Furthermore, most colonies at outlier sites are of the polygyne social form (featuring multiple egg-laying queens per nest), reinforcing the important role of this social form in the successful invasion of new areas and subsequent range expansion following invasion. Several analyses consistently revealed characteristic signatures of genetic bottlenecks for S. invicta populations in China. The results of this study highlight the invasive potential of this pest ant, suggest that the magnitude of international trade may serve as a predictor of propagule pressure and indicate that rates and patterns of subsequent range expansion are partly determined by the interplay between species traits and the trade and transportation networks.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.