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22 results for “soil freezing”
A Repository of 100+ Years of Measured Soil Freezing Characteristic Curves
<p>The temperature of the soil can be used as a proxy to represent the soil ice content through a soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC). This mathematical construct relates the soil ice content to a specific temperature for a particular soil. SFCCs depend on many factors including soil properties (e.g., porosity, composition, etc.), soil pore water pressure, dissolved salts, (hysteresis in) freezing/thawing point depression, and degree of saturation, all of which can be site-specific and time varying. SFCCs have been measured using various methods for diverse soils since 1921, and to date this data has not been broadly compared, in part because it has not previously been compiled in a single data set. The dataset presented in this publication includes SFCC data digitized or received from authors, and includes both historic and modern studies.</p>
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Soil Freezing Study (SFS) In Situ Measurements of Snow and Soil Frost Depth
Climate models for the northeastern United States (U.S.) over the next century predict an increase in air temperature between 2.8 and 4.3 °C and a decrease in the average number of days per year when a snowpack will cover the forest floor (Hayhoe et al. 2007, 2008; Campbell et al. 2010). Studies of forest dynamics in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems have been primarily conducted during the growing season, when most biological activity occurs. However, in recent years considerable progress has been made in our understanding of how winter climate change influences dynamics in these forests. The snowpack insulates soil from below-freezing air temperatures, which facilitates a significant amount of microbial activity. However, a smaller snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost amplify losses of dissolved organic C and NO3- in leachate, as well as N2O released into the atmosphere. The increase in nutrient loss following increased soil frost cannot be explained by changes in microbial activity alone. More likely, it is caused by a decrease in plant nutrient uptake following increases in soil frost. We conducted a snow-removal experiment at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest to determine the effects of a smaller winter snowpack and greater depth and duration of soil frost on trees, soil microbes, and arthropods. A number of publications have been based on these data: Comerford et al. 2013, Reinmann et al. 2019, Templer 2012, and Templer et al. 2012. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Campbell JL, Ollinger SV, Flerchinger GN, Wicklein H, Hayhoe K, Bailey AS. Past and projected future changes in snowpack and soil frost at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. Hydrological Processes. 2010; 24:2465–2480. Comerford DP, PG Schaberg, PH Te
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Soil Freeze Study - Tree Growth
The climate is changing in many temperate forests with the amount of forest area dominated by sugar maple experiencing an insulating snowpack expected to shrink between 49 and 95% compared to 1951-2005 values. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure or kill fine roots, which are essential for plant water and nutrient uptake. These adverse impacts on tree roots can have important impacts on tree growth and ecosystem carbon sequestration. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, by using tree cores to measure sugar maple radial growth rates in the Soil Freezing Study plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Analysis of these data are published in: Reinmann AB, Susser JR, Demara EMC, and Templer PH. 2019. Declines in northern forest tree growth following snowpack decline and soil freezing. Global Change Biology. 25(2):420-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14420
Study on the supercooling characteristics of freezing soil based on nucleation theory
<p>Abstract</p> <p>The clarification of freezing in a soil-water system is critical for assessing the formation of a freezing zone and liquid water flow. The supercooling phenomenon of soil pore solutions has been found during the freezing process, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we propose a free energy function of soil-water systems based on the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). The analytical solution of the critical nucleation problem of saline soil-water system is obtained by combining the initial freezing temperature model and Pitzer activity coefficients model in electrolyte solutions. Then, the freezing-thawing experiments of saline soil with various salt contents were conducted for verifying the analytical solution. The derived boundary nucleation rate is the quantitative solution of the critical condition for the supercooling. The findings suggested that the theory results agreed well with the experiment results. For the salt-free soil-water system, the critical maximum radius of supercooling was 7.15 nm. We compared eight classical ice-water interfacial tension models, and the “Reinhardt & Doye” and “DeMott & Rogers” models showed excellent performance when using the new free energy theoretical framework to predict the crystallization nucleation rate of soil-water systems. A positive correlation between the boundary nucleation rate and soil-water potential is detected. According to the influencing factors, the boundary nucleation rate of soil-water system can be divided into three zones: salt nature control zone (R>100μm), salt-pore mixed control zone (100μm>R>100nm), and pore size control zone (R<100nm).</p> <p>Plain Language Summary</p> <p>Unfrozen water refers to the soil moisture that still exists in the form of liquid water in the soil at negative temperatures, which is critical for determining the material properties of frozen soil. The phenomenon of soil water not being able to freeze as soon as the temperature falls below the freezing temperature is referred to as “supercooling”. However, the critical condition of supercooling is still unclear. In this paper, we developed a nucleation model that can be applied to saline soils based on the thermodynamic approach. Subsequently, the critical conditions were verified by freezing-thawing tests of soil samples with different salt contents. We further optimized the model of this paper by selecting the best model for the intermediate variables. Quantitative relationships between the initiation condition of supercooling and soil properties were established. We also delineated pore size intervals for distinguishing differences in supercooling properties at different pore sizes. The proposed theoretical framework is developed from Classical Nucleation Theory, which may provide a theoretical reference for revealing the freezing-thawing mechanism of soil-water systems.</p>
Sap Flow in the Soil Freezing Study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 2010
The climate is changing in many temperate forests with the amount of forest area dominated by sugar maple experiencing an insulating snowpack expected to shrink between 49 and 95% compared to 1951-2005 values. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, by measuring sap flow rates in the Soil Freezing Study plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Analysis of these data are published in: Harrison, J.L., Reinmann, A.B., Maloney, A.S. et al. Transpiration of Dominant Tree Species Varies in Response to Projected Changes in Climate: Implications for Composition and Water Balance of Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Ecosystems (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00490-y
Data from: Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze–thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions
<p>Effects of global warming are most pronounced in winter. A reduction in snow cover due to warmer atmospheric temperature in formerly cold ecosystems, however, could counteract an increase in soil temperature by reduction of insulation. Thus, soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) might increase in frequency and magnitude with warming, potentially leading to a disturbance of the soil biota and release of nutrients.</p> <p>Here, we assessed how soil freeze-thaw magnitude and frequency affect short-term release of nutrients in temperate deciduous forest soils by conducting a three factorial gradient experiment with ex-situ soil samples in climate chambers. The fully-crossed experiment included soils from forests dominated by <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> (European beech) that originate from different winter climate (mean coldest month temperature range ΔT > 4 K), a range of FTC magnitudes from no (T = 4.0 °C) to strong (T = -11.3 °C) soil frost, and a range of FTC frequencies (f = 0–7). We hypothesized that higher FTC magnitude and frequency, respectively, will increase the release of nutrients. Furthermore, soils from cold climates with historically stable winter soil temperatures due to deep snow cover will be more responsive to FTC than soils from warmer, more fluctuating winter soil climates.</p> <p>FTC magnitude and, to a lesser extent, also FTC frequency resulted in increased nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate release almost exclusively in soils from cold, snow-rich sites. The hierarchical regression analyses of our three-factorial gradient experiment revealed that the effects of climatic origin (mean minimum winter temperature) followed a sigmoidal curve for all studied nutrients and was modulated either by FTC magnitude (phosphate) or by FTC magnitude and frequency (nitrate, ammonium) in complex two- and, for all studied nutrients, in threefold interactions of the environmental drivers. Compared to initial concentrations, soluble nutrients were predicted to increase to 250 % for nitrate (up to 16 µg NO<sub>3</sub>-N kg<sup>-1</sup>DM), to 110 % for ammonium (up to 60 µg NH<sub>4</sub>-N kg<sup>-1</sup>DM), and to 400 % for phosphate (2.2 µg PO<sub>4</sub>-P kg<sup>-1</sup>DM) at the coldest site for strongest magnitude and highest frequency. Soils from warmer sites showed little nutrient release and were largely unaffected by the FTC treatments except for above-average nitrate release at the warmest sites in response to extremely cold FTC magnitude.</p> <p>We suggest that currently warmer forest soils have historically already passed the point of high responsiveness to winter climate change, displaying some form of adaptation either in the soil biotic composition or in labile nutrient sources. Our data suggests that previously cold sites, which will lose their protective snow cover during climate change, are most vulnerable to increasing FTC frequency and magnitude, resulting in strong shifts in nitrogen and phosphorus release. In nutrient poor European beech forests of the studied Pleistocene lowlands, nutrients released over winter may be leached out, inducing reduced plant growth rates in the following growing season.</p> <p>Here, we provide the raw data of a three-factorial regression experiment and the R-Code used in the hierarchical regression analysis of this raw data in Kreyling et al.: Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze-thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions.</p>
Data from: Decoupled responses of soil bacteria and their invertebrate consumer to warming, but not freeze-thaw cycles, in the Antarctic Dry Valleys
Altered temperature profiles resulting in increased warming and freeze–thaw cycle (FTC) frequency pose great ecological challenges to organisms in alpine and polar ecosystems. We performed a laboratory microcosm experiment to investigate how temperature variability affects soil bacterial cell numbers, and abundance and traits of soil microfauna (the microbivorous nematode Scottnema lindsayae) from McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. FTCs and constant freezing shifted nematode body size distribution towards large individuals, driven by higher mortality among smaller individuals. FTCs reduced both bacterial and nematode abundance, but bacterial cell numbers also declined under warming, demonstrating decoupled consumer–prey responses. We predict that higher occurrence of FTCs in cold ecosystems will select for large body size within soil microinvertebrates and overall reduce their abundance. In contrast, warm temperatures without FTCs could lead to divergent responses in soil bacteria and their microinvertebrate consumers, potentially affecting energy and nutrient transfer rates in soil food webs of cold ecosystems.
Dataset for: Phosphorus mobilization from intact soil monoliths flooded under simulated summer versus spring snowmelt with intermittent freeze-thaw conditions
<p>Enhanced phosphorus (P) release from flooded, anaerobic soils have been extensively studied under summer temperatures, but not under cold temperatures with intermittent freeze-thaw events. We investigated the temperature and freeze/ thaw effects during flooding on the release of P to floodwater from soil monoliths (15-cm depth) collected from eight agricultural fields in Manitoba. Soil monoliths were flooded with reverse osmosis water and incubated for 56 d under simulated summer flooding (SSF, 22±1 ℃), or snowmelt flooding with intermittent freeze thaw (IFT, 4±1 ℃ with intermittent freezing) in triplicates. Redox potential (Eh), pore water and floodwater dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations, pH and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn were determined weekly. In seven soils, Eh decreased rapidly with days after flooding (DAF) under SSF to values < 200 mV, but not under IFT. Pore water and floodwater DRP concentrations significantly increased with DAF in all soils under SSF, and in seven soils under IFT. While DRP concentrations were consistently greater under SSF than IFT in four soils, other soils had similar concentrations at certain DAFs. Significant relationships between ion concentrations and redox status , that fitted both IFT and SSF data in most soils, suggests that similar redox-driven mechanisms are responsible for the P release; however, less P is released under IFT than SSF, since soils were not severely reduced under IFT. Substantial P release in a few soils under IFT, appeared to be unrelated to redox status, suggesting other P release mechanisms that are not redox driven.</p>
Data set for the article "One-time freeze-thawing or carbon input events have long-term legacies in soil microbial communities"
<p>The following are data and code used for statistical analysis and figure plotting in the manuscript</p> <p>Gorka et al. (2023) "One-time freeze-thawing or carbon input events have long-term legacies in soil microbial communities", Geoderma, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399</a></p> <p>It contains the following files:</p> <ol> <li>Microbial PLFA and NLFA analysis files (contained in <em>Fatty_acid_analysis.zip</em>) <ul> <li>PLFA and NLFA abundance data, in nmol C g<sup>-1</sup> dw (in <em>fatty_acid_data.csv</em>)</li> <li>Taxonomic specificities of fatty acids, needed for R-script to run (in <em>phylum.csv</em>)</li> <li>An R Script reproducing the statistical analysis, figure plotting and output for tables, as used in the manuscript (<em>Fatty_acid_analysis.R</em>)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Soil C and N stoichiometry analysis files (contained in <em>TOC_TN_analysis.zip</em>) <ul> <li>Dissolved organic C (DOC), total dissolved N (TN), and C and N in microbial biomass (Cmic, Nmic) abundance data, in mg g<sup>-1</sup> dw (in <em>toc_tn_data.csv</em>)</li> <li>An R Script reproducing the statistical analysis, figure plotting and output for tables, as used in the manuscript (<em>TOC_TN_analysis.R</em>)</li> </ul> </li> </ol>
Dataset for the Figure 2 in manuscript "Numerical study of coupled water and vapour flow, heat transfer, and solute transport in variably-saturated deformable soil during freeze-thaw cycles"
<p>This dataset includes the gathered experimental measurements of a freezing test by Wu (2017) for the model's verification shown in Figure 2 of the manuscript entitled 'Numerical study of coupled water and vapour flow, heat transfer, and solute transport in variably-saturated deformable soil during freeze-thaw cycles'' by Huang, X., and Rudolph, D.L.</p>
Dataset for: Phosphorus mobilization from intact soil monoliths flooded under simulated summer versus spring snowmelt with intermittent freeze-thaw conditions
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Data from: Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze–thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions
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Data from: Decoupled responses of soil bacteria and their invertebrate consumer to warming, but not freeze-thaw cycles, in the Antarctic Dry Valleys
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Repeated freeze-thaw cycles increase extractable, but not total, carbon and nitrogen in a Maine coniferous soil
This dataset contains processed data for the publication Patel et al. 2021. "Repeated freeze-thaw cycles increase extractable, but not total, carbon and nitrogen in a Maine coniferous soil". Geoderma. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115353. Northeastern North America has been experiencing warmer winters with reduced snow accumulation, with more frequent winter freeze-thaw cycles. We conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate how increased frequency of freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) would alter soil C and N availability. Organic (O) and mineral (B) horizon soils were collected from a coniferous forest in Maine, processed to exclude roots, and then frozen in the laboratory (-10 °C) with one (FTC-1), two (FTC-2), or six (FTC-6) thaw periods (+5 °C). Soils were analyzed for extractable ammonium (NH4-N), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), carbon dioxide flux (respiration), and total C and N. Extractable NH4-N increased following FTC (all levels), for both horizons. While WEOC concentrations did not change for FTC vs. control, the WEOC in O horizons had a lower SUVA254 in FTC soils compared to control, indicating a stronger microbial influence (i.e., microbial cell lysis) in these soils after FTC. Respiration in O horizon soils decreased post-incubation and did not differ between FTC and Control soils. In the B horizon, however, FTC soils showed greater respiration than Control soils, suggesting that the newly available nutrients may have stimulated microbial activity. In contrast to these results, total C and N remained unaltered by FTC, presumably because the FTC disturbances represented mostly a translocation of C and N from one pool into another, and losses due to respiration were too small to significantly influence the large TC and TN pools. The effect of FTC on NH4-N did not change with FTC frequency, suggesting that a single FTC is sufficient to alter both C and N availability and/or quality, and that additional FTC may not have a significant further
Variability in soil and litter arthropod populations in the Soil Freezing Study plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 2009-2010
Climate models for the northeastern United States (U.S.) over the next century project an increase in air temperature between 2.8 and 4.3 °C and a decrease in the average number of days per year when a snowpack will cover the forest floor. Warmer temperatures may benefit some litter arthropods by allowing them to expand their ranges and to increase their rates of reproduction. However, a reduction in snowpack depth and duration could offset these changes and lead to increased arthropod mortality because the snowpack plays an important role in insulating arthropods from freezing temperatures. We evaluated these potential changes by measuring arthropod abundance in the Soil Freezing Study plots at the Hubabard Brook Experimental Forest. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Model for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Frozen Soils Using the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve
<p>This is the data used in this manuscript.</p>
The source code for a new capillary and adsorption‒force model predicting hydraulic conductivity of soil during freeze‒thaw processes
<p>The source code is related to "A New Capillary and Adsorption‒Force Model Predicting Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil during Freeze‒thaw Processes" (Shufeng Qiao, Rui Ma, Yunquan Wang, Ziyong Sun, Helen Kristine French, Yanxin Wang)</p>
Freeze-tolerance of poleward-spreading mangrove species weakened by soil properties of resident salt marsh competitor
<p class="MsoCommentText"><b>1. Background</b>: Increasing temperatures associated with climate change are shifting plant species to higher latitudes. Soil communities could aid the plants' shift into novel areas by harbouring fewer soil-borne antagonists or more mutualists that influence the fitness and stress tolerance of the shifting species. Alternatively, they could contain novel antagonists or fewer mutualists. Thus, soil communities could positively or negatively affect plant range expansion, particularly if they influence plants' responses to climate, such as freeze tolerance, that feedback to affect expansion.</p> <p class="CxSpFirst"><b>2. Methods: </b>We used the northward range expansion of the black mangrove<i>,</i> <i>Avicennia germinans</i>, into a system dominated by marsh cordgrass, <i>Spartina alterniflora</i><i>, </i>in northern Florida, USA to study how the novel soil environment (i.e., <i>S. alterniflora</i> soil) affects mangrove fitness, susceptibility to cold stress, and the colonization of mutualist fungi. We quantified abundance of root mutualistic fungi in mixed marsh-mangrove habitat and conducted a laboratory experiment to test effects of steam-sterilized and live soils from <i>A. germinans </i>and <i>S. alterniflora</i> on the growth, condition, fungal colonization, and freeze tolerance of <i>A. germinans</i> seedlings.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><b>3. Results and Conclusions:</b> In the field, we found two times higher dark septate endophyte (DSE) colonization of <i>A. germinans</i> roots and three times higher fungal spore density in <i>A. germinans</i> soil compared to <i>S. alterniflora </i>roots and soil. In the laboratory experiment, seedlings in steamed <i>S. alterniflora</i> soil treatments had 50-65% survival after freezing, compared to 0% survival in treatments with live <i>S. alterniflora</i> soil. <i>A. germinans</i> live soil mixed with <i>S. alterniflora</i> steamed soil yielded <i>A. germinans</i> roots with the highest DSE colonization and seedlings with greater shoot biomass and lower root:shoot ratios. <i>S. alterniflora</i> live soil lowered the freeze tolerance of <i>A. germinans</i>, decreased mangrove survival, and depressed DSE colonization.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><b>4. Synthesis:</b> <i>S. alterniflora </i>soil could impede <i>A. germinans</i> establishment in salt marsh communities. As climate warming gradually allows <i>A. germinans</i> to displace <i>S. alterniflora</i>, the rhizosphere could become increasingly hospitable to <i>A. germinans</i>. Our work suggests the soil community associated with resident species mediates climatic stressors to affect expansion success. </p> <p class="CxSpFirst"> </p>
Freeze-tolerance of poleward-spreading mangrove species weakened by soil properties of resident salt marsh competitor
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Fine root biogenic silica in sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum) on soil freezing and control plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
This dataset presents biogenic silica (BSi) concentrations in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) fine roots collected from a snow manipulation experiment at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (New Hampshire, USA). BSi data are reported as percent dry biomass. The samples were collected from control and treatment plots in April 2009, May 2009, and April through July 2010. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
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