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159 results for “soil organic matter”
Decomposition of soil and permafrost organic matter eroding into the Beaufort Sea near Drew Point, Alaska
Arctic coastal erosion mobilizes large quantities of permafrost organic matter to the Arctic Ocean, where it may be decomposed, releasing carbon dioxide. To quantify the biodegradability of this eroding material, we designed an aerobic bottle incubation experiment to measure CO2 production from coastal soils/sediments submerged in seawater. Seasonally thawed active layer soils and permafrost were sampled near Drew Point along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast. Cores were taken from three surface geomorphic classifications common in this area: primary surface that has not been reworked by thaw-lake cycles, a young drained lake basin, and an ancient drained lake basin. Core subsamples were chosen to represent three distinct horizons present in eroding bluffs at Drew Point: seasonally thawed active layer soils near the tundra surface, Holocene-age terrestrial soils and/or lake sediments, and late-Pleistocene age relict marine sediments. Soil/sediment subsamples were mixed with Beaufort Sea surface water and incubated in triplicate at 4C and 16C for 40 days. In addition, a subset of soil/sediment samples were incubated with and without seawater at 16C for 40 days. The data reported here summarizes the results of the incubation experiment for each soil sample: cumulative CO2-C production over 40 days normalized to dry weight and to organic carbon content (OC), average rate of CO2 production normalized to dry weight and to TOC, and the percent of OC remineralized over 40 days.
Soil Organic Matter Mechanisms of Stabilization (SOMMOS) - enhanced soil characterization data from 40 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites
Soil organic matter (SOM) is a critical linkage among many ecosystem services that sustain our society and life on Earth. It is the primary energy source for microbes and the principal storehouse of water necessary for plant growth. SOM also stores nutrients for plants and sorbs pollutants that otherwise could contaminate food and water supplies. Soils also help regulate climate by storing carbon that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere and contribute to climate change. The SOMMOS project investigated processes in the soil that protect SOM from being decomposed by microbes, processes that increase its sensitivity to environmental changes, and how changes in climate and land management influence the amount and stability of SOM. The project, which was a collaboration between scientists from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), University of Colorado, University of Michigan, Oregon State University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and the USDA-Forest Service, took advantage of soil samples collected across NEON, a major NSF investment in environmental monitoring that covers the entire United States. This continental-scale soil sample set was analyzed for a wide array of physical and chemical properties, well beyond those typically measured on such a large-scale sample set, including radiocarbon, extractable metals, organic matter chemistry by pyrolysis-GCMS, liquid extract fluorescence spectroscopy, and more. In addition to this dataset, archived samples are available from the project for sharing with interested researchers.
Soil dissolved organic matter and greenhouse gas fluxes from intact Delmarva Bay wetland soil cores during laboratory simulation of groundwater level rise
Wetlands in low-relief landscapes have dynamic terrestrial-aquatic interfaces as surface water and groundwater levels fluctuate seasonally and these variable water levels influence wetland carbon cycling. Seasonal changes in groundwater levels determine which soils are hydrologically connected to the wetland surface water-groundwater continuum and therefore which soils act as carbon sources. To quantify groundwater-mediated soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) and greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) fluxes, we performed a laboratory simulation of groundwater rise on intact soil cores. Soil cores were collected from four Delmarva Bay wetlands located in the low-relief landscape of the Delmarva Peninsula in the Mid-Atlantic United States. At each wetland, two cores (length = 60 cm, diameter = 10.2 cm) were collected: one from within the wetland basin and the second from the transitional zone near the edge of the wetland basin (total number of cores collected = 8). To characterize seasonal hydrologic conditions at each wetland site where intact soil cores were collected (e.g., mean water level, number of saturation events, duration of saturation), we used high frequency water level data collected in wetland center and upland groundwater monitoring wells. In the lab, cores were re-saturated with groundwater over 15 days and after cores were fully re-saturated, core water levels were maintained for an additional 25 days. Water levels in each head tank and soil core were manually recorded on sub-daily timesteps. Rhizon soil porewater samplers were installed at 8, 20, and 40 cm below the soil surface reflecting the expected depths of the O, A, and B soil horizons across the wetland sites. Source groundwater, soil porewater, and exfiltrated surface water samples were collected daily from the soil cores and analyzed for pH, ORP, and DOM concentration (dissolved organic carbon) and DOM composition (absorbance and fluorescence metrics). Discrete measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes were
Long term response of arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features: A modeling analysis. Tussock tundra regrowth after a thermal erosion event: Simulation A - increased Phase II soil organic matter
The Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model is used to simulate the recovery of Alaskan arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features (TEFs) caused by permafrost thaw and mass wasting. TEFs could be significant to regional carbon (C) and nutrient budgets because permafrost soils contain large stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) and TEFs are expected to become more frequent as climate warms. These simulations deal only with recovery following TEF stabilization and do not address initial losses of C and nutrients during TEF formation. To capture the variability among and within TEFs, we simulate a range of post-stabilization conditions by varying the initial size of SOM pools and nutrient supply rates. This file contains the results for 100 years of tussock tundra recovery after a thermal erosion event. This simulation is of TEF recovery with increased Phase II soil organic matter compared to the base simulation. Data is presented for day 250 of each year.
Long term response of arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features: A modeling analysis. Tussock tundra regrowth after a thermal erosion event: Simulation C - increased Phase I and Phase II soil organic matter
The Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model is used to simulate the recovery of Alaskan arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features (TEFs) caused by permafrost thaw and mass wasting. TEFs could be significant to regional carbon (C) and nutrient budgets because permafrost soils contain large stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) and TEFs are expected to become more frequent as climate warms. These simulations deal only with recovery following TEF stabilization and do not address initial losses of C and nutrients during TEF formation. To capture the variability among and within TEFs, we simulate a range of post-stabilization conditions by varying the initial size of SOM pools and nutrient supply rates. This file contains the results for 100 years of tussock tundra recovery after a thermal erosion event. This simulation is of TEF recovery with increased Phase I and Phase II soil organic matter compared to the base simulation. Data is presented for day 250 of each year.
Long term response of arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features: A modeling analysis. Tussock tundra regrowth after a thermal erosion event: Simulation D - reduced Phase I and Phase II soil organic matter
The Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model is used to simulate the recovery of Alaskan arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features (TEFs) caused by permafrost thaw and mass wasting. TEFs could be significant to regional carbon (C) and nutrient budgets because permafrost soils contain large stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) and TEFs are expected to become more frequent as climate warms. These simulations deal only with recovery following TEF stabilization and do not address initial losses of C and nutrients during TEF formation. To capture the variability among and within TEFs, we simulate a range of post-stabilization conditions by varying the initial size of SOM pools and nutrient supply rates. This file contains the results for 100 years of tussock tundra recovery after a thermal erosion event. This simulation is of TEF recovery with reduced Phase I and Phase II soil organic matter compared to the base simulation. Data is presented for day 250 of each year. .
Long term response of arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features: A modeling analysis. Tussock tundra regrowth after a thermal erosion event: Simulation B - increased Phase I soil organic matter
The Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model is used to simulate the recovery of Alaskan arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features (TEFs) caused by permafrost thaw and mass wasting. TEFs could be significant to regional carbon (C) and nutrient budgets because permafrost soils contain large stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) and TEFs are expected to become more frequent as climate warms. These simulations deal only with recovery following TEF stabilization and do not address initial losses of C and nutrients during TEF formation. To capture the variability among and within TEFs, we simulate a range of post-stabilization conditions by varying the initial size of SOM pools and nutrient supply rates. This file contains the results for 100 years of tussock tundra recovery after a thermal erosion event. This simulation is of TEF recovery with increased Phase I soil organic matter compared to the base simulation. Data is presented for day 250 of each year.
Long term response of arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features: A modeling analysis. Tussock tundra regrowth after a thermal erosion event: Simulation E - reduced Phase I soil organic matter
The Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model is used to simulate the recovery of Alaskan arctic tussock tundra to thermal erosion features (TEFs) caused by permafrost thaw and mass wasting. TEFs could be significant to regional carbon (C) and nutrient budgets because permafrost soils contain large stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) and TEFs are expected to become more frequent as climate warms. These simulations deal only with recovery following TEF stabilization and do not address initial losses of C and nutrients during TEF formation. To capture the variability among and within TEFs, we simulate a range of post-stabilization conditions by varying the initial size of SOM pools and nutrient supply rates. This file contains the results for 100 years of tussock tundra recovery after a thermal erosion event. This simulation is of TEF recovery with decreasing Phase I soil organic matter compared to the base simulation. Data is presented for day 250 of each year.
Composition and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter leached from eroding coastal soils and permafrost in seawater, from Drew Point, Alaska
Eroding permafrost coastlines export significant quantities of organic carbon (OC) to the marine environment, similar in magnitude to riverine particulate OC fluxes to the Arctic Ocean. Moreover, erosion rates are predicted to increase due to warming temperatures, declines in sea ice, and increasing waves. While erosion primarily mobilizes organic matter in the particulate form, this material can be leached to dissolved organic matter (DOM). This DOM may be incorporated by microbial communities and fuel marine food webs or decomposed to form greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. Many studies show that permafrost-derived organic matter can be rapidly decomposed in soils and freshwater, but few studies examine the fate of permafrost organic matter in seawater. To address this knowledge gap, we designed a laboratory experiment to leach coastal soils and permafrost in seawater and examine the composition and biodegradability of leached DOM. Coastal soil/sediment was cored near Drew Point, Alaska in 2019, representing three horizons found within rapidly eroding permafrost bluffs: seasonally thawed active layer soils, Holocene terrestrial soils and/or lacustrine sediments, and late-Pleistocene relict marine sediments. To measure dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching yields, we placed soil/sediments in Beaufort Sea seawater for 24 hours before filtering to remove particulates. To measure biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), we conducted an aerobic incubation experiment following the methods suggested by Vonk et al. (2015). Briefly, leachates were incubated at approximately room temperature for 26 and 90 days to measure DOC loss due to remineralization and/or incorporation into microbial biomass. Additionally, we used chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) measurements and ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to examine the initial leachate DOM composition. References: Vonk, J. E., Tank, S. E., Mann, P. J., Spencer, R. G. M., Tre
Dataset to Manuscript: Vertical mobility of pyrogenic organic matter in soils: A column experiment, Marcus Schiedung et al. (Biogeosciences)
<p>Dataset to manuscript: Schiedung, M., Bellè, S.-L., Sigmund, G., Kalbitz, K., and Abiven, S.: Vertical mobility of pyrogenic organic matter in soils: A column experiment, Biogeosciences, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6457-2020, 2020.</p> <p>All parameters and variables are described in "Var_names" files.</p>
Flume Erosion Testing Data of Root-Permeated and Organic Matter Amended Soil Samples Using Three Streambank Boundary Conditions.
The data published here is expected to accompany one publicly available dissertation (Chapter 6 of dissertation) and one separate journal publication. Once published and available online, the metadata will be updated with the relevant article information. The journal article/dissertation will have additional information regarding the published datasets and the methods used to collect the data. All data collected from these studies, and the accompanying Acoustic Doppler Profiler MATLAB files, are presented here. Journal Article title: Artificial Roots and Soil Microorganisms Increase Soil Resistance to Fluvial Erosion
Field Evidence of Carbon and Nitrogen Stabilization through Mineral Associated Organic Matter Formation in Coastal Wetland Soils from Apalachicola, Florida, collected in June, 2022.
This data set was used to observe the role of Mineral Associated Organic Matter Formation (MAOM) on biogeochemical soil properties in three coastal wetlands in Apalachicola, Florida. One wetland was restored using beneficial dredged sediment, increasing the soil's inorganic matter content. Soil samples were collected in June 2022 from this wetland and two nearby reference wetlands: one with high organic matter and the other with higher inorganic matter content. The samples were analyzed at the University of Central Florida for biogeochemical properties to determine which properties were most related to MAOM pools.
Soil respiration rates, biogeochemical pools, and mineral-associated organic matter from high organic matter and high mineral content coastal wetland soils in Apalachicola, Florida, 2022
This data set was used to observe how the application of dredged sediment would impact soil respirations rates, biogeochemical pools, mineral associated organic matter of coastal wetland soils from Apalachicola, Florida. To achieve this, a combination of intact core and bottle incubations were used, comparing a high organic matter coastal wetland soil to a high mineral content wetland soil which were collected in June, 2022. All laboratory analysis was conducted at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida.
Soil organic matter content sampled in and around harvester ant nests in three habitats at the Jornada Basin LTER site, 1987
This dataset contains soil organic matter content measurements from harvester ant nests and reference soils in three nesting habitats at the Jornada Basin LTER site in 1987. The purpose of this investigation was to answer three general questions: 1. How does the modification of soil properties and the ratios of resources (e.g., water-N) by ants alter species assemblages of winter annual plants at the edge of the ant nests? 2. How does the "spring cleaning", clipping, predation or herbivory by ants affect success of the winter annual plants at the edge of ant nests? 3. Are there significant differences in the floristic assemblage and belowground standing crop (root biomass) between the edge of ant nest and the surrounding unaffected soils? Five ant nests and paired (non-nest) reference soils were sampled in three study locations. This dataset contains percent (%) organic matter content measured by mass-loss on combustion in a muffle furnace. This study was completed in 1987.
Erosion Rates, Soil Core Descriptions and Organic Matter on the Virginia Coast
These data include stratigraphic, organic matter, and organic carbon analyses of sediment cores, as well as values used to calculate the time-averaged carbon erosion rate for the central 10 islands of the Virginia Barrier Island chain.
Dataset to Manuscript: Schiedung et al. (2023; SBB) Enhanced loss but limited mobility of pyrogenic and organic matter in continuous permafrost-affected forest soils.
<p>Dataset to Schiedung et al. (2023; SBB) Enhanced loss but limited mobility of pyrogenic and organic matter in continuous permafrost-affected forest soils.</p> <p>All published data is provided in the files "<strong>dd_</strong>". This includes:</p> <ul> <li>dd_cores: All data of soil cores and with depth</li> <li>dd_fractions: All data obtained from fractionation of the 0-3cm core layers</li> <li>dd_teabag: All data and mass losses of incubated teabags</li> <li>dd_temperature: All data and recorded soil temperatures</li> </ul> <p>All parameters and names are described in the corresponding file starting with "<strong>Var_names_</strong>". Details on methods and calculations are given in the manuscript and supporting information.</p> <p>NanoSIMS data is provided in the folder "<strong>dd_NanoSIMS.zip</strong>". This contains a file with descriptions of the provided tif-files "<strong>dd_NanoSIMS</strong>". Descriptions of the variables and parameters as well as further instructions are given in the file "<strong>Var_names_description_dd_NanoSIMS</strong>". Images and additional data can be requested by the corresponding author (marcusschiedung@gmail.com).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Flume Erosion Testing of Unamended and Organic Matter Amended Soil Samples Using an Acoustic Doppler Profiler, 2021
This data accompanies a publication titled "Soil Amended with Organic Matter Increases Fluvial Erosion Resistance of Cohesive Streambank Soil". Briefly, fluvial erosion testing was conducted on soil samples using an indoor flume channel. Soil samples were previously collected from the riparian zone of a river near Virginia Tech's campus in Blacksburg, VA, USA. The soil was subsequently air-dried and stored until use. Prior to erosion testing, soil samples were amended with varying amounts of organic matter (0%, 1%, and 4% OM by mass), compacted to a bulk density of 0.95 KilogramsPerCubicCentiMeters in growth containers, and allowed to mature in a greenhouse setting for 50 days prior to flume erosion testing. An Acoustic Doppler Profiler (ADP) was used to measure soil erosion and collect three-dimensional velocity data during erosion tests; raw velocity and soil depth data for each sample tested were stored in MATLAB files. Follow testing, the soil remaining from each sample was collected, stored, and analyzed for aggregate stability, soil organic matter (SOM), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Additionally, soil temperature, water temperature, and volumetric water content were also measured prior to or during erosion testing. Data collected from this study, and the accompanying ADP MATLAB files, are presented here.
Water soluble organic matter from Delmarva Bay soils
Little is known about how hydrologic processes along the terrestrial-aquatic interface in wetland dominated landscapes influence carbon dynamics, particularly regarding soil-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) transport and transformation. To understand the role of different soil horizons as potential sources of DOM to wetland systems, we measured water soluble organic matter (WSOM) in soil horizons collected from upland to wetland transects at four Delmarva Bay wetlands. The Delmarva Bays used in this study are located on property managed by The Nature Conservancy on the Delmarva Peninsula in the eastern United States. Transects ranged from 25 – 45 m in length beginning from a monitoring well in the wetland center to an upland monitoring well. Each transect had four points (Upland, Transition, Edge, and Wetland). Soils were sampled in the late winter (January 17 and March 10) and autumn (September 21 and November 1) of 2020. Soils were sampled by horizon to a depth of approximately 50 cm at each transect point. WSOM extracted in the laboratory was analyzed for WSOM concentration, reported as Water Soluble Organic Carbon (mg WSOC / g soil). WSOM absorbance and fluorescence data were used to calculate composition metrics, providing insight to organic matter sources and chemical characteristics. WSOM fluorescence excitation-emission matrices were evaluated using the 13 component Cory and McKnight (2005) PARAFAC model. Extracted leaf litter, surface water, and groundwater samples were collected in addition to soil samples for the purpose of comparing WSOM to DOM end-members along the Delmarva Bay terrestrial-aquatic continuum. Continuous water level data, averaged to a daily time-step, was collected over the 2020 water year (October 1, 2019 to September 30, 2020) in previously established wetland and upland monitoring wells. The hydrologic conditions (e.g. mean water level, number of saturation events, duration of saturation) at each transect point were characterize
Water-soluble organic matter and nutrients from stormwater control measure and urban wetland soils
Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) represents organic matter that has the potential to be readily released from soils. WSOM has been understudied in urban, engineered soils relative to natural soils. To understand the potential for organic matter and nutrient release, we extracted WSOM from the soils of stormwater control measures (SCM) and urban wetlands. In February 2022, we sampled soils from 20 SCMs and natural wetlands in the Rappahannock River watershed of the mid-Atlantic United States. The SCMs reflected a variety of design configurations including bioretention, rain gardens, wet ponds, and swales. We also sampled naturally occurring floodplain wetlands that are located in this urban watershed. Soils were sampled to a depth of approximately 40 cm. If there was standing water present in the SCMs and wetlands at the time of sampling, we also collected surface water samples. If present, grab samples of leaf litter or biomass were collected. Soil characteristics, such as pH, bulk density, soil moisture, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity were also determined for each site. WSOM was extracted from soils and biomass in the laboratory and analyzed for organic matter concentration (dissolved organic carbon) and composition (absorbance and fluorescence metrics), along with dissolved nutrient concentrations (total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, and orthophosphate). In addition to the 20 sites in the Rappahannock watershed, soils from 2 additional bioretention SCMs on the Virginia Tech campus were sampled on a monthly basis from February 2022 to February 2023 to explore temporal variability in WSOM. To characterize changes in soil hydrologic conditions during monthly SCM sampling, we applied a Thornthwaite-type monthly water balance model. Finally, we performed a simple scaling exercise to WSOM results based on SCM area, sample depth, and soil bulk density to estimate potential SCM contributions of organic matter.
Surface and SubSurface Soil Organic Matter Processing following Hurricane Harvey, Texas, USA
Coastal wetland plant identity and cover is changing, as many subtropical salt marshes dominated by low-stature herbaceous species transition to woody mangroves. How changes in dominant plant species affect carbon processing in coastal wetlands during storms is uncertain. We experimentally manipulated patch-scale (3 × 3 m) cover of black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) and saltmarsh plants (e.g., Spartina alterniflora, Batis maritima) in fringe and interior locations of ten plots (24 × 42 m) to create a gradient in mangrove cover in coastal Texas, USA. Hurricane Harvey made direct landfall over our site on 25 August 2017. To test how mangrove cover affected carbon retention after the storm, we measured litter breakdown rates (k) of A. germinans and S. alterniflora in surface soils and fast- and slow-decomposing standard litter substrates (green and red tea, respectively) in subsurface soils (15 cm depth). Soil temperatures were lower in mangrove than marsh patches, and prior microclimate measurements showed non-linear increases in air and soil temperatures with increasing mangrove cover (highest temperatures at intermediate % cover). Litter breakdown rates (k) were 2 higher in surface than in subsurface soils. Avicennia germinans litter k increased linearly in surface soils with plot-level mangrove cover, whereas slow-decomposing red tea had similar k in subsurface soils of all plots. Litter k of S. alterniflora in surface soils and fast-decomposing green tea in subsurface soils increased non-linearly with mangrove cover (highest k at intermediate % cover), explained largely by temperature. Microbial respiration rates (R) were highest in interior marsh patches for S. alterniflora litter and increased with plot-level mangrove cover, whereas R associated with A. germinans litter was similar among fringe and interior patches and highest at higher mangrove cover. Despite widespread declines in soil nutrient concentrations throughout marsh and mangrove patches in all pl
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