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8 results for “soil subsurface”
Geochemical Characterizations for Identifying Fugitive Dust Deposition and Enrichment of Surface and Subsurface Subalpine Soils from Phosphorus Mining, Eastern Ashley National Forest, Utah, 2022-2023.
Phosphorus is a non-renewable resource essential for all life. Anthropogenic alterations to the phosphorus cycle have led to widespread phosphorus pollution, and the unsustainable management of P has led to the threat of global depletion of phosphorus resources. Thus, accounting for the natural and anthropogenic flow paths of phosphorus is essential for its conservation and pollution reduction. One such source of human alteration to the phosphorus-cycle is phosphate rock mining. Mining, however, has many adverse environmental effects, including widespread fugitive dust emissions. Dust collection in the Ashley National Forest of northeastern Utah, proximate to a surface phosphorus mine, has shown phosphorus concentrations in dust more than four times that of other regional samples. Elevated phosphorus in dust near active surface mining suggests that mining emissions may alter the natural phosphorus loading of the soils in the National Forest through dust deposition; however, no research has been done to identify the abundance and range of mine-attributable phosphorus enrichment in the soils surrounding phosphate mining activities. The combined geospatial and geochemical approach of this study shows that surface soil phosphorus concentrations were found to be enriched above naturally occurring levels up to 6.5 km from mining activity (enrichment factor > 1.5), with the most significant enrichment occurring within the first 3 km (enrichment factor > 2). On average, surface phosphorus concentrations were significantly enriched by 25% within 6.5 km of phosphorus mining activity. Observed phosphorus enrichment was positively correlated with the presence of fluorapatite in the soil, which is the primary phosphorus-mineral extracted from the nearby mine. Further, bioavailable phosphorus concentrations were also higher for the soils that were enriched in phosphorus. This study shows that fugitive emissions associated with the surface mining of phosphate rock are a significan
Surface and SubSurface Soil Organic Matter Processing following Hurricane Harvey, Texas, USA
Coastal wetland plant identity and cover is changing, as many subtropical salt marshes dominated by low-stature herbaceous species transition to woody mangroves. How changes in dominant plant species affect carbon processing in coastal wetlands during storms is uncertain. We experimentally manipulated patch-scale (3 × 3 m) cover of black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) and saltmarsh plants (e.g., Spartina alterniflora, Batis maritima) in fringe and interior locations of ten plots (24 × 42 m) to create a gradient in mangrove cover in coastal Texas, USA. Hurricane Harvey made direct landfall over our site on 25 August 2017. To test how mangrove cover affected carbon retention after the storm, we measured litter breakdown rates (k) of A. germinans and S. alterniflora in surface soils and fast- and slow-decomposing standard litter substrates (green and red tea, respectively) in subsurface soils (15 cm depth). Soil temperatures were lower in mangrove than marsh patches, and prior microclimate measurements showed non-linear increases in air and soil temperatures with increasing mangrove cover (highest temperatures at intermediate % cover). Litter breakdown rates (k) were 2 higher in surface than in subsurface soils. Avicennia germinans litter k increased linearly in surface soils with plot-level mangrove cover, whereas slow-decomposing red tea had similar k in subsurface soils of all plots. Litter k of S. alterniflora in surface soils and fast-decomposing green tea in subsurface soils increased non-linearly with mangrove cover (highest k at intermediate % cover), explained largely by temperature. Microbial respiration rates (R) were highest in interior marsh patches for S. alterniflora litter and increased with plot-level mangrove cover, whereas R associated with A. germinans litter was similar among fringe and interior patches and highest at higher mangrove cover. Despite widespread declines in soil nutrient concentrations throughout marsh and mangrove patches in all pl
Data from: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from subsurface soils of agricultural ecosystems
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas and cultivated soils are the most important anthropogenic source. N2O production and consumption are known to occur at depths below the A or Ap horizon but their magnitude in situ is largely unknown. At a site in SW Michigan USA we measured N2O concentrations at different soil depths and used diffusivity models to examine the importance of depth-specific production and consumption. We also tested the influence of crop and management practices on subsurface N2O production in 1) till vs. no-till, 2) a nitrogen fertilizer gradient, and 3) perennial crops including successional vegetation. N2O concentrations below 20 cm exceeded atmospheric concentrations by up to 900 times, and profile concentrations increased markedly with depth except immediately after fertilization when production was intense in the surface horizon, and in winter, when surface emissions were blocked by ice. Diffusivity analysis showed that N2O production at depth was especially important in annual crops, accounting for over 50% of total N2O production when crops were fertilized at recommended rates. At nitrogen fertilizer rates exceeding crop need, subsurface N2O production contributed 25-35% of total surface emissions. Dry conditions deepened the maximum depth of N2O production. Tillage did not. In systems with perennial vegetation, subsurface N2O production contributed <20% to total surface emissions. Results suggest that the fraction of total N2O produced in subsurface horizons can be substantial in annual crops, is low under perennial vegetation, appears to be largely controlled by subsurface nitrogen and moisture, and is insensitive to tillage.
Data from: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from subsurface soils of agricultural ecosystems
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Data from: Surface and subsurface phosphorus discharge from a clay soil in a 9-year study comparing no-till and plowing
No-till as a water protection measure is highly efficient in controlling erosion and particulate phosphorus (PP) loss, but tends to increase dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations in runoff water. In a 9-year field study on a clay soil in SW Finland, the effects of no-till and autumn plowing on surface runoff and subsurface drainage water quality were compared. The site had 2% slope and was under spring cereal cropping, with approximately replacement fertilizer P rates. Vertical stratification of soil test P that had developed during a preceding 6-year grass ley was undone by plowing, but continued to develop under no-till. During the 9-yr study period, no-till soil had 27% lower cumulative total P losses than plowed soil (10.0 vs. 13.7 kg TP ha-1). Concentrations and losses of PP were clearly lower under no-till than plowing (5.6 vs. 12.3 kg PP ha-1), but DRP loss showed the opposite trend (4.3 vs. 1.4 kg DRP ha-1). There was an increasing trend in subsurface drainflow DRP concentration under no-till, possibly because of development of a conductive pore structure from soil surface to drain depth. The potential benefit of no-till in water protection depends on how much of the PP transported to water is transformed into a bioavailable form and used by aquatic organisms. The beneficial effect of no-till in controlling P induced eutrophication at the study site would only be realized if the bioavailable share of PP exceeds 43%. Otherwise no-till would not be an efficient eutrophication control measure at this site.
Improving soil aquifer treatment efficiency using air injection into the subsurface - Data set
<p>Data set for the research article "Improving soil aquifer treatment efficiency using air injection into the subsurface"</p>
Data from: Surface and subsurface phosphorus discharge from a clay soil in a 9-year study comparing no-till and plowing
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A soil moisture-dependent model to simulate water table depth and proportions of surface and subsurface runoff and its validation at basin scale
<p>The data is the simulations of the SMD-model, Sy-mdoel, adn Noah-MP in three basins in China and the USA. The vaiables are monthly water table depth, soil moisture, subsurface and total runoff. </p>
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