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16 results for “speciation continuum”
Data from: Can the genomics of ecological speciation be predicted across the divergence continuum from host races to species? A case study in Rhagoletis
<p>Studies assessing the predictability of evolution typically focus on short-term adaptation within populations or the repeatability of change among lineages. A missing consideration in speciation research is to determine whether natural selection predictably transforms standing genetic variation within populations into differences between species. Here, we test whether host-related selection on diapause timing anticipates genome-wide differentiation during ecological speciation by comparing ancestral hawthorn and newly formed apple-infesting host races of <i>Rhagoletis pomonella </i>to their sibling species <i>R. mendax</i> that attacks blueberries. The responses of 57,857 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a diapause study on the hawthorn race strongly predicted the direction and magnitude of genomic divergence among the three flies at a field site in Fennville, Michigan, USA. As anticipated, the apple race and <i>R. mendax</i> show parallel changes in the frequencies of putative inversions on three chromosomes associated with the earlier fruiting times of apples and blueberries compared to hawthorns. A diapause experiment on <i>R. mendax</i> revealed compensatory mutations throughout the genome accounting for the earlier eclosion of blueberry, but not apple flies. Thus, a degree of predictability, although not complete, exists in the genomics of diapause across the ecological speciation continuum in <i>Rhagoletis</i>. The generality of this result is placed in the context of other similar systems.</p>
Data from: Understanding species boundaries that arise from complex histories: Gene flow across the speciation continuum in the spotted whiptail lizards
<p>Gene flow between diverging lineages challenges the resolution of species boundaries and the understanding of evolutionary history in recent radiations. Here, we integrate phylogenetic and coalescent tools to resolve reticulate patterns of diversification and use a perspective focused on evolutionary mechanisms to distinguish interspecific and intraspecific taxonomic variation. We use this approach to resolve the systematics for one of the most intensively studied but difficult to understand groups of reptiles: the spotted whiptail lizards of the genus <em>Aspidoscelis </em>(<em>A. gularis </em>complex). Whiptails contain the largest number of unisexual species known within any vertebrate group and the spotted whiptail complex has played a key role in the generation of this diversity through hybrid speciation. Understanding lineage boundaries and the evolutionary history of divergence and reticulation within this group is therefore key to understanding the generation of unisexual diversity in whiptails. Despite this importance, long-standing confusion about their systematics has impeded understanding of which gonochoristic species have contributed to the formation of unisexual lineages. Using reduced representation genomic data, we resolve patterns of divergence and gene flow within the spotted whiptails and clarify patterns of hybrid speciation. We find evidence that biogeographically structured ecological and environmental variation has been important in morphological and genetic diversification, as well as the maintenance of species boundaries in this system. Our study elucidates how gene flow among lineages and the continuous nature of speciation can bias the practice of species delimitation and lead taxonomists operating under different frameworks to different conclusions (here we propose that a two species arrangement best reflects our current understanding). In doing so, this study provides conceptual and methodological insights into approaches to resolving diversification patterns and species boundaries in rapid radiations with complex histories, as well as long-standing taxonomic challenges in the field of systematic biology.</p>
Data from: Can the genomics of ecological speciation be predicted across the divergence continuum from host races to species? A case study in Rhagoletis
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Data from: Understanding species boundaries that arise from complex histories: Gene flow across the speciation continuum in the spotted whiptail lizards
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Data from: Repeatable genomic outcomes along the speciation continuum: Insights from pine hybrid zones (genus Pinus)
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Parallel evolution of phenological isolation across the speciation continuum in serpentine-adapted annual wildflowers
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Data from: Along the speciation continuum: quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic isolating barriers across five million years of evolutionary divergence in California jewelflowers
Understanding the relative roles of intrinsic and extrinsic reproductive barriers, and their interplay within the geographic context of diverging taxa, remains an outstanding challenge in the study of speciation. We conducted a comparative analysis of reproductive isolation in California Jewelflowers (Streptanthus, s.l., Brassicaceae) by quantifying potential barriers to gene flow at multiple life history stages in 39 species pairs spanning five million years of evolutionary divergence. We quantified nine potential pre- and postzygotic barriers and explored patterns of reproductive isolation in relation to genetic distance. Intrinsic postzygotic isolation was initially weak, increased at intermediate genetic distances, and reached a threshold characterized by complete genetic incompatibility. Climatic niche differences were strong at shallow genetic distances, and species pairs with overlapping ranges showed slight but appreciable phenological isolation, highlighting the potential for ecological barriers to contribute to speciation. Geographic analyses suggest that speciation is not regionally allopatric in the California Jewelflowers, as recently diverged taxa occur in relatively close proximity and display substantial range overlap. Young pairs are characterized by incomplete intrinsic postzygotic isolation, suggesting that extrinsic barriers or fine-scale spatial segregation are more important early in the divergence process than genetic incompatibilities.
Data from: Mimetic divergence and the speciation continuum in the mimic poison frog Ranitomeya imitator
While divergent ecological adaptation can drive speciation, understanding the factors that facilitate or constrain this process remains a major goal in speciation research. Here, we study two mimetic transition zones in the poison frog Ranitomeya imitator, a species that has undergone a Müllerian mimetic radiation to establish four morphs in Peru. We find that mimetic morphs are strongly phenotypically differentiated, producing geographic clines with varying widths. However, distinct morphs show little neutral genetic divergence, and landscape genetic analyses implicate isolation-by-distance as the primary determinant of among-population genetic differentiation. Mate choice experiments suggest random mating at the transition zones, although certain allopatric populations show a preference for their own morph. We present evidence that this preference may be mediated by color-pattern specifically. These results contrast with an earlier study of a third transition zone, in which a mimetic shift was associated with reproductive isolation. Overall, our results suggest that the three known mimetic transition zones in R. imitator reflect a speciation continuum, which we have characterized at the geographic, phenotypic, behavioral, and genetic level. We discuss possible explanations for variable progress toward speciation, suggesting that multifarious selection on both mimetic color-pattern and body size may be responsible for generating reproductive isolation.
The genealogical divergence index across a speciation continuum in Hercules beetles
<p>The genealogical divergence index (<i>gdi</i>) was developed to aid in molecular species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent model, which has been shown to delimit genetic structures but not necessarily species. Although previous studies used meta-analyses to show that <i>gdi </i>can be informative for distinguishing taxonomically good species, the biological and evolutionary implications of divergences showing different <i>gdi</i> values have yet to be studied. I showed that an increase in the calculated <i>gdi</i> value was correlated with later stages of divergence further along a speciation continuum in an Amazonian Hercules beetle system. Specifically, a <i>gdi </i>value of 0.7 or higher was associated with divergences between biological species that can coexist in geographic proximity while maintaining their evolutionary independence. Divergences between allopatric species that could conventionally be treated as subspecific differences, such as geographic taxa that may or may not be morphologically divergent and whose reproductive isolation is likely incomplete, had <i>gdi</i> values that fell within the species delimitation ambiguous zone (0.2 < <i>gdi </i>< 0.7). Although exceptions did exist, different <i>gdi</i> values may prove to be biologically and evolutionarily informative should additional speciation continuums from different empirical systems be investigated, and the results obtained herein can help with objectively delimiting species in the era of integrative taxonomy.</p>
Data from: Divergence with gene flow across a speciation continuum of Heliconius butterflies
Background: A key to understanding the origins of species is determining the evolutionary processes that drive the patterns of genomic divergence during speciation. New genomic technologies enable the study of high-resolution genomic patterns of divergence across natural speciation continua, where taxa pairs with different levels of reproductive isolation can be used as proxies for different stages of speciation. Empirical studies of these speciation continua can provide valuable insights into how genomes diverge during speciation. Methods: We examine variation across a handful of genomic regions in parapatric and allopatric populations of Heliconius butterflies with varying levels of reproductive isolation. Genome sequences were mapped to 2.2-Mb of the H. erato genome, including 1-Mb across the red color pattern locus and multiple regions unlinked to color pattern variation. Results: Phylogenetic analyses reveal a speciation continuum of pairs of hybridizing races and incipient species in the Heliconius erato clade. Comparisons of hybridizing pairs of divergently colored races and incipient species reveal that genomic divergence increases with ecological and reproductive isolation, not only across the locus responsible for adaptive variation in red wing coloration, but also at genomic regions unlinked to color pattern. Discussion: We observe high levels of divergence between the incipient species H. erato and H. himera, suggesting that divergence may accumulate early in the speciation process. Comparisons of genomic divergence between the incipient species and allopatric races suggest that limited gene flow cannot account for the observed high levels of divergence between the incipient species. Conclusions: Our results provide a reconstruction of the speciation continuum across the H. erato clade and provide insights into the processes that drive genomic divergence during speciation, establishing the H. erato clade as a powerful framework for the study of speciation.
Data from: Along the speciation continuum: quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic isolating barriers across five million years of evolutionary divergence in California jewelflowers
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Data from: Divergence with gene flow across a speciation continuum of Heliconius butterflies
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Data from: Mimetic divergence and the speciation continuum in the mimic poison frog Ranitomeya imitator
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The genealogical divergence index across a speciation continuum in Hercules beetles
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Data from: Diversifying selection drives parallel evolution of gill raker number and body size along the speciation continuum of European whitefish
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Data from: Genetic divergence along the speciation continuum: the transition from host race to species in Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritdae)
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