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Microsatellite genotypes for «Genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure support the specialist‑generalist variation hypothesis in two sympatric woodpecker species»
<p>Species are often arranged along a continuum from “specialists” to “generalists”. Specialists typically use fewer resources, occur in more patchily distributed habitats and have overall smaller population sizes than generalists. Accordingly, the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH) proposes that populations of habitat specialists have lower genetic diversity and are genetically more differentiated due to reduced gene flow compared to populations of generalists. Here, expectations of the SGVH were tested by examining genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure and contemporary gene flow in two sympatric woodpecker species differing in habitat specialization. Compared to the generalist great spotted woodpecker (<em>Dendrocopos major</em>), lower genetic diversity was found in the specialist middle spotted woodpecker (<em>Dendrocoptes medius</em>). Evidence for recent bottlenecks was revealed in some populations of the middle spotted woodpecker, but in none of the great spotted woodpecker. Substantial spatial genetic structure and a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances were found in the middle spotted woodpecker, but only weak spatial genetic structure and no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances in the great spotted woodpecker. Finally, estimated levels of contemporary gene flow did not differ between the two species. Results are consistent with all but one expectations of the SGVH. This study adds to the relatively few investigations addressing the SGVH in terrestrial vertebrates.</p>
Fig. 1 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis
Fig. 1. Copulation of Corizus hyoscyami (male) and Rhopalus parumpunctatus (female), Novgorod Province. Photograph by E.Yu. Kirtsideli.
Fig. 12 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis
Fig. 12. Female internal ectodermal genitalia in Corizus hyoscyami. b.g.c, basal part of gynatrial cone; a.g.c, apical part of gynatrial cone; l.p.g, lateral pouches of gynatrial sac. The basal part of gynatrial cone is shown in more or less dorso-ventral plane. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.
Fig. 6 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis
Fig. 6. Completely inflated aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus. Dry preparation in dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.14 mm
Figs 10, 11 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis
Figs 10, 11. Female terminalia in Rhopalus parumpunctatus. 10, external terminalia, ventral view; 11, internal ectodermal genitalia, dorsal view. b.g.c, basal part of gynatrial cone; a.g.c, apical part of gynatrial cone; gon, gonangulum; gp.I, gonapophysis I; f.d.w, fold on dorsal wall of basal part of gynatrial cone; gp.II, gonapophysis II; gx.VIII, gonocoxite VIII; gx.IX, gonocoxite IX; l.p.g, lateral pouches of gynatrial sac; lt.VIII, laterotergite VIII; lt.IX, laterotergite IX; prg, proctiger; sp.d, spermathecal duct. At fig. 10, the genital plates are shown somewhat driven apart and the inner margins of laterotergites IX are shown slightly turned ventrally; at fig. 11, the basal part of gynatrial cone is shown in more or less dorso-ventral plane. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.
Figs 4, 5 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis
Figs 4, 5. Aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus in intermediate stages of inflation.4, earlier stage of inflation; 5, somewhat later stage of inflation. Wet preparations in dorsal view. b.p.v., basal part of vesica; h.bd, hyaline band. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.
Figs 2, 3 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis
Figs 2, 3. Aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus. 2, at rest; 3, at very beginning of inflation. Wet preparations in dorsal view. a.p.v, apical part of vesica; ar.s, articular sclerite; d-l.l, dorso-lateral lobes of conjunctiva; ej.r, ejaculatory reservoir; l.l.v, left lobe of basal part of vesica; r.l.v, right lobe of basal part of vesica; s.gp, secondary gonopore. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.
Fig. 17. Phylogenetic hypothesis using nuclear gene sequences TMO-4C4 and 18S in A New Genus and Species of Pygmy Pipehorse from Taitokerau Northland, Aotearoa New Zealand, with a Redescription of Acentronura Kaup, 1853 and Idiotropiscis Whitley, 1947 (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)
Fig. 17. Phylogenetic hypothesis using nuclear gene sequences TMO-4C4 and 18S retrieved with Maximum Likelihood (ML), Maximum Parsimony (MP), and Bayesian Inference (MrBayes), representing 17 species from clade 6 from the analysis of Hamilton et al. (2017) and the new taxon. Tree rooted with the southern Australian trunk-brooder pipefish Heraldia nocturna. Nodal support at the generic level is shown in ML/MP/MrBayes order. See Data Accessibility for tree file.
Fig. 3. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 3. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n. sp. from intestine of turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb. Dorsal view of ovarian complex. Mehlis' gland cells and eggs are omitted. Abbreviations: anterior testis, at; Laurer's canal, Lc; ovary, ov; oviduct, od; ootype, oo; posterior testis, pt; proximal uterus, pu; seminal receptacle, sr; vitelline follicle, vf; vitelline reservoir, vr.
Fig. 6 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 6. Ventral view of Heterorchis cf. crumenifer from the intestine of the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen). Abbreviations: caecum, c; cirrus, ci; cirrus sac, cs; dorsal opening to excretory bladder, do; distal portion of seminal vesicle, ds; distal uterus, du; excretory bladder, eb; excretory duct, ed; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; left testis, lt; metraterm, m; ootype, oo; ovary, ov; pars prostatica, pp; proximal portion of seminal vesicle, ps; proximal uterus, pu; right testis, rt; seminal receptacle, sr; vitelline follicle, vf; vitelline reservoir, vr.
Fig. 7 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 7. Dorsal view of excretory system of Heterorchis cf. crumenifer from intestine of the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen). Abbreviations: cd; collection ducts, ep; excretory pore, ms; main stem of excretory bladder, ob; oval or elongated bladders, os; oral sucker, vs; ventral sucker.
Fig. 8 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 8. Estimated phylogeny inferred from Bayesian analysis of aligned fragments of the lsrDNA sequences from 40 species of digeneans comprising the ingroup plus one outgroup taxon (Lissorchis kritskyi). Species names are followed by the GenBank accession number for the sequence. New sequences represented by the three studied species are in bold. Posterior probabilities are reported on branches. Scale bar indicates a 5% nucleotide difference.
Fig. 5. Masenia baroensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 5. Masenia baroensis n. sp. from the intestine of the globe fish, Tetraodon lineatus L. Anterior portion from a specimen having the ovary on the right side of the body. Abbreviations: aboral row of circumoral spines, ar; cirrus, ci; cirrus sac, cs; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; metraterm, m; oral row of circumoral spines, or; oral sucker, os.
Fig. 2. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 2. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n. sp. from intestine of turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb. Dorsal view of anterior end. Note the caeca are surrounded by the vitelline follicles and the terminal genitalia run ventral relative to caeca. This specimen has the ovary on the left side of body. Abbreviations: caecum, c; cirrus, ci; distal portion of seminal vesicle, ds; distal uterus, du; egg, e; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; prostatic bulb, pb; proximal portion of seminal vesicle, ps.
Fig. 4. Masenia baroensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 4. Masenia baroensis n. sp. from the intestine of the globe fish, Tetraodon lineatus L. Ventral view of holotype. Abbreviations: anterior testis, at; caeca, c; cirrus, ci; cirrus sac, cs; excretory bladder, eb; distal portion of seminal vesicle, ds; excretory pore, ep; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; metraterm, m; ovary, ov; pars prostatica, pp; proximal portion of seminal vesicle, ps; posterior testis, pt; uterus (drawn with eggs omitted), u; vitelline follicle, vf.
Fig. 1. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids
Fig. 1. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n. sp. from intestine of turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb. Ventral view of holotype. Eggs are omitted from uterus and outline of uterus does not show extensive coiling. Abbreviations: caecum, c; cirrus sac, cs; excretory bladder, eb.
Fig. 3. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus doliiformis Wolburg, 1938a in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode
Fig. 3. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus doliiformis Wolburg, 1938a (for 1937) from the Selscheid Formation of Ohle, Sauerland (Wolburg 1938a: 230). A. Casts of nearly complete specimen. Specimen attached to a brachiopod valve (right arrow) (A1), showing the characteristic triangular connection between mesi− and dististele (left arrow) and slightly compressed mesistele (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 17: 1); detail view of the attachment disc (arrow) (A2), encrusting the brachiopod (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 18: 8); detail view of the triangular connection between mesi− and dististele (arrow) (A3) (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 17: 6a); detail view of the coiled, slightly compressed mesistele (A4) (from Wolburg 1938a: pl. 17: 4). B. Former assumed reconstruction of life mode, figured with a crown that protrudes toward the lateral−exterior (arrow) (from Wolburg 1938a: 240, fig. 5). C. Former assumed reconstruction of the crown (1938a: 233, fig. 4). Not to scale.
Fig. 9. Lecanocrinid Ammonicrinus species. A–J. Ammonicrinus wanneri Springer, 1926. A–I in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode
Fig. 9. Lecanocrinid Ammonicrinus species. A–J. Ammonicrinus wanneri Springer, 1926. A–I. From the Eifel (locality 3, Appendix 1), Germany, Lower Givetian (Middle Devonian). J. From the Eifel (locality 7, Appendix 1), Germany, Lower Givetian (Middle Devonian). A. Lateral view of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2133) with coiled mesistele. B. Lateral view, respectively view of external columnal flanks of the coiled mesistele of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2134) with one preserved, postulated cup ossicle (arrow). C. View of external columnal flanks of the mesistele of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2135). D. Lateral view, respectively view of external columnal flanks of the coiled mesistele of a partly preserved specimen (GIK−2136), +
Fig. 10. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus sulcatus from locality 1 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode
Fig. 10. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus sulcatus from locality 1 (A–G, I–Q) and 2 (H) (see Appendix 1). A–D. Facet views of GIK−2104–2107, showing nodular tubercles and spine−tubercles on exterior flanks of the columnals of the mesistele. E. Facet view (E1) and view of the exterior flank of a specimen (E2) (GIK−2108), showing tubercles and spine−tubercles on exterior flank of the columnal of the mesistele. F. Facet view of a specimen (GIK−2109), showing tubercles and spine−tubercles on exterior flank of the columnal of the mesistele. G. Facet view of a strongly sculptured columnal (GIK−2110) of the distal−most mesistele, showing connection to the dististele. H. Facet view of a columnal of the distal−most mesistele (GIK−2111), showing long LCEE and connection to the dististele. I. Facet view of a columnal of the distal−most mesistele (GIK−2112), showing relatively long LCEE and connection to the dististele. J. Interior view of a distal−most, barrel−like columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2113) with LCEE. K. Interior view of a distal−most, barrel−like columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2114), with partly preserved LCEE. L. Facet view of a juvenile distal columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2115) with nodular tubercles on exterior flank and on LCEE. M–N. Juvenile columnals of the proximal mesistele in facet views, showing well developed nodes on exterior flanks. M. GIK−2116. N. GIK−2117. O. Facet view of a juvenile distal columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2118) with nodular tubercles on exterior flank and on LCEE. P. Lateral view (P1) and view of the exterior flank (P2) of the partly preserved mesistele (GIK−2119); the specimen shows nodular tubercles, spine−tubercles and a few partly preserved spines (arrow). Q. Facet view (Q1) and lateral view (Q2) of a cracked, coiled mesistele (GIK−2120), showing several tuberculated and concave ossicles of the cup (arrows). Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic hypothesis for Lyropaeus Waterhouse, 1878 in Molecular phylogeny and classification of Lyropaeini (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of larvae and new species of Lyropaeus
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic hypothesis for Lyropaeus Waterhouse, 1878 based on a maximum likelihood analysis of five fragments 18S and 28S rDNA, cox1, nad5 and rrnl mtDNA. Numbers at the branches are Bayesian frequencies and likelihood and parsimony bootstrap values.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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