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146 results for “species loss”
Consequences of non-random tree species loss on litter mass loss, nutrient dynamics, carbon cycling, and decomposer communities across a terrestrial-aquatic interface at Coweeta Hydrologic Lab, Otto, NC
Although litter decomposition is a fundamental ecological process, most of our understanding comes from studies of single-species decay. Recently, litter-mixing studies have tested whether monoculture data can be applied to mixed-litter systems. These studies have mainly attempted to detect non-additive effects of litter mixing, which address potential consequences of random species loss. The focus is not on which species are lost, but the decline in diversity per se. Under global change, species loss is likely to be non-random, with some species more vulnerable to extinction than others. Under such scenarios, the effects of individual species (additivity) as well as of species interactions (non-additivity) on decomposition rates are of interest. To examine potential impacts of non-random species loss on ecosystems, we studied additive and non-additive effects of litter mixing on decomposition. A full-factorial litterbag experiment was conducted using four deciduous leaf species, from which mass loss and nitrogen content were measured. Data were analysed using a statistical approach that first looks for additive identity effects based on the presence or absence of species and then significant species interactions occurring beyond those. It partitions non-additive effects into those caused by richness and or composition.
"Agricultural trade and its impacts on cropland use and the global loss of species habitat." - Supplementary data
<p>This dataset and code is part of the following publication:<br> Schwarzmueller, F. & Kastner, T (2022), Agricultural trade and its impact on cropland use<br> and the global loss of species' habitats. Sustainability Science, doi: 10.1007/s11625-022-01138-7<br> </p> <p>There are three zip-folders accompanying this publication:</p> <p>Code.zip contains all the R-Scripts and input files neccessary for the calculation that were written by the authors.</p> <p>Data.zip contains the FAO-input data (as dowloaded in 2021). This exact data is not available anymore from the FAOSTAT website, which is why we included it in this repository.</p> <p>TradeMatrixFeed_import_dry_matter_1986-2013.zip contains the results from the calculation as shown in the paper.</p>
Unbalanced species losses and gains lead to non-linear trajectories as grasslands become forests
<p>Datasets for the article "Unbalanced species losses and gains lead to non-linear trajectories as grasslands become forests" in Journal of Vegetation Science. Plot data contains information on grassland sites in the archipelago, including how long they have been abandoned for and the surrounding landscape composition. Species occurrence matrix contains data on the plant communities found in vegetation sampling plots at respective sites.</p>
Tree species identity, diameter and qualitative canopy health measurements (full, partial or dead) from 2005 to 2023 on 12 experimental oak loss plots in Black Rock Forest, NY.
Black Rock Forest established a series of 12, 0.56 ha plots in 2005 to assess impacts of the loss of tree in the genus Quercus on the forest ecosystem (entitled the Future of Oak Forests experiment). Three trunk girdling treatments, with control plots were instituted in 2008. Each plot also contained an ~10m by ~15m deer exclosure to assess the impact of herbivory post-disturbance. Trees were measured twice per year from 2008 to 2013 (except 2009 when trees were measured once) and once per year from 2014 to 2023. Data include tree species identity, diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy health (a qualitative assessment of approximate cover as full, partial or dead), presence/absence of sprouts, and location within the plot. All live trees equal to or larger than 2.5 cm DBH are included in the dataset.
Stable motifs delay species loss in simulated food webs
<p>Some three-species motifs (unique patterns of interactions between three species) are both more stable when modelled in isolation and over-represented in empirical food webs. This suggests that these motifs may reduce extinction risk for species participating in them, ultimately stabilizing the food web as a whole. We test whether a species' time to extinction following a perturbation is related to its participation in stable and unstable motifs and assess how motif roles covary with a species' degree or trophic level. We found that species' motif roles are related to their times to extinction following a disturbance. Specifically, having a larger proportion of the motif role made up by the omnivory motif was associated with longer times to extinction, even though the omnivory motif is less stable than the others in when modelled in isolation. While motif roles were associated with extinction risk, they also varied strongly with degree and trophic level. This means that these simpler measures of a species' role may be sufficient to roughly predict which species are most vulnerable to disturbance (though motif roles can be used to refine these predictions), but that studies of species' motif participation can also reasonably comment on vulnerability to extinction. Previous research showed that certain motifs appear more frequently in stable webs; we show that this is at least in part because participating in these motifs provides protection from extinction.</p>
Water depth influences survival and predator-specific patterns of nest loss in three secretive marsh bird species
<p>Wetlands have become increasingly rare in the United States, negatively influencing wetland-dependent birds, and many remaining wetlands are intensively managed through seasonal dewatering mimicking historic flood pulses during spring and summer. However, water around nests may provide protection from terrestrial predators, and lowering water levels during the breeding season of wetland birds may increase predation risk and exacerbate marsh bird population declines. Understanding interactions between water depth, nesting marsh birds, and nest predators is critical to aid managers in developing a multi-species management approach in emergent wetlands. During the 2020 and 2021 breeding seasons, we examined nest survival of 148 marsh bird nests (American Coot, <em>Fulica americana</em>, <em>n</em> = 1; Common Gallinule, <em>Gallinula galeata</em>, <em>n</em> = 64; and Least Bittern; <em>Ixobrychus exilis</em>, <em>n</em> = 83) and installed cameras at 78 nests to identify predators at a large, restored floodplain wetland in Illinois where the primary management technique is seasonal water removal to stimulate germination of moist soil plants. We found nest predation of, and abandonment by, Least Bittern and Common Gallinule were related to shallower water, and early season, high volume dewatering. Least Bitterns nested more commonly along wetland edges and nests farther from the shore were more likely to survive. Similarly, we found mammalian depredation of nests and nest abandonment decreased when deeper water was present around nests. Alternatively, snake predation was observed earlier in the year prior to water removal from inundated emergent vegetation. Our results demonstrate water depth may be an important deterrent of nest predators, especially mammals, during the breeding season. Further, we recommend managers delay dewatering until after the nesting season at sites where management for conservation-priority marsh birds is a focus.</p>
Monitoring demography of resurrected populations of locally extinct and extant species to investigate drivers of species loss
<p>Extinctions are predicted to rise by an order of magnitude over the next century. Although contemporary documented extinctions are uncommon, local extirpations likely provide hints about global extinction risks. Comparing responses to global change of locally extinct versus extant species pairs in a phylogenetic framework could highlight why certain species are more vulnerable to extinction than others and which anthropogenic changes are most relevant to their decline. As anthropogenic changes likely interact to affect population declines, demographic studies partitioning the effects of multifactorial stressors are needed but remain rare. I examine demographic responses to nitrogen addition and deer herbivory, two major drivers of species losses in grasslands, in experimental reintroductions of fourteen locally extinct and extant confamilial native plants from Michigan prairies. Nitrogen consistently reduces survival, especially in locally extinct species, and growth of locally extinct species benefits less from nitrogen than growth of extant species. Nitrogen reduces population growth rates, largely via reductions in survival. Deer herbivory, meanwhile, had inconsistent effects on vital rates among species and did not affect population growth. Nitrogen and herbivory rarely interacted to affect vital rates. These results link community-level patterns of species loss under nitrogen addition to the population-level processes underlying those losses.</p>
Fig. 3 in Regional uniqueness of tree species composition and response to forest loss and climate change
Fig. 3 | Response of tree species to climate change across biomes. The median absolute latitude and median elevation shift among species, fraction of lost and gained species, and change in taxonomic and phylogenetic composition under climate change were computed for each forest ecoregion. The boxplots show statistics for n = 239 ecoregions for Tropical Moist Broadleaf Forests, n = 14 ecoregions for Tropical Coniferous Forests, n = 55 ecoregions for Tropical Dry Broadleaf Forests, n = 26 ecoregions for Boreal Forests, n = 91 ecoregions for Temperate Broadleaf Forests, n = 49 ecoregions for Temperate Conifer Forests and n = 61 ecoregions for Mediterranean Forests. The center line of the boxplots shows the median, the box limits the quartiles, the whiskers 1.5 times the interquartile range, and the points the outliers.Changes are computed between predicted distributions with climate variables for 1981-2010 and climate projections for 2071-2100 under climate change scenario SSP 5.85. Changes in composition are computed as the Euclidean distance between scaled NMDS and evoPCA values computed at the ecoregion level. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Fig. 2 in Regional uniqueness of tree species composition and response to forest loss and climate change
Fig. 2 | Species occupancy range distribution and loss. a Distributions of species occupancy range sizes globally (gray) and constrained to forests (at least 10% tree cover, color) for species in each forest biome. b Boxplot of relative range reduction across species in each forest biome with the center line showing the median, the box limits the quartiles, the whiskers 1.5 times the interquartile range, and the points the outliers. The distributions and boxplots are computed for n = 6810 species for Tropical Moist Broadleaf Forests, n = 588 species for Tropical Coniferous Forests, n = 1101 species for Tropical Dry Broadleaf Forests, n = 54 species for Boreal Forests, n = 1744 species for Temperate Broadleaf Forests, n = 178 species for Temperate Conifer Forests and n = 580 species for Mediterranean Forests. c Global map of median species range size constrained to forests, created with QGIS110. The gray base map corresponds to all areas for which model predictors were available. d Plot of species' median latitude against range size constrained to forests, colored by point density, where red indicates the highest density. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Fig. 1 in Regional uniqueness of tree species composition and response to forest loss and climate change
Fig. 1 | Gradients in taxonomic and phylogenetic composition show a near- a, c. Scatter plot of taxonomic and phylogenetic ordinations in environmental unique biodiversity signature of every single location on the planet. Taxonomic space, a 2-dimensional space made up of the 2 first axes of a PCA of the environcomposition is represented by a 3-axis non-metric dimensional scaling (NMDS) and mental variables used for species distribution modeling: mean annual temperature phylogenetic beta-diversity is represented by the 3 first axes of a phylogenetic (MAT), temperature seasonality (T season), annual precipitation (Annual P), preordination (evoPCA). Both the taxonomic and phylogenetic ordinations are com- cipitation seasonality (P season), growing season length (GSL), net primary proputed on the global community matrix derived from the modeled distributions of ductivity (NPP),silt content (Silt),coarse fragments (CF),and soil pH (pH).b, d. Map n = 10,590 tree species sampled at a resolution of 100 km, resulting in n = 12,548 of taxonomic and phylogenetic ordinations in geographical space. Source data are sites. The 3 axes of each ordination are mapped to red, green, and blue with provided as a Source Data file. The maps were created with QGIS110 and the gray minimum and maximum values corresponding to the 10th and 90th percentiles. base map corresponds to all areas for which model predictors were available.
Figure 2 in Oxygen consumption rates and respiratory carbon losses in three species of copepods (Acartia clausi, Calanus helgolandicus and Limnocalanus macrurus) during starvation
Figure 2. Changes in Total (Ɣ, black lines), Basal (ż,blue lines) and Active (Ÿ, red lines) respiration in the Marmara Sea copepods Acartia clausi (A) and Calanus helgolandicus (B), and the Baltic Sea Limnocalanus macrurus (C) during starvation. Low-case letters (a, b and c) are the significant variable differences from Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT), p <0.05.
Figure 1 in Oxygen consumption rates and respiratory carbon losses in three species of copepods (Acartia clausi, Calanus helgolandicus and Limnocalanus macrurus) during starvation
Figure 1. Acartia clausi (a), Limnocalanus macrurus (b) and Calanus helgolandicus (c). Arrows indicate anterior (1) and posterior (2) oil sacs of L. macrurus and oil sac of C. helgolandicus (3).
Water depth influences survival and predator-specific patterns of nest loss in three secretive marsh bird species
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Code for: A century of wild bee sampling: historical data and neural network analysis reveal ecological traits associated with species loss
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Data from: Species tree branch length estimation despite incomplete lineage sorting, duplication, and loss
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Water limitation drives species loss in grassland communities after nitrogen addition and warming
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Stable motifs delay species loss in simulated food webs
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Data from: Plant diversity loss has limited effects on belowground biomass and traits but alters community short-term root production in a species-rich grassland
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Monitoring demography of resurrected populations of locally extinct and extant species to investigate drivers of species loss
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Species loss in global grasslands: 2017-2019
These data support an examination of the effect of nutrient supply and herbivore density on species diversity. We analyzed the effects of experimental manipulations of nutrient supply (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients) and herbivore presence on species richness across a range of spatial scales (0.01 – 75 m2). Data are included from 30 sites in 10 countries which are part of the Nutrient Network (NutNet, http://www.nutnet.org) distributed experiment. Data tables are arranged by treatment: from control plots at 30 sites and from two experiments at subsets of the sites: the Multiple-nutrient experiment (21 sites) and the Consumer-nutrient experiment (16 sites). Sampling over 3 years (2017-2019). From the paper abstract (Seabloom et al, "Species Loss Due to Nutrient Addition Increases with Spatial Scale in Global Grasslands"): Effects of human-induced changes to nutrient supplies and herbivore density on species diversity vary with spatial scale, because coexistence mechanisms are scale dependent. This scale dependence may alter the shape of the species-area relationship (SAR), which can be described by changes in species richness (S) as a power function of the sample area (A): S=cAz, where c and z are constants. We analyzed the effects of experimental manipulations of nutrient supply and herbivore density on species richness across a range of scales (0.01 – 75 m2) at 30 grasslands in 10 countries. We found that nutrient addition reduced the number of species that could coexist locally, indicated by the SAR intercepts (log c), but did not affect the SAR slopes (z). As a result, proportional species loss due to nutrient enrichment was largely unchanged across sampling scales, while total species loss increased over threefold across our range of sampling scales.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.