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168 results for “species monophyly”
Fig. 3 in Miniature catfishes of the genus Gelanoglanis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): monophyly and the description of a new species from the upper rio Tapajós basin, Brazil
Fig. 3. Map of southeastern Amazon basin showing location of type locality of Gelanoglanis pan, 1 = rio Tapajós, 2 = rio Teles Pires, 3 = rio Juruena.
Fig. 2 in Miniature catfishes of the genus Gelanoglanis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): monophyly and the description of a new species from the upper rio Tapajós basin, Brazil
Fig. 2. Gonopodium and osteology of the anal fin of an adult male of Gelanoglanis pan, holotype, 24.7 mm SL, MZUSP 114669, showing fusion of the proximal radials. DR = distal radials, G = gonopodium, PR = fused proximal radials, i-iii= anterior unbranched and unsegmented anal-fin rays. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 1. Gelanoglanis pan, MZUSP 114669 in Miniature catfishes of the genus Gelanoglanis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): monophyly and the description of a new species from the upper rio Tapajós basin, Brazil
Fig. 1. Gelanoglanis pan, MZUSP 114669, holotype, male, 24.7 mm SL; Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Itaúba, rio Teles Pires, tributary to upper rio Tapajós basin; lateral views. Scale bar = 0.5 cm.
Fig. 4 in Miniature catfishes of the genus Gelanoglanis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): monophyly and the description of a new species from the upper rio Tapajós basin, Brazil
Fig. 4. Lateral view of the mandibular arch of Gelanoglanis pan, MZUSP 96032, paratype, 20.2 mm SL. AA = anguloarticular, D = dentary, PM = premaxilla, LC = subdivided autogenous laterosensory canal. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 7 in A new species of Trichogenes from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Fig. 7. Map of distribution of the species of Trichogenes: circle = T. longipinnis, triangle = T. claviger.
Fig. 6 in A new species of Trichogenes from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Fig. 6. Opercles of species of Trichogenes, lateral views, left sides. a) T. claviger, adult male, MZUSP 105732, paratype; b) T. claviger, adult female, MZUSP 105732; c) T. longipinnis, MZUSP 48108. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 9 in A new species of Trichogenes from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Fig. 9. Comparison of juvenile specimens of Trichogenes. a) T. claviger, MBML 3290, paratype, 15.9 mm SL; b) T. longipinnis, MZUSP 80933, 16.5 mm SL. Scale bar = 10 mm SL. Photos by V. Barão.
Fig. 2 in A new species of Trichogenes from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Fig. 2. Lateral views of head of species of Trichogenes. a) T. claviger, MBML 3289, holotype, 50.8 mm SL, immediately after preservation; b) T. longipinnis, MZUSP 83452, 65.2 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm. Photos by: J. L. Helmer (a), and V. Barão (b).
Fig. 1 in A new species of Trichogenes from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Fig. 1. Lateral views of species of Trichogenes. a) T. claviger, new species, MBML 3289, holotype, 50.8 mm SL; b) T. longipinnis, MZUSP 83452, 65.2 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm. Photos by V. Barão.
Fig. 1 in Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Fig. 1. Ventral view of pectoral girdle of Parotocinclus muriaensis, MNRJ 14753, c&s, 27.3 mm SL. Gray = cleithral roof of arrector fossae.
Fig. 2 in Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Fig. 2. Ventral view of pectoral girdle of Parotocinclus bidentatus, MNRJ 14217, c&s, 32.5 mm SL.
Fig. 3 in Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Fig. 3. Consensus cladogram of 153 most parsimonious hypotheses of Hypoptopomatinae relationships. See Comparative Material of a complete list of specimens representing each taxon. Numbers correspond to clades in Fig. 2. P. = Parotocinclus.
Fig. 4 in Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Fig. 4. Most parsimonious cladogram selected by successive weighting. Character-state changes optimized by accelerated transformation are as follows (unambiguous transformations are italicized). Clade 34: 9:1, 20:0, 22:1, 38:2,41:1. Clade 35: 2:1, 16:1, 33:0, 43:1. Clade 36: 21:1, 24:2, 28:1, 45:1, 47:1. Clade 37: 6:1, 10:0, 17:1, 24:1; 25:1, 27:2, 29:1, 33:2, 36:1, 42:1. Clade 38: 7:1, 13:1, 14:1, 18:0, 19:1, 20:1, 31:0, 38:1, 54:0. Clade 39: 30:3, 37:0. Clade 40: 15:0. Clade 41: 49:1. Clade 42: 54:1. Clade 43: 3:0, 15:1. Clade 44: 31:0, 56:1. Clade 45: 44:1, 52:1. Clade 46: 55:0. Clade 47: 3:0. Clade 48: 32:0, 37:0, 52:1. Clade 49: 35:1. Clade 50: 31:1, 34:1. Clade 51: 55:1, 56:0. Clade 52: 27:0, 31:0, 32:1. Clade 53: 39:2. Clade 54: 14:1. Clade 55: 8:1, 39:1. Clade 56: 12:1, 23:1, 27:2, 42:1, 49:1, 57:0. Clade 57: 50:1. Clade 58: 11:1. Clade 59: 3:1, 30:2, 53:2. Clade 60: 10:1, 31:1, 51:1, 52:2, 57:1. Clade 61: 5:1, 13:2, 18:1, 27:1, 30:1, 37:1, 53:1, 56:1.
Fig. 7. Parotocinclus muriaensis, holotype MNRJ 28528, 31.0 in Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Fig. 7. Parotocinclus muriaensis, holotype MNRJ 28528, 31.0 mm SL. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro State: rio Muriaé river (left bank tributary of rio Paraíba do Sul), near intersection of highways BR-356 and RJ-186, 20 km downstream from Itaperuna, Município de Itaperuna.
Data from: Species tree estimation using ddRADseq data from historical specimens confirms the monophyly of highly disjunct species of Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae)
Sequence data exist for only about 1/5 of plant species; therefore we are at risk of losing many branches of the tree of life even before they are placed into a molecular evolutionary context. This necessitates methods for phylogeny estimation of understudied, rare, and threatened taxa, which often forces researchers to utilize historical collections. The restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) family of reduced representation sequence generation has provided a flexible and efficient method for the rapid generation of hundreds to tens of thousands of loci, and has recently seen adoption for phylogeny estimation. However, these methods have been primarily utilized with freshly collected or well preserved tissue. Here we sample all taxa of a genus of rare flowering plants, Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae), from herbarium sheets dating up to 25 yr and use double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve intraspecific relationships. We find all species in Chloropyron to be monophyletic, with the inland taxon C. maritimum ssp. canescens sister to the rest of the coastal C. maritimum (ssp. maritimum + ssp. palustre), and the two distinct subspecies of C. molle to be each other's closest relative with strong support. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of reduced representation libraries to address phylogenomic problems in a group of rare species and address pitfalls of accurately inferring relationships when the amount of missing data is large, as is often the case when using historical specimens and rare taxa.
Data from: Species tree estimation using ddRADseq data from historical specimens confirms the monophyly of highly disjunct species of Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae)
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Data from: Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) mitogenomics: a cautionary tale of defining sub-species from mitochondrial sequence monophyly
The advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies has resulted in an increase of studies based upon complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences that revisit the taxonomic status within and among species. Spatially distinct monophyly in such mitogenomic genealogies, i.e., the sharing of a recent common ancestor among con-specific samples collected in the same region has been viewed as evidence for subspecies. Several recent studies in cetaceans have employed this criterion to suggest subsequent intraspecific taxonomic revisions. We reason that employing intra-specific, spatially distinct monophyly at non-recombining, clonally inherited genomes is an unsatisfactory criterion for defining subspecies based upon theoretical (genetic drift) and practical (sampling effort) arguments. This point was illustrated by a re-analysis of a global mitogenomic assessment of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus spp., published by Archer et al. (2013), which proposed to further subdivide the Northern Hemisphere fin whale subspecies, B. p. physalus. The proposed revision was based upon the detection of spatially distinct monophyly among North Atlantic and North Pacific fin whales in a genealogy based upon complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences. The extended analysis conducted in this study (1,676 mitochondrial control region, 162 complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences and 20 microsatellite loci genotyped in 358 samples) revealed that the apparent monophyly among North Atlantic fin whales reported by Archer et al. (2013) to be due to low sample sizes. In conclusion, defining sub-species from monophyly (i.e., the absence of para- or polyphyly) can lead to erroneous conclusions due to relatively "trivial" aspects, such as sampling. Basic population genetic processes (i.e., genetic drift and migration) also affect the time to the most recent common ancestor and hence the probability that individuals in a sample are monophyletic.
FIGURE 9. Putaoa huaping new species. Female. A in On Putaoa, a new genus of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneae) from China, with a cladistic test of its monophyly and phylogenetic placement
FIGURE 9. Putaoa huaping new species. Female. A, prosoma, anterior; B, chelicera, ectal; C, left spinnerets; D, ALS; E, PMS; F, PLS.
FIGURE 1. Putaoa huaping new species. Male from Huaping National Nature Reserve. A in On Putaoa, a new genus of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneae) from China, with a cladistic test of its monophyly and phylogenetic placement
FIGURE 1. Putaoa huaping new species. Male from Huaping National Nature Reserve. A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, anterior; D, prosoma, dorsal.
FIGURE 7. Putaoa huaping new species. Male. A in On Putaoa, a new genus of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneae) from China, with a cladistic test of its monophyly and phylogenetic placement
FIGURE 7. Putaoa huaping new species. Male. A, Prosoma, anterior; B, prosoma, dorsal; C, E, epiandrous fusules; D, eye region, anterodorsal; F, PLS with six aciniform spigots (right) and PMS with minor ampullate and two aciniform spigots (left).
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