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96 results for “species pool”
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Increased diversity of the regional species pool via seeding augments establishment of native species in experimental vacant lot restorations
The harsh geophysical template characterized by the urban environment combined with people’s choices has led ecologists to invoke environmental filtering as the main ecological phenomena explaining urban biodiversity patterns. Yet, dispersal is often overlooked as a driving factor, especially on expanding vacant land. Does overcoming dispersal limitation by seeding native species in urban environments and increasing the functional or phylogenetic diversity of the seeding pool increase native plant species diversity and abundance in urban vacant land? We took an experimental approach to learn how different dimensions of plant biodiversity within an augmented regional species pool, via seed additions, can explain variation in community structure over a 3-year period. Vacant lots were cleared and manipulated with seeding treatments of high or low phylogenetic and functional diversities from a pool of 28 native species. Establishment success, total native cover and native species richness were followed and compared to cleared, unseeded control lots as well as un-manipulated lots. Seeding increased native plant abundance and richness over uncleared plots, as well as cleared and unseeded control plots. Phylogenetically diverse seed mixtures had greater establishment success than mixtures composed of closely related species. Diversifying seed mixtures increased the likelihood of including species that are better able to establish on vacant land. However, there were no differences in varying levels of either functional or phylogenetic diversity. Augmenting the regional species pool via diverse seed mixtures can enhance native plant cover and richness under the harsh environmental conditions conferred by land abandonment.
Data from: Is a community state reachable, and why?, and Coexistence and collapse: an experimental investigation of the persistent communities of a protist species pool
<p>Deterministic models have difficulties to take into account stochasticity during community assembly. As a tool to circumvent this problem, we present a qualitative discreteevent model, where consequences of interspecific interactions are described as rules. This model provides a map of all possible future dynamics for a given system, which allows to exhaustively describe the possible pathways during an assembly process. Such a description does not rely on species traits details and is insensitive to stochastic effects. This allows to show that subsets of species are sometimes impossible to reach starting from larger sets of species, and therefore to question the reachability of community states during the system’s dynamics. Applying the model to an experimental dataset studying the collapse of protist communities, we obtain a very good theory-experiment agreement. We finally discuss what the notion of reachability can bring to community assembly.</p>
Data for "Vegetation complexity and pool size predict species richness of forest birds"
<p>This xlsx file contains data needed to replicate analyses in our article on species richness of Australian passerine birds.</p> <p>AUTHOR of data files: Vladimir Remes<br> CONTACT: vlad.remes/at/gmail,com<br> AUTHORS of the MS: V. Remes, L. Harmacková, B. Matysiokova, L. Rubacova, E. Remesova<br> DATE CREATED: 8 June 2022</p> <p>The file was saved in MS Excel for Mac 16.42.</p> <p>The file is named "data_SR_AU_passerines.xlsx" and has two sheets:<br> "data": contains the data<br> "legend": contains explanations of data columns</p> <p>The related article is:</p> <p>Remeš V, Harmáčková L, Matysioková B, Rubáčová L and Remešová E (2022) Vegetation complexity and pool size predict species richness of forest birds. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10:964180. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.964180</p>
Fig. 1 in A New Species of Flamella (Amoebozoa, Variosea, Gracilipodida) Isolated from a Freshwater Pool in Southern Mississippi, USA
Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of Flamella piscinae n. sp. A – locomotive form with trailing filaments; B – locomotive form; C – locomotive form with subpseudopodia; D – locomotive form; E – cytokinesis; F – floating form; G – floating form; H – single cyst; I – cyst enveloped within multiple walls; J – cysts sharing walls; K – cysts sharing walls in a linear conformation. Scale bar: 10 µm. All images are to scale.
Fig. 1. Ochthebius species. A – O in Differentiation of South African coastal rock pool Ochthebius is associated with major ocean currents (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
Fig. 1. Ochthebius species. A – O. capicola (Péringuey, 1892) (Yzerfontein, Western Cape Province), male habitus; B – O. mlamboi sp. nov., holotype habitus; C – O. capicola (Péringuey, 1892) (Yzerfontein, Western Cape Province), aedeagus, lateral and ventral views; D – O. mlamboi sp. nov., holotype aedeagus, lateral and ventral views. Scale bar A–B = 1 mm; C–D = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 2. Ochthebius species, showing dorsal sculpture A & C – O in Differentiation of South African coastal rock pool Ochthebius is associated with major ocean currents (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
Fig. 2. Ochthebius species, showing dorsal sculpture A & C – O. capicola (Péringuey, 1892) (Yzerfontein, Western Cape Province); B & D – O. mlamboi sp. nov. A & B – pronota; C & D – elytra. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figure 15–18 in A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica
Figure 15–18. Female genitalia of Megalographa spp. 15) M. agualaniata, Bolivia. 16) M. bonaerensis, Curitiba, 920 m, Paraná, Brazil. 17) M. biloba, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. 18) M. talamanca, Reserva los Nimbulos, 3150 m, Cerro de la Muerte, San José, Costa Rica.
Figure 1–8. Megalographa spp. 1 in A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica
Figure 1–8. Megalographa spp. 1) M. monoxyla, m, Cochabamba, Incachaca, Bolivia. 2) M. agualaniata, m, Cochabamba, Incachaca, Bolivia. 3) M. culminicola, m, Ecuador. 4) M. culminicola, f, Junin to Huanuco Hwy., Pasco, Peru, 3600 m. 5) M. bonaerensis, m, Curitiba, 920 m, Paraná, Brazil. 6) M. biloba, m, San Gerardo de Dota, Cartago, Costa Rica. 7-8) M. talamanca, m, Reserva los Nimbulos, 3150 m, Cerro de la Muerte, San José, Costa Rica.
Figure 9–14 in A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica
Figure 9–14. Male genitalia of Megalographa spp. and Lophoplusia sp. 9) M. monoxyla, Cochabamba, Incachaca, Bolivia. 10) M. agualaniata, Venezuela. 11) M. bonaerensis, Curitiba, 920 m, Paraná, Brazil. 12) M. biloba, Verdugo, California. 13) M. talamanca, Reserva los Nimbulos, 3150 m, Cerro de la Muerte, San José, Costa Rica. 14) Lophoplusia sp., Kauai, Hawaii.
Data and code from: Similar trait-based successional assembly in native and introduced plants despite species pool differences
<p>What drives the composition of invaded communities and the local abundance of introduced species are key questions in ecology. Community-assembly theory provides a useful framework for addressing these questions. Specifically, the environmental filtering model of community assembly predicts that a species' presence and abundance in a community depends on the interaction between its functional traits and the local environmental filters. However, for introduced species, larger-scale dispersal and introduction-related filters may restrict their regional trait pool. Here we tested this framework using long-term data from 50+ years of old-field vegetation succession. We asked whether native and introduced plant assemblages followed the same trait-based assembly rules. We also asked whether local functional dissimilarities between the two can be explained by regional species pool differences, a possibility that has rarely been addressed. We found strong similarities in the assembly processes of native and introduced plants. Average height and seed mass of both groups increased over time, consistent with previous studies of old-field succession. Moreover, the two showed similar trait-abundance relationships. While there were also some differences, particularly in their trait-incidence relationships, these differences appeared to be minor.Further, we identified species pool constraints on introduced species, and found that the exotic species pool was biased towards early successional traits. Lastly, we found that highly invasive exotic species were also likely to deviate from the expected trait-abundance relationship, suggesting a link between the two. These results suggest that introduced species generally follow the same assembly rules as native species. They also indicate that species pool differences can result in local functional composition differences, even when the two groups follow the same assembly rules. Moreover, there may be a link between species invasiveness and deviation from assembly rules, which, if further confirmed, provides a potential method of identifying strong invaders.</p>
Methods of species pool determination as predictors of survival in seeding and transplanting experiments
<ol> <li><span>Community composition is limited by a species' ability to reach, establish, and survive on a site. Establishment and survival are constrained by both abiotic conditions and biotic interactions that operate together on local scales. They decide which species from the pool will form the community. For this reason, it is very important to clearly define the species pool, against which the community composition is compared. </span></li> <li><span>The effect of biotic and abiotic factors can be assessed experimentally, and the species pool by using estimation methods based on broad-scale observational data. We compared success of five species pool estimation methods in predicting establishment and survival in a seed/transplant addition experiment. </span></li> <li> <span>In four different locations, we added resident and non-resident species to plots with and without competition and</span><span> tested the ability of the species to thrive in both competition-free gaps (constrained mainly by abiotic conditions) and in intact vegetation (complete community filter). In these treatments, we studied the seedling recruitment and survival, and the establishment and survival of pre-grown transplants. The ability of species pool assessment methods to predict species performance in individual treatments was compared. The comparison of results from individual treatments indicates the importance of individual components of the community filter. </span> </li> <li><span>Species pool assessment methods, based on species co-occurrence patterns (Beals index, Favourability, and Unconstrained ordination), were the best predictors of species performance in the intact vegetation but were less successful in the competition-free environment. Methods based on co-occurrence patterns were the most effective for predicting seedling establishment, while seed germination alone and transplant survival were poorly predictable. </span></li> <li><span>The biotic filter was the principal factor defining our community composition, especially for the process of seedling establishment. The roles of biotic and abiotic filters are very difficult to distinguish without an experimental approach and the ratio of their importance changes during plant ontogenesis.</span></li> </ol>
Data and code from: Similar trait-based successional assembly in native and introduced plants despite species pool differences
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Data from: Effects of frugivore species pool and seed size on the diversity and functional composition of frugivores visiting fruiting trees
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Methods of species pool determination as predictors of survival in seeding and transplanting experiments
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Data from: Contrasting effects of host identity, plant community, and local species pool on the composition and colonisation levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in a temperate grassland
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important plant symbionts, but we know little about the effects of plant taxonomic identity or functional group on the AMF community composition. To examine effects of the surrounding plant community, of host, and of the AMF pool on the AMF community in plant roots, we manipulated plant community composition in a long-term field experiment. Within four types of manipulated grassland plots, seedlings of eight grassland plant species were planted for 12 weeks, and AMF in their roots were quantified. Additionally, we characterised the AMF community of individual plots (as their AMF pool) and quantified plot abiotic conditions. The largest determinant of AMF community composition was the pool of available AMF, varying at metre scale due to changing soil conditions. The second strongest predictor was the host functional group. The differences between grasses and dicotyledonous forbs in AMF community variation and diversity were much larger than the differences among species within those groups. High cover of forbs in the surrounding plant community had a strong positive effect on AMF colonisation intensity in grass hosts. Using a manipulative field experiment enabled us to demonstrate direct causal effects of plant host and surrounding vegetation.
Data from: Exploring a Pool-seq only approach for gaining population genomic insights in non-model species
<p>Developing genomic insights is challenging in non-model species for which resources are often scarce and prohibitively costly. Here, we explore the potential of a recently established approach using Pool-seq data to generate a de novo genome assembly for mining exons, upon which Pool-seq data is used to estimate population divergence and diversity. We do this for two pairs of sympatric populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta); one naturally sympatric set of populations and another pair of populations introduced to a common environment. We validate our approach by comparing the results to those from markers previously used to describe the populations (allozymes and individual based SNPs) and from mapping the Pool-seq data to a reference genome of the closely related Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We find that genomic differentiation (FST) between the two introduced populations exceeds that of the naturally sympatric populations (FST = 0.13 and 0.03 between the introduced and the naturally sympatric populations, respectively), in concordance with estimates from the previously used SNPs. The same level of population divergence is found for the two genome assemblies but estimates of average genic diversity differ (π ≈0.002 and π ≈0.001 when mapping to S. trutta and S. salar, respectively), although the relationships between population values are largely consistent. This discrepancy might be attributed to biases when mapping to a haploid condensed assembly made of highly fragmented read data compared to using a high-quality reference assembly from a divergent species. We conclude that the Pool-seq only approach can be suitable for detecting and quantifying genome wide population differentiation, and for comparing genomic diversity in populations of non-model species where reference genomes are lacking.</p>
Data from: Depletion of heterogeneous source species pools predicts future invasion rates
Predicting how increasing rates of global trade will result in new establishments of potentially damaging invasive species is a question of critical importance to the development of national and international policies aimed at minimizing future invasions. Centuries of historical movement and establishment of invading species may have depleted the supply of species available for future invasions, and it has been suggested that the problem of invasions will diminish as a result of this. However, the extent to which source pool depletion affects future invasions remains unclear. Here we describe a mechanistic model that captures the simultaneous effects of depletion of source species pools along with increases in pathway rates (e.g. imports) to predict future numbers of new invasions. We assume that the distribution of species abundance within invasion pathways is positively skewed, which is modelled using a log-normal distribution. Given their high propagule pressure, the most abundant species are likely to invade first, while the many rare species are likely to invade only under high pathway volumes. We apply this model to the case study of bark beetle, Scolytinae, invasions in the USA. Source species pools in Europe and Asia (225 and 655 species of Scolytinae, respectively) are much larger than numbers that have historically established (16 and 32). Parameterization of the model indicates a highly skewed species abundance distribution in the pathway and this is confirmed by species frequencies in port inspection records, thus explaining why only a small fraction of species has historically invaded. Forecasts from the model indicate that with increasing rates of imports, more species from these regions are likely to invade in the future despite the depletion of the most abundant species from source species pools. Previous statistical models tend to underestimate future establishments in the presence of increasing import rates due to their failure to account for key underlying mechanisms. Policy implications. The mechanistic model developed here is widely applicable for predicting future invasions of all taxa and provides insights into how increases in rates of imports counteract the species pool depletion effect, resulting in the continued establishment of new species.
FIGURE 12 in " Microturbellarian " flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel
FIGURE 12: Castrada multispina sp. nov. A. Habitus. B. Male copulatory organ. C. Different kind of spines at the distal region of the blind sac.
FIGURE 13 in " Microturbellarian " flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel
FIGURE 13: Castrada (Castradella) biacantha sp. nov. A. Habitus. B. Male copulatory organ. C. Detail of the spines.
FIGURE 4 in " Microturbellarian " flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from freshwater pools: New species and records from Israel
FIGURE 4: Gieysztoria cuspidata (Schmidt, 1861). A. Habitus. B. Habitus lightly squashed. C. Stylet.
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