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18 results for “species pump”
Figures 44–52. Nephrotoma martynovi Alexander, 1935. 44. Hypopygium, lateral view. 45. Tergite ninth, dorsal view. 46. Hypopygium, ventral view. 47. Outer gonostylus, lateral view. 48. Inner gonostylus, lateral view. 49. Aedeagal guide, lateral view. 50. Ejaculatory apodeme, dorsal view. 51. Semen pump, lateral view. 52 in Description of a new species in the genus Nephrotoma (Diptera: Tipuloidea: Tipulidae) from China, with redescriptions of hypopygiums of six species
Figures 44–52. Nephrotoma martynovi Alexander, 1935. 44. Hypopygium, lateral view. 45. Tergite ninth, dorsal view. 46. Hypopygium, ventral view. 47. Outer gonostylus, lateral view. 48. Inner gonostylus, lateral view. 49. Aedeagal guide, lateral view. 50. Ejaculatory apodeme, dorsal view. 51. Semen pump, lateral view. 52. Aedeagus. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Evidence for niche conservatism in alpine beetles under a climate-driven species pump model
<p>Aim</p> <p>Past glacial climate cycles have generated lineage diversity in alpine habitats, acting as a climate-driven species pump. It is not clear how much this process contributes to ecological diversification of alpine species. To examine this problem, we test patterns of genetic and phenotypic divergence in two co-distributed species complexes of flightless alpine ground beetles. Greater differentiation in ecologically-important functional traits would indicate that ecological selection is an outcome of oscillating climate change, whereas greater differentiation in non-ecological traits would indicate niche conservatism.</p> <p>Location</p> <p>The Cascades Range and Trinity Mountains of western North America.</p> <p>Taxon</p> <p>Members of the <i>Nebria paradisi</i> and <i>N. vandykei</i> species complexes (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Nebriinae)</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We generated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data and mitochondrial sequence data, as well as morphological and physiological data, to compare populations spanning the range of both species. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were used to infer the relationships among taxa and populations within each species complex, as well as historical population demography. Support vector machines were used to test for classification of taxa and populations based on ecomorphological, ecophysiological, and male reproductive traits. Mantel tests were then used to assess statistical associations between phenotypic and genetic divergence among populations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <i>N. vandykei</i> and <i>N. paradisi</i> species complexes are each comprised of genetically distinctive populations exhibiting long-term demographic declines. Each phylogeny supports multiple monophyletic groups with geographical cohesion. By examining phenotypic traits among populations in both species' complexes, we show that reproductive trait divergence can discriminate species and population status more effectively than ecomorphological or ecophysiological traits. Reproductive and genetic divergence are significantly correlated in the <i>N. vandykei</i> species complex.</p> <p>Main Conclusions</p> <p>We found limited evidence of ecological selection acting on functional traits. Instead, reproductive and genetic divergence evolved among isolated populations in both species complexes, suggesting niche conservatism may be a common outcome in alpine species diversification.</p>
Data from: A low-latitude species pump: Peripheral isolation, parapatric speciation and mating-system evolution converge in a marine radiation
<p><span>Geologically recent radiation can shed light on speciation processes, but incomplete lineage sorting and introgressive gene flow render accurate evolutionary reconstruction and interpretation challenging. Independently evolving metapopulations of low-dispersal taxa may provide an additional level of phylogeographic information, given sufficiently broad sampling and genome-wide sequencing. Evolution in the marine brown algal genus </span><span>Fucus</span><span> in the south-eastern Atlantic was shaped by Quaternary climate-driven range shifts. Over this timescale, divergence and speciation occurred against a background of expansion-contraction cycles from multiple refugia, together with mating-system shifts from outcrossing (dioecy) to selfing hermaphroditism. We tested the hypothesis that peripheral isolation of range edge (dioecious) </span><span>F. vesiculosus</span><span> led to parapatric speciation and radiation of hermaphrodite lineages. Species tree methods using 876 single-copy nuclear genes and extensive geographic coverage produced conflicting topologies with respect to geographic clades of </span><span>F. vesiculosus</span><span>. All methods, however, revealed a new and early diverging hermaphrodite species, </span><span>Fucus macroguiryi</span><span> sp. Nov. Both the multispecies coalescent and polymorphism-aware models (in contrast to concatenation) support sequential paraphyly in </span><span>F. vesiculosus</span><span> resulting from distinct evolutionary processes. Our results support 1) peripheral isolation of the southern </span><span>F. vesiculosus</span><span> clade prior to parapatric speciation and radiation of hermaphrodite lineages – a "low latitude species pump". 2) Directional introgressive gene flow into </span><span>F. vesiculosus</span><span> around the present-day secondary contact zone (sympatric-allopatric boundary) between dioecious/hermaphrodite lineages as hermaphrodites expanded northwards, as supported by concordance analysis and statistical tests of introgression. Species boundaries in the extensive sympatric range are likely maintained by reproductive system (selfing in hermaphrodites) and reinforcement.</span></p>
Determination of secondary species in solution through pump-selective transient absorption spectroscopy and explicit-solvent TDDFT
<p>Explicit and implicit solvent TDDFT of alizarin and tautomers of alizarin in methanol. Transient electronic absorption spectroscopy of alizarin in methanol at different pH values. </p>
Ancient volcanos as species pumps: A case study of freshwater amphipods in Northeast Asia
<p>Volcano-tectonic processes have been viewed as primary divers in the formation of present-day diversity. Volcanos associated with mountain uplifts drives allopatric speciation through vicariance and may impact the surrounding areas like species pump or species attractor. However, the application of these hypotheses to aquatic fauna has rarely been tested explicitly. We conducted this research in the Changbai Mountains (Mts), which are one of the most typical, active volcanic ranges in Northeast (NE) Asia with a long and turbulent geological history. The <i>Gammarus nekkensis</i> species complex of amphipod crustaceans, widely distributed throughout NE Asia with poor dispersal abilities and a long evolutionary history, is a suitable model for testing these hypotheses. Phylogenetic and ancestral range reconstructions demonstrated that the studied amphipod originated from the Changbai Mts approximately 27 Ma and diverged into eastern (Clade I) and western (Clade II) clades, which corresponds well with the initial volcanic eruption of the Changbai Mts in the Late Oligocene. The subsequent diversifications of subclades CI-3, CII-1a and CII-2a were likely driven by second and third eruptions of the Changbai Mts during the Miocene. In particular, the Changbai lineages had spread to the Russian Far East multiple times since the Early Miocene, and widely colonized the region during the Pleistocene. Our discoveries suggest that the ancient volcanos of the Changbai Mts act as species pumps in NE Asia, resulted in burst of diversification around the Changbai Mts and subsequent dispersals into adjacent regions.</p>
Ancient volcanos as species pumps: A case study of freshwater amphipods in Northeast Asia
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Data from: A low-latitude species pump: Peripheral isolation, parapatric speciation and mating-system evolution converge in a marine radiation
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Evidence for niche conservatism in alpine beetles under a climate-driven species pump model
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FIGURES 13–18 in A new species and new records of Malagasy Megalopinus Eichelbaum (Coleoptera Staphylinidae, Megalopsidiinae), with notes on the sperm pump in rove beetles
FIGURES 13–18. Megalopinus heissi Puthz, male. Dorsal habitus (13); head, pronotum and elytra in dorsal (14) and lateral (15) views; aedeagus in dorsal (16) and lateral (17) views; close-up of endophallic structures (18).
FIGURES 7–12 in A new species and new records of Malagasy Megalopinus Eichelbaum (Coleoptera Staphylinidae, Megalopsidiinae), with notes on the sperm pump in rove beetles
FIGURES 7–12. Megalopinus lemur Puthz, male. Dorsal habitus (7); head, pronotum and elytra in dorsal (8) and lateral (9) views; aedeagus in dorsal (10) and lateral (11) views; close-up of endophallic structures (12).
FIGURES 19–27 in A new species and new records of Malagasy Megalopinus Eichelbaum (Coleoptera Staphylinidae, Megalopsidiinae), with notes on the sperm pump in rove beetles
FIGURES 19–27. Examples of sperm pumps in Staphylinidae. Euaesthetinae: Edaphus sp. (19); Euaesthetinae: Euaesthetus ruficapillus (Lacordaire) (20); Steninae: Stenus ludyi Fauvel (21); Solieriinae: Solierius obscurus (Solier) (22); Scydmaeninae: Leptochromus laselva Lord et al. (23); Scydmaeninae: Ablepton treforti Frivaldszky (24); Scydmaeninae: Taurablepton sp. (25); Scydmaeninae: Clidicus assymetricus Jałoszyński (26); Scydmaeninae: Stenomastigus longicornis (Boheman), histological cross-section through middle region of sperm pump (27). Abbreviations: aed, aedeagus; de, ductus ejaculatorius; fn, funnel; ms, muscle; spp, sperm pump.
FIGURES 1–6 in A new species and new records of Malagasy Megalopinus Eichelbaum (Coleoptera Staphylinidae, Megalopsidiinae), with notes on the sperm pump in rove beetles
FIGURES 1–6. Megalopinus puthzi sp. n., male. Dorsal habitus (1); head, pronotum and elytra in dorsal (2) and lateral (3) views; aedeagus in dorsal (4) and lateral (5) views; close-up of endophallic structures (6). Abbreviations: dsr, dorsal row; spp, sperm pump; shr, subhumeral row; slr, sublateral row.
Data from: Genomic tests of the species-pump hypothesis: recent island connectivity cycles drive population divergence but not speciation in Caribbean crickets across the Virgin Islands
Harnessing the power of genomic scans, we test the debated 'species pump' hypothesis that implicates repeated cycles of island connectivity and isolation as drivers of divergence. This question has gone understudied given the limited resolution of past molecular markers for studying such dynamic phenomena. With an average of 32000 SNPs from the genome of 136 individuals from ten populations of a Caribbean flightless ground cricket species (Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis) and a complementary set of statistical approaches, we infer a stepping-stone colonization model and high levels of genetic differentiation across the Virgin Islands, which have been periodically inter-connected until 8 ka. Estimates of divergence times from models based on the site frequency spectrum coincide with a period of repeated connection and fragmentation of the islands at 75–130 ka. These results are consistent with a role of island connectivity cycles in promoting genomic divergence and indicate that the genetic distinctiveness of island populations has persisted despite subsequent and extended interisland connections identified from bathymetric data. We discuss these findings in the broader context of Caribbean biogeography, and more specifically why high levels of genomic divergence across the Virgin Islands associated with repeated connectivity cycles do not actually translate into species diversification.
FIGURES 17–22. A. glabrifrons. 17. male, 18. female. 19. vaginal furca, 20. female genitalia, 21. sperm pump 22 in Two new species of the genus Apolysis (Apolysini, Bombyliidae, Diptera) from the north of Iran
FIGURES 17–22. A. glabrifrons. 17. male, 18. female. 19. vaginal furca, 20. female genitalia, 21. sperm pump 22. female wing.
FIGURES 11–12. Asindulum coxale, male terminalia including sperm pump. 11. Ventral. 12 in The Nearctic species of Asindulum Latreille and Macrorrhyncha Winnertz (Diptera: Keroplatidae)
FIGURES 11–12. Asindulum coxale, male terminalia including sperm pump. 11. Ventral. 12. Lateral. Scale = ca. 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: da, dorsal apodeme; ea, ejaculatory apodeme; gc, gonocoxite; t9, tergite 9 (t9 damaged in this specimen); va, ventral apodeme.
FIGURES 60–61. Asindulum nigrum, male terminalia including sperm pump. 60. Lateral. 61 in The Nearctic species of Asindulum Latreille and Macrorrhyncha Winnertz (Diptera: Keroplatidae)
FIGURES 60–61. Asindulum nigrum, male terminalia including sperm pump. 60. Lateral. 61. Ventral. Scale = ca. 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: da, dorsal apodeme; ea, ejaculatory apodeme; gc, gonocoxite; t9, tergite 9; va, ventral apodeme.
Data from: Genomic tests of the species-pump hypothesis: recent island connectivity cycles drive population divergence but not speciation in Caribbean crickets across the Virgin Islands
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FIGURES 44–46. Asindulum montanum, male terminalia including sperm pump. 44. Dorsal. 45. Ventral. 46 in The Nearctic species of Asindulum Latreille and Macrorrhyncha Winnertz (Diptera: Keroplatidae)
FIGURES 44–46. Asindulum montanum, male terminalia including sperm pump. 44. Dorsal. 45. Ventral. 46. Lateral. Scale = ca. 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: da, dorsal apodeme; ea, ejaculatory apodeme; gc, gonocoxite; (pa)sp, posterior apex of sperm pump; t9, tergite 9; va, ventral apodeme.
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