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Figure 10 in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe: multiple character sets for assessing species status

Figure 10. Neighbour-joining analysis of the Kimura two-parameter (K2P) distances of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) 800-bp sequences from Simulium crenobium (Knoz, 1961), Simulium juxtacrenobium Bass & Brockhouse, 1990, and Simulium vernum s.s. Macquart, 1826 in relation to Simulium costatum Friederichs, 1920; AU, Austria; EN, England; FN, Finland; SW, Sweden.

Figure 11 in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe: multiple character sets for assessing species status

Figure 11. Neighbour-joining analysis of the Kimura two-parameter (K2P) distances of combined barcode cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) + COI 800-bp sequences from Simulium crenobium (Knoz, 1961), Simulium juxtacrenobium Bass & Brockhouse, 1990, and Simulium vernum s.s. Macquart, 1826 in relation to Simulium costatum Friederichs, 1920; AU, Austria; EN, England; FN, Finland; SW, Sweden.

Figure 4 in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe: multiple character sets for assessing species status

Figure 4. Larval head pigmentation viewed (A) laterally and (B, C) dorsally, and (D) antenna, (E) hypostoma, and (F–J) postgenal cleft of Simulium juxtacrenobium Bass & Brockhouse, 1990; examples from Finland show variation of apotome pigmentation (B, C), and variation in postgenal cleft shape and associated pigmentation (F–J). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 7. Two morphologically different B in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe: multiple character sets for assessing species status

Figure 7. Two morphologically different B chromosomes of Simulium juxtacrenobium Bass & Brockhouse, 1990 (female larva from Sweden, site 15).

Figure 2 in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe: multiple character sets for assessing species status

Figure 2. Base of a typical gill of a Finnish pupa of Simulium juxtacrenobium Bass & Brockhouse, 1990.

Figure 3 in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe: multiple character sets for assessing species status

Figure 3. Cephalic cuticle of pupae, showing the location of the cross-sections for counting microtubercles (100¥), and sections of the surface sculpture (200¥) of (A) S. juxtacrenobium Bass & Brock., (B) Simulium crenobium (Knoz, 1961), and variations (C, D) of Simulium vernum s.s. Macquart, 1826 across the right-hand side of the middle transect. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 1 in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe: multiple character sets for assessing species status

Figure 1. Ventral plate (vp; ventral view), left gonostylus (gl; posteromedial view), and gonostyli (gst; posterior view) of (A) Simulium crenobium (Knoz, 1961), (B) Simulium juxtacrenobium Bass & Brockhouse, 1990, and (C) Simulium vernum s.s. Macquart, 1826. Length and width measurements of basal arms (al, aw) and body (bl, bw) indicated in (b). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Figure 3 in Assessing the taxonomic status of tropical frogs through bioacoustics: geographical variation in the advertisement calls in the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis species group (Anura)

Figure 3. Discriminant function analyses of the number of pulses, call length, and dominant frequency of species belonging to the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis group. Ellipses only intend to facilitate the observation of groups. BV, Eleutherodactylus cf. cruralis from the Bellavista Mountains; EC, Eleutherodactylus cruralis; ED, Eleutherodactylus discoidalis; EI, Eleutherodactylus ibischi; HO, Eleutherodactylus cf. cruralis from La Hoyada; EM, Eleutherodactylus madidi.

Figure 2 in Assessing the taxonomic status of tropical frogs through bioacoustics: geographical variation in the advertisement calls in the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis species group (Anura)

Figure 2. Oscillogram and sound spectrogram of the advertisement call of: (A) Eleutherodactylus cruralis from Rurrenabaque, Amazonian rainforest; (B) E. cf. cruralis from Bellavista Mountains; (C) E. cf. cruralis from La Hoyada; (D) Eleutherodactylus discoidalis from Campos de Pinos; (E) Eleutherodactylus ibischi from Samaipata Road; (F) Eleutherodactylus madidi from Eslabón.

Figure 4 in Assessing the taxonomic status of tropical frogs through bioacoustics: geographical variation in the advertisement calls in the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis species group (Anura)

Figure 4. Scatterplot for (A) number of pulses and call length, (B) dominant frequency and number of pulses, and (C) dominant frequency and call length of species and populations of the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis group. Lines correspond to normally distributed probability ellipses (0.99, N = 194). BV, Eleutherodactylus cf. cruralis from the Bellavista Mountains; EC, Eleutherodactylus cruralis; ED, Eleutherodactylus discoidalis; EI, Eleutherodactylus ibischi; HO, Eleutherodactylus cf. cruralis from La Hoyada; EM, Eleutherodactylus madidi.

Figure 1 in Assessing the taxonomic status of tropical frogs through bioacoustics: geographical variation in the advertisement calls in the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis species group (Anura)

Figure 1. Map of the Andes of Bolivia showing the studied localities (see also Table 1). 1, Eslabón; 2, Chalalán; 3, Rurrenabaque; 4, Chapare, 500 m; 5, Mataracú; 6, La Hoyada; 7, Samaipata road; 8, Bellavista Mt; 9, Masicurí; 10, Campos de Pinos.

FIG. 15 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 15. — Achnanthidium tirolense sp. nov., specimens from Plansee, Austria: A-AG, LM views of valves. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 20 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 20. — Principal component analysis of elliptic Fourier shape harmonics for specimens of Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob. from different geographic regions (Europe, Wales, Scotland and England). Specimens of Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert. are used as the outgroup. The biplot presents the first two axes with a total explained variance of 92.4 %.

FIG. 18 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 18. — Achnanthidium lacuslustense sp. nov., specimens from Lustsee, Germany: A, SEM external view of raphe valve; B, SEM internal view of raphe valve; C, D, SEM external views of frustules in girdle view; E, SEM external view of rapheless valve; F, SEM internal view of rapheless valve; G, SEM internal view of centre of rapheless valve; H, SEM internal view of pole of rapheless valve. Scale bars: A-F, 5 µm; G, H, 3 µm.

FIG. 11 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 11. — Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab, specimens from Lustsee, Germany: A-F, SEM views of rapheless valves; A, SEM external view of valve; B, SEM internal view of valve; C, SEM external view of pole; D, SEM external view of valve centre; E, SEM internal view of valve centre; F, SEM internal view of pole. Scale bars: A, B, 5 µm; C-F, 1 µm.

FIG. 8 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 8. — Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob., specimens from Brunnsee, Germany: A, SEM external view of raphe valve; B, SEM external view of rapheless valve, internal view of raphe valve; C, SEM external view of rapheless valve; D, SEM internal view of rapheless valve; E, SEM external view of rapheless valve at centre; F, SEM external view of rapheless valve at pole. Scale bars: A-D, 5 µm; E, F, 3 µm.

FIG. 12 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 12. — Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab: A, C-F, specimens from Loch Tarff, Scotland; B, G, H, specimens from Llyn y Fan Fawr, Wales; A-H, SEM views of raphe valves; A-C, SEM external views of valves; D, internal view of valve; E, SEM external view of valve centre; F, SEM external view of valve pole; G, SEM internal view of valve centre; H, SEM internal view of valve pole. Scale bars: A-C, 5 µm; D, 3 µm; E-H, 1 µm.

FIG. 2. — A-H, Achnanthes microcephala f. scotica J.R in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 2. — A-H, Achnanthes microcephala f. scotica J.R.Carter, type from Ardislaigh Lochan, Scotland; I-AN, Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.; I-S, specimens from Lochan na Ba Ruaidhe, West Sutherland, Scotland; T-Y, specimens from Vilsalpsee, Austria; Z-AG, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; AH-AN, specimens from Plansee, Austria; A-F, K-X, AA-AN, LM views of valves; G-J, Y, Z, LM views of frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 10 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 10. — Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab, specimens from Lustsee, Germany: A-H, SEM views of raphe valves; A-C, SEM external views of raphe valves; D, SEM internal view of raphe valve; E, SEM external view of valve centre; F, SEM external view of half of valve and pole; G, SEM internal view of valve centre; H, SEM internal view of valve pole. Scale bars: A, B, D, 5 µm; C, 10 µm; E-H, 1 µm.

FIG. 7 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 7. — Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.: A-W, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; X-AT, specimens from Plansee, Austria; AU-BC, specimens from Fischkaltersee; BD-BI, specimens from Ammelsheiner See; BJ-BM, specimens from Harthsee; BN-BQ, specimens from Speicher Dreiweibern; B-BC, BE-BI, BK-BM, BO-BQ, LM views of valves; A, BD, BJ, BN, LM views of frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 µm.