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139 results for “species turnover”
Rates of species turnover across elevation vary with vertical stratum in rainforest ant assemblages
<p>Climatic variation at local scales can influence both exposure and sensitivity of organisms and thereby scale up to influence population persistence and community composition across broader geographic extents. Tropical forest canopies are more climatically dynamic than the understorey. Consequently, the niche space of forest canopies has higher overlap in thermal conditions along elevation gradients, which imposes less of a climatic barrier to arboreal species than their ground-dwelling counterparts. We use ant communities of the Australian Wet Tropics to test the prediction that ground communities should have higher rates of species turnover over elevation compared to arboreal communities. We sampled ground and arboreal ants along elevation gradients at a bioregional scale that includes four mountain sub-regions. We assessed community composition at three spatial resolutions (regional, elevation, vertical) and then calculated beta diversity (species turnover) over elevation for ground and arboreal communities using null modelling procedures to compare different-sized species pools. Vertical niche affinity was a strong contributor to overall biogeographic patterns; indicated by a strong interaction between vertical niche and elevation in beta diversity models. On average, the ground community exhibited a pronounced elevational distance-decay pattern while the arboreal community showed no pattern. Mean species turnover was 36% higher in ground than arboreal communities. Our findings suggest that the vertical niche has a pronounced effect on biogeographic patterns which has important implications for understanding the role of local scale climate conditions in shaping communities and for potential responses to future climate change.</p>
Data from: Drivers of global pre-industrial patterns of species turnover in planktonic foraminifera
<p>Anthropogenic climate change is altering global biogeographical patterns. However, it remains difficult to quantify how bioregions are changing because pre-industrial records of species distributions are rare. Marine microfossils, such as planktonic foraminifera, are preserved in seafloor sediments and allow the quantification of bioregions in the past. Using a recently compiled data set of pre-industrial species composition of planktonic foraminifera in 3802 worldwide seafloor sediments, we employed multivariate and statistical model-based approaches to study spatial turnover in order to 1) quantify planktonic foraminifera bioregions and 2) understand the environmental drivers of species turnover. Four latitudinally banded bioregions emerge from the global assemblage data. The polar and temperate bioregions are bi-hemispheric, supporting the idea that planktonic foraminifera species are not limited by dispersal. The equatorial bioregion shows complex longitudinal patterns and overlaps in sea surface temperature (SST) range with the tropical bioregion. Compositional-turnover models (Bayesian bootstrap generalised dissimilarity models) identify SST as the strongest driver of species turnover. The turnover rate is constant across most of the SST gradient, showing no SST threshold values with rapid shifts in species composition, but decelerates above 25°C, suggesting SST is less predictive of species composition in warmer waters. Other environmental predictors affect species turnover non-linearly, and their importance differs across regions. In the Pacific ocean, net primary productivity below 500 mgC m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> drives fast compositional change. Water depth values below 3000 m (which affect calcareous microfossil preservation) increasingly drive changes in species composition among death assemblages in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Together, our results suggest that the dynamics of planktonic foraminifera bioregions are expected to be highly responsive to climate change; however, at lower latitudes, environmental drivers other than SST may affect these dynamics.</p>
Fig. 7 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 7. Elaphropeza guenardi sp. nov., holotype, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh).
Fig. 2. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 2. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh).
Fig. 4 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 4. Elaphropeza furcatella sp. nov., holotype, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh). Barcode reference JP1F.
Fig. 6 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 6. Elaphropeza guenardi sp. nov., holotype, male terminalia (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; RBINS). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Barcode reference JP1A. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 3. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 3. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907, male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium, dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 16. Maximum Composite Likelihood model for 29 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 16. Maximum Composite Likelihood model for 29 species of Elaphropeza based on COI barcodes from specimens from Singapore and Hong Kong.
Fig. 5 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 5. Elaphropeza furcatella sp. nov., male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium, dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. D. Tip of fused cerci. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 15. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 15. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912, male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium, dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 11. A–D in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 11. A–D. Elaphropeza hongshulin sp. nov., holotype, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Tip of right surstylus, lateral view. C. Epandrium dorsal view. D. Left surstylus. — E. E. malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, right epandrial lamella (after Grootaert & Shamshev 2012). — F. E. lowi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2012, right epandrial lamella (after Grootaert & Shamshev 2012). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 14. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 14. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo C. Locatelli).
Fig. 9 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 9. Elaphropeza hongkongensis sp. nov., holotype, male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 8 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)
Fig. 8. Elaphropeza hongkongensis sp. nov., holotype, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh).
Figure 10 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 10 (continued) G–I. Eratotrivia crescentensis (Weaver and Palmer, 1922), Crescent Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Port Crescent, Clallam County, Washington. Basal (G), dorsal (H), and right (labral) side (I) views, 5.5x, length 6 mm, width 4 mm, height 3.5 mm, holotype CASG 7587 [ex UWBM 201], UWBM Locality 358. J–S. Nomina dubia. J. "Bernaya" fresnoensis (Anderson, 1905), Avenal Sand (Eocene, "Domengine Stage"), Los Gatos Creek, northwest of Coalinga, Fresno County, central California. Basal (J) view, 0.9x, length 41.2 mm, width 27 mm, height 28 mm, of holotype CASG 61713.01. K–M. "Eocypraea" bayerquei (Gabb, 1864), Martinez Formation (Paleocene), Clayton, Contra Costa County, northern California. Basal (K), dorsal (L), and right (labral) side (M) views, 1.2x, length 30.4 mm, width 23.4 mm, height 17 mm, of holotype UCMP 31403. N–P. "Sphaerocypraea" martini (Dickerson, 1914). Martinez Formation (Paleocene, Thanetian Stage), south of Muir Station, Contra Costa County, northern California. Basal (N), dorsal (O), and right (labral) side (P) views, 1.1x, length 38.5 mm, width 22.7 mm, height 20.8 mm, of holotype UCMP 243. Q–S. "Sulcocypraea" oakvillensis (Van Winkle, 1918), Lincoln Creek Formation (lowermost) (Eocene, lower Galvinian Stage), eastern Grays Harbor County, Washington. Basal (Q), dorsal (R), and left (columellar) side (S) views, 1.8x, length 28 mm, width 15 mm, height mm, height 11.7 mm, of holotype CASG 7606.
Figure 9A–B in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 9A–B. Grovesia castacensis (Stewart, 1926 [1927]), Tejon Formation (Eocene, "Tejon Stage"), Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, southern California. Dorsal (A) and left (columellar) (B) views, 3.4x, length 15.5 mm, width 9.1 mm, height 6.9 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 41206.2, LACMIP Type 14941, base of Metralla Sandstone Member, Live Oak Canyon, LACMIP Locality 41206 [ex CSUN Locality 1206]. C–L. Grovesia mathewsonii (Gabb, 1869), Muir Sandstone (Eocene, "Domengine Stage" to "Tejon Stage"), near Martinez, Contra Costa County, northern California. Basal (C), dorsal (D), right (labral) views, 1x, length 10.7 mm, width 7.5 mm, height 4.7 mm, of holotype ANSP 4217. F–G. Basal (F) [as published] and dorsal (G) views, 2.9x, length 17.9 mm, width 11.6 mm, of holotype CASG 245.02 [ex CAS 816] of Cypraea kerniana Anderson and Hanna, 1925, Tejon Formation (Eocene, "Tejon Stage") Grapevine Canyon, Kern County, southern California. H–J. Basal (H), dorsal (I), left (columellar), (J) left (columellar) views, 2.7x, length 14.6 mm, width 10.8 mm, height 7.8 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 7155.9, LACMIP type 14930, Tejon Formation, Grapevine Canyon, LACMIP Locality 7155, Kern County, southern California. K-L. Basal (K), dorsal (L) views, 3.9x, length 14 mm, width 10.3 mm, of hypotype UCMP 30903, UCMP Locality 5085, Ardath Shale (Eocene, "Domengine Stage"), San Diego County, southern California. M–P. Luponovula maniobraensis (Squires and Advocate, 1986), (M–O). Maniobra Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Orocopia Mountains, Riverside County, southern California. Basal (M), dorsal (N), and right (labral) (O) views, 1.3x, length 39.6 mm, width 22.8 mm, height 21.2 mm, of holotype LACMIP 10566.4, LACMIP Type 10566 [ex UCLA 48431], LACMIP Locality 23779. (P). Basal view, Llajas Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), north side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California, 2.1x, length 26.6 mm, width 15.8 mm, height 10.9 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 40491.1, LACMIP Type 14945 (LACMIP Locality 40491 [ex CSUN Locality 491]).
Figure 10. A–C in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 10. A–C. Cypraedia sp. Bateque Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Mesa La Salina, Baja California Sur, México. Basal (A), dorsal (B), and right (labral) side (C) views, 2.3x, length 19.5 mm, width 13.2 mm, height 11.9 mm, of hypotype IGM 5057, LACMIP Locality 41220b [ex CSUN Locality 1220b]. D–F. Cypraeogemmula warnerae Effinger, 1938. "Gries Ranch beds," Crescent Formation (upper part) (Eocene, "Capay Stage" to Galvinian Stage), Black Hills area, Washington. Basal (D) and dorsal (E) views, both 16x, and left (columellar) (F) view, 33x, of hypotype LACMIP 16655.37, LACMIP Type 11372, LACMIP Locality 16655 [= LACMIP Locality 41563; ex CSUN Locality 1563]. (continued on next page)
Figure 7A–C in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 7A–C. Cypraeidae, genus and species indeterminate, Lodo Formation (basal) (Paleocene, Seldanian Stage), Tumey Hills, Fresno County, central California. Basal (A), dorsal (B), and right (labral) (C) views, 1.3x, length 39 mm, width 25 mm, height 22 mm, of hypotype CASG 61666.06, CASG Locality 61666. D–F. Eocypraea batequensis (Groves, 2011), Bateque Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Mesa La Salina, Baja California Sur, México. Basal (D), dorsal (E), and right (labral) (F) views, 4.8x, length 9.4 mm, width 6.5 mm, height 5.1 mm, of holotype IGM 5174, LACMIP Locality 16951 [ex CSUN Locality1220b]. G–I. Eocypraea crescentensis (Groves, 2011), Crescent Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Larch Mountain, Black Hills area, Thurston County, Washington. Basal (G), dorsal (H), and left (columellar) (I) views, 3.9x, length 10.9 mm, width 7.6 mm, height 6.1 mm, of holotype LACMIP 16655.40, LACMIP Type 13646, LACMIP Locality 16655 [= LACMIP Locality 41563; ex CSUN Locality 1563]. J–L. Eocypraea jimgoederti (Groves, 2011), lower McIntosh Formation (middle Eocene, "Transition Stage" to "Tejon Stage"), Doty Hills, Lewis County, Washington. Basal (J), dorsal (K), and left (columellar) side (L) views, 3.5x, length 12.7 mm, width 8.2 mm, height 6.9 mm, of holotype LACMIP 41573.1, LACMIP Type 13647, LACMIP Locality 41573 [ex CSUN Locality 1573]. M–O. Eocypraea judithsmithae n. sp., Llajas Formation (Eocene, "Domengine Stage"), north side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (M), dorsal (N), and left (labral) (O) views, 1.5x, length 26.6 mm, width 18.4 mm, height 12.6 mm, of holotype LACMIP 40372.1, LACMIP Type 14940 (LACMIP Locality 40732).
Figure 8A–C in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 8A–C. Eocypraea novasumma (Nelson, 1925), Santa Susana Formation (Paleocene, Thanetian Stage), Runkle Canyon, north side Simi Hills, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (A), dorsal (B), and right-labral (C) views, 3.2x, length 17 mm, width 11.6 mm, height 9.3 mm, of holotype UCMP 30499, UCMP Locality 4776. D–F. Eocypraea takeosusukii Groves, 2011, "Martinez" Formation (Paleocene, Thanetian), Lower Lake area, Lake County, northern California. Basal (D), dorsal (E), and left-lateral (columellar) views, 2.6x, length 18.8 mm, width 14.4 mm, height 11.2 mm, of holotype LACMIP 7045.1, LACMIP Type 13645, LACMIP Locality 7045 [ex CIT Locality 1580]. G–I. Eocypraea sp., cf. E. inflata (Lamarck, 1802), "Domengine Formation" (Eocene, "Domengine Stage"), Reef Ridge, Kings County, central California. Basal (G), dorsal (H), and right (labral) (I) views, 1.8x, length 26 mm, width 17.7 mm, height 13 mm, of hypotype UCMP 15815, Locality UCMP A-1282. J–L. Eocypraea sp. Lodo Formation (basal part) (Paleocene, Thanetian Stage), Tumey Hills, Fresno County, central California. Basal (J), dorsal (K), and right (labral) (L) views, 1.5x, length 33 mm, width 21.5 mm, height 19 mm, of hypotype CASG 61666.04 [ex LSJU 10236], CASG Locality 61666 [ex LSJU Locality 2073; = UCMP Locality A-9717]. M–P. Grovesia castacensis (Stewart, 1926 [1927]), Tejon Formation (Eocene, "Tejon Stage"), Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, southern California. Basal (M), dorsal (N), and left (columellar) (O) views, 4.5x, length 12.2 mm, width 7.8 mm, height 5.9 mm, of holotype UCMP 11690, Grapevine Canyon, UCMP Locality 452. Basal (P) view, 3.4x, length 15.5 mm, width 9.1 mm, height 6.9 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 41206.2, LACMIP Type 14941, base of Metralla Sandstone Member, Live Oak Canyon, LACMIP Locality 41206.
Figure 6 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 6 (previous page) A–C. Protocypraea? sp. 1, Oyster Bay Formation, Paleocene, Appian Way, Central Island District, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Dorsal (A) and (B) left (columellar) views, 1.8x, length 45.5 mm, width 29 mm, height 22 mm, of CDM 997.91.3, informal locality AP3. (C) Oblique view posterior incomplete end of shell showing sunken area encircling base of spire, width of field of vision 28.7 mm. D–G. Protocypraea? sp. 2, Lodo Formation (Paleocene, Thanetian Stage), Tumey Hills, Fresno County, central California, LACMIP Locality 26456 [ex UCLA Locality 6456]. Basal (D) view, 1.6x, length 42.2 mm, width 28.6 mm, height 18.5 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 26456.6, LACMIP Type 14925, Basal (E), dorsal (F), right (labral) (G) views, 1.44x, length 50 mm, width 28 mm, height 27 mm, of hypotype UCMP 14208, UCMP Locality A9717. H–J. Gisortia clarki Ingram, 1940, Llajas Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), north side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (H), dorsal (I), and right (labral) side (J) views, 0.5x, length 121.4 mm, width 96.4 mm, height 65.9 mm, of holotype UCMP 14844, UCMP Locality 4052. K–M. Gisortia sp., Juncal Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Whitaker Peak, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (J), dorsal (K), and right (labral) side (M) views, 0.5x, length 122 mm, width 75 mm, height 51 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 16243.1, LACMIP Type 7466, LACMIP Locality 40848 [ex CSUN Locality 848].
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