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60 results for “spelling”
Webis Query Spelling Corpus 2017 (Webis-QSpell-17)
<p>The Webis Query Spelling Corpus 2017 (Webis-QSpell-17) contains 54,772 web queries that were manually spell-checked; for 9,171 queries alternative spelling variants are contained.</p> <p>As for segmentations of many of the queries (i.e., tagged concepts and phrases), please refer to the companion corpus <a href="https://webis.de/data/webis-qsec-10.html">Webis-QSeC-10</a>.</p>
Identifying South African Marine Protected Areas at risk from marine heatwaves and cold spells
<p>This data reflects information on marine heatwaves (MHWs) and marine cold spells (MCSs) that occurred along the South African coast from January 1982 to April 2022, with special focus on Marine Protected Areas. Thermal metrics for MHW and MCS events were obtained using the HeatwaveR package (Schlegel and Smit, 2018) and the associated Marine Heatwave Tracker (Schlegel, 2020). </p> <p> </p> <p>THis data stems from Courtailac et al (in review) Indentifying South AFrican Marine Protected Areas at risk of marine heatwaves and cold-spells </p>
Marine heatwaves and cold spells events based on ESA-CCI SSTs (experimental product)
<p>This repository contains an extension of the catalogues of marine heatwaves (MHWs) and cold spells (MCSs) prepared by the National Research Council - Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR, Italy) within the ESA-funded CAREHeat project. The catalogues are based on the ESA-CCI sea surface temperature (SST) dataset (available from https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.cf608234) for the period 1982-2022, on a regular 1°x1° longitude-latitude grid.</p> <p>Events are identified for each pixel following the methodology of Hobday et al. (2016) after preprocessing. Event categories are provided as daily maps and metrics are given by event. Results are <strong>experimental</strong> since the post-processing procedure effectively removes interannual variability from the SST record, so please use having consulted the documentation and not for operational purposes. </p> <p><br>Please cite the reference paper "Serva, F., et al.: Detection of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Extremes: Low Frequency Variability and Climate Change, JGR:Oceans, 10.1029/2025JC022886, 2025" when using the dataset in your work.</p>
Two Large-Scale Meteorological Patterns Are Associated with Short-Duration Dry Spells in the Northeastern United States
<p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>This dataset contains processed data from the ERA5 dataset for some of the atmospheric fields considered in this study. Original (pre-processed) ERA5 data (Hersbach et al. 2020) is available at <a href="https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/search?text=ERA5&type=dataset">https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/search?text=ERA5&type=dataset</a>. For each processed data file (netCDF format), the time steps correspond with the events and numerical order as listed in Table 1 of the main manuscript text. Processed data files are given for some of the 12-day averaged dry periods. Other processed data files are available from the authors upon reasonable request. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Large-scale meteorological pattern (LSMP) – based analysis is used novelly to understand antecedent conditions and characteristics of short-duration dry spell events over the northeastern United States. Dry spell events are identified from histograms of consecutive dry days below a daily precipitation threshold. Events lasting twelve days or longer, which correspond to ~10% of dry spell events, are examined. The 500-hPa stream function anomaly fields for the first twelve days of each event are time-averaged and k-means clustering is applied to isolate the dry spell-related LSMPs. The first cluster has a strong, low-pressure anomaly over the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the region, and is more common in winter and spring. The second cluster has strong, high-pressure over east-central North America and is most common during autumn. Over the region, both clusters have negative specific humidity anomalies, negative integrated vapor transport from the north, and subsidence associated with a midlatitude jet stream dipole structure that reinforces upper-level convergence. Subsidence is supported by cold air advection in the first cluster and the location on the east side of the lower-level high pressure in the second cluster. Extratropical cyclone storm track density across the Northeast is dramatically reduced during these dry spell events. Individual events lie on a continuum between two distinct clusters. These clusters have similar local, but quite different remote, properties. More (56%) short-duration dry spells occurred during the numerous non-drought months than drought months, however the frequency of dry spells is more than three times greater during drought than non-drought months.</p> <p> </p>
Dataset for Recurrent Rossby wave packets modulate the persistence of dry and wet spells across the globe
<p>This dataset is used in the following study: "Recurrent Rossby wave packets modulate the persistence of dry and wet spells across the globe."</p> <p>Dataset includes:</p> <ul> <li>Dry and wet spells for the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere respectively.</li> <li>The output of the statistical model for each season (MJJASO/NDJFMA) and for each spell type (dry/wet) for both the hemispheres (NH/SH).</li> </ul> <p>File naming used belongs to mainly two categories: one for naming spell file, and second for naming the output file from the statistical model. An example from each category is explained below. The rest of the files follow the same naming style.</p> <ol> <li><em>Spell file</em>;<strong> NH_1.0mm_dry_spells_all_months_gap_1_days_no_spell2_check.nc</strong>: Northern Hemisphere 1.0mm threshold dry spell for all months with a gap of 1 day</li> <li><em>Statisical model output file</em>; <strong>NH_weibull_MJJASO_drythresh_1_min_spell_count_40_time_steps_min_spell_length_5D_1D_N_1980_2016.nc</strong>: Northern Hemisphere Weibull model output for MJJASO using dry threshold of 1.0 mm with a minimum spell count of 40 time-steps and a minimum spell length of 5 days for the period 1980-2016</li> </ol> <p>This dataset alone is sufficient for reproducing the analysis presented in the study. Open source tools like Python, R, etc can be used to read '.nc' file type. Additional code help in the form of Jupyter notebooks reproducing figures made from this dataset can be viewed <a href="https://github.com/avatar101/RRWPS-extremes">here on GitHub.</a></p>
Ume Saami lexical data from Álgu database with modernized spelling
<p>The files in this archive contain several processed versions of Ume Saami dictionary data originating from (Schlachter 1958). The data has been retrieved from the Álgu database <<a href="http://kaino.kotus.fi/algu/">http://kaino.kotus.fi/algu/</a>> and checked against the original dictionary for headword variants. The final versions have the headword mechanically converted to (approximate) the current Ume Saami orthography (as in Barruk 2018). In addition to an alphabetized list, a reverse-alphabetized (a tergo) file is provided.</p> <p>For convenience, .xlsx versions of the final files are provided in addition to the plain-text (.tsv) versions (in zip file).<br> The orthography conversion program can be found at <<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4162535">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4162535</a>>.</p> <p><strong>NOTE: The mechanically converted lemmas do not always fully correspond to the modern orthography and should be checked before use in further applications!</strong></p> <p>Authors: Juha Kuokkala (data processing and programming), Wolfgang Schlachter (original dictionary data).</p>
Codes and source data for "Common occurrences of subsurface heatwaves and cold-spells in ocean eddies"
<p>This repository contains the MATLAB (R2022b) codes (*.m files) and the figure source data (.mat files) for the paper "Common occurrences of subsurface heatwaves and cold-spells in ocean eddies" (He et al., 2024). </p> <p>For installation of MatLab, please refer to: https://au.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html</p> <p>For queries about this repository and its contents, please contact Dr. Qingyou He (qyhe@scsio.ac.cn).</p> <p>%% Fig1.m: For plotting main Fig.1.<br>%% Fig2.m: For plotting main Fig.2.<br>%% Fig3.m: For plotting main Fig.3.<br>%% Fig4.m: For plotting main Fig.4.<br>%% Fig5.m: For plotting main Fig.5.<br>%% Fig6.m: For plotting main Fig.6.</p> <p>%% Data Fig1.mat: For main Fig.1.<br>%% Data Fig2.mat: For main Fig.2.<br>%% Data Fig3.mat: For main Fig.3.<br>%% Data Fig4.mat: For main Fig.4.<br>%% Data Fig5.mat: For main Fig.5.<br>%% Data Fig6.mat: For main Fig.6.</p> <p><br>References:</p> <p><span>He, Q., W. Zhan, M. Feng, Y. Gong, S. Cai, and H. Zhan (2024), Common occurrences of subsurface heatwaves and cold spells in ocean eddies, <em>Nature</em>, <em>634</em>, 1111–1117, doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08051-2.</span></p>
Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia
<p>This online repository copies the source code and the download link of the input data for the research work of analyzing forest leaf area change due to the TC activities in the west pacific ocean basin. </p> <p><strong>TC Track data, mask, climate reanalysis, leaf area, ERA5 (wind speed, surface pressure data), and SPEI dataset: </strong></p> <p><a href="http://YYCdb.synology.me:5833/sharing/YizTR8HPR">http://YYCdb.synology.me:5833/sharing/YizTR8HPR</a></p> <p>password:bg-2022-115</p> <p>File size: 373G</p> <p><strong>The path for downloading the source code/script for analyzing the LAI changes:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://YYCdb.synology.me:5833/sharing/JC2AGt9Kh">http://YYCdb.synology.me:5833/sharing/JC2AGt9Kh</a></p> <p>password:bg-2022-115</p> <p>File size: 880M</p> <p><strong>Data table for all events used in this study:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://YYCdb.synology.me:5833/sharing/MqA4YFBHk">http://YYCdb.synology.me:5833/sharing/MqA4YFBHk</a></p> <p>password:bg-2022-115</p> <p>Filesize:824K</p>
Spell Book - Blue - Free Version
Free Low poly model for PC or mobile games with hand painted texture. Size: 512x512 and 88 polyfaces Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Empty spell scroll
An old scroll a wizard likely lost. A spell, yet to be written. I wonder what will become of it. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Effect of a severe cold spell on overwintering survival of an invasive forest insect pest
<p>Data from a study of a servere cold event in February 2023 on the survival of hemlock woolly adelgid (<em>Adelges tsugae</em> Annand) from four populations in Canada. Cold temperatures can play a significant role in the range and impact of pest insects. Severe cold events can reduce the size of insect outbreaks or in some cases even cause outbreaks to end. Measuring the precise impact of cold events, however, can be difficult because estimates of insect mortality are often made at the end of the winter season. In late January, 2023 long-term climate models predicted a significant cold event to occur over eastern North America. We used this event to evaluate the immediate impact on hemlock woolly adelgid overwintering mortality at four sites on the northern edge of the insects invaded range in eastern North America. We observed complete mortality, partial mortality and no effect of the cold event that correlated with the location and strength of the cold event. Our data also showed lack of support for preconditioning of overwintering adelgids as impacting their overwintering survival following this severe cold event. Finally, we compared the climatic conditions at our sites to historical weather data. The cold event observed in February 2023 resulted in the coldest temperatures observed at these sites, including the period within which hemlock woolly adelgid invaded these sites, suggesting cold conditions, especially under anthropogenic climate forcing, may not be a limiting factor in determining the ultimate northern range of hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America.</p>
Data for "Stratospheric Downward Wave Reflection Events Modulate North American Weather Regimes and Cold Spells"
<p>Wave reflection index and regimes time series for DJFM 1979/80 - 2020/21 as used in <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1215-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Messori et al. (2022)</a> "Stratospheric Downward Wave Reflection Events Modulate North American Weather Regimes and Cold Spells", <em>Weather and Climate Dynamics</em>. This dataset has been updated following the publication of a corrigendum: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1215-2022-corrigendum" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1215-2022-corrigendum</a>. The correction only applies to the reflection index (the regimes time series are unchanged).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data Files for Tresoldi/Robinson article on spelling variation in Canterbury Tales manuscripts
<p>This data is at <a href="https://github.com/peterrobinson/CTSpellingArticle2024">https://github.com/peterrobinson/CTSpellingArticle2024</a>. It is contained in three folders, each folder corresponding to one of the three sets of data used in this analysis, as follows:</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <ol> <li> <p>“sorted by regularization”. This folder contains spelling data and results derived from the regularization process, where (for example) spellings of forms regularized to “goode” are distinguished from spellings of forms regularized to “god”;</p> </li> <li> <p>“sorted by part of speech”. This folder contains spelling data and results derived from a lemmatization and part-of-speech identification process, where (for example) spellings of forms lemmatized to “goode” singular adjective are distinguished from spellings of forms regularized to “goode” plural adjective, and forms lemmatized to “gode” singular noun nominative case are distinguished from “gode” singular noun oblique case (as in “to gode”).</p> </li> <li> <p>“all spellings unsorted”. This folder contains spelling data as undifferentiated counts of “bags of words”: for each witness: so many occurrences of “good”, so many of “goode”, so many of “god”, so many of “gode”.</p> </li> </ol> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>Each folder contains the following files (under various names):</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <ol> <li> <p>A . json file holding all the data, structured according to its categorization. The “sorted by part of speech” folder contains two .json files, one with spellings organized by headword lemma, the other organized by part-of-speech;</p> </li> <li> <p>Two .nex Nexus files containing all the data. In the “sorted by regularization” and “sorted by part of speech” folders one Nexus file groups spellings by variant sites within each line, the other Nexus file groups spellings by words within each line. In the “all spellings unsorted” folder one Nexus file contains all the spellings organized by spelling; the second holds a Nexus distance matrix with distances created according to the Manhattan distance algorithm;</p> </li> <li> <p>A .dst distance matrix file, containing a distance matrix constructed with distacnes calculated by the Manhattan distance algorithm;</p> </li> <li> <p>A “features” file, containing a spreadsheet ranking each variant site according to its impact on the analysis </p> </li> <li> <p>Multiple .pdf files visualizing the results of our analysis, with the names reflecting the analysis each contains. Files with names including “Splits” were created using the SplitsTree algorithm and software <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?peaEav">(Huson and Bryant 2006; “SplitsTree | Universität Tübingen,” n.d.)</a></p> </li> </ol> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>The “sorted by regularization” folder also contains a single image file, “tiagoplot1.jpg”, visualizing the results of PCA analysis on the “sorted by regularization” data.</p> <p> </p>
A song of wind and ice: increased frequency of marine cold-spells in southwestern Patagonia and their possible effects on giant kelp forests
<p><span>In contrast to other coastal regions of the world, the giant kelp (</span><span>Macrocystis pyrifera</span><span>) </span><span> </span><span>ecosystem</span> <span>in</span> <span>southwestern</span> <span>Patagonia has been persistent in area and associated biodi</span><span>versity in the last decades. In this ecoregion, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) records have </span><span>consistently</span> <span>remained</span> <span>below</span> <span>the</span> <span>upper</span> <span>thermal</span> <span>threshold</span> <span>for</span> <span>kelp</span> <span>survival, however no </span><span>studies have analysed the spatiotemporal variability of SSTs and their anomalies across </span><span>the</span> <span>geographical</span> <span>diversity of the southwestern Patagonian coastline. We explored the </span><span>geographical</span> <span>distribution of extreme warm and cold events in this region from latitudes </span><span>47</span><span>° </span><span>to 56</span><span>° </span><span>S in a range of 1,000 km, identifying the dates and spatial distribution of </span><span>Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) and Marine Cold-Spells (MCSs) from 1982 to 2020. Results </span><span>sho</span><span>w</span> <span>that</span> <span>a peak in the number of </span><span>MHWs</span><span> occurred in the </span><span>great</span> <span>El</span> <span>Ni</span><span>n</span><span>o</span> <span>y</span><span>ear</span> <span>of</span> <span>1998. </span><span>Additionally, the 2014-2019 period has had more severe and extreme MCSs than the pre</span><span>vious decades. We discuss the origin of these events with a focus on three main processes: 1</span><span>) geographically constrained cold events caused by glacier melting, 2) regional cold events </span><span>caused by extreme winds linked to the position of the polar front, and 3) extensive SST </span><span>anomalies</span> <span>link</span><span>ed</span> <span>to planetary-scale events such as El Nino and La Nina. Overall, those </span><span>processes were conductive to counteract global warming trends locally/regionally, high</span><span>lighting</span> <span>southwestern Patagonia as a possible climatic refugium for the giant kelp ecosys</span><span>tem. Despite this, the effects of freshwater inputs and storm turbulence on the exposed </span><span>coasts facing the Southern Ocean may cause new kinds of stress on this ecosystem.</span></p>
Central California Shallow Nearshore Temperature for Marine Heatwave/Cold Spell Analysis
<p>These are daily-averaged temperature data for use in marine heatwave and cold spell analyses. The data were originally used and described in Dalsin et al. (2023): <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39193-4">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39193-4</a></p> <p>Relevant details from Dalsin et al. (2023) copied below:</p> <p>Temperature data from a long-term, subtidal site located along the central California coast (USA). Data were collected in a shallow (~ 3 m nominal depth) nearshore site adjacent to the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant (35.2055°N, 120.8500°W). Originally established as a control site outside the influence of the power plant’s thermal outfall, these data span from 1978–2020 and make up the longest known in-situ temperature dataset in this region. Temperature was measured using thermistors sampling at 20-min intervals [see Table S1 in Dalsin et al. (2023)].</p> <p>We acknowledge John Steinbeck from Tenera and Pacific Gas & Electric for assistance acquiring the raw temperature data.</p> <div> </div>
Freedom of Spelling Demonstration
<p>This video demonstrates the performance and behind the scenes of the magic effect generated with the use of constraint programming called Freedom of Spelling to be published on the "27th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2021)".</p>
Atmospheric Wavenumber-4 driven South Pacific Marine Heat Waves and Marine Cool Spells
<p>Data and code files for</p> <p>Atmospheric Wavenumber-4 driven South Pacific Marine Heat Waves and Marine Cool Spells, Stephen M. Chiswell, Nature Communications ***** **** </p>
Raw data of: Spelling training "Errorless learning" using Tablet PC in elementary schools
<p>Mobile devices and multimedia content have recently played a central role in conveying information and ideas. In addition, these can also be used effectively for individualized learning situations. Successful mastery of writing and reading skills is considered a key competence for academic and professional success. Particular difficulties in spelling often show a high degree of persistence without appropriate intervention. Based on a BMBF-funded research project, a tablet-based spelling training program with handwritten input and direct feedback on word correctness was developed and applied. The data sets are raw data showing the development of children's spelling skills. They also include the writing movement and pressure of each letter of all children. The data sets indicate that the children's spelling improved as a result of the individualized tablet application.</p>
Data from: Effect of a severe cold spell on overwintering survival of an invasive forest insect pest
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
A song of wind and ice: increased frequency of marine cold-spells in southwestern Patagonia and their possible effects on giant kelp forests
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