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Figure 15 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 15. Combined geographic distribution of 39 host species of Lycosidae, Trechaleidae, Pisauridae, Ctenidae, Zoropsidae, Agelenidae and Sparassidae for Entypus unifasciatus and Tachypompilus ferrugineus based on ~9040 SCAN collection records and online images. Northwestern Mexico is undersampled and Colorado is oversampled on this map. Note scarcity of records from the Pacific Northwest.
Figures 7–12. Tachypompilus ferrugineus, 7 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 7–12. Tachypompilus ferrugineus, 7) Female with immobilized Rabidosa rabida (Lycosidae), adult female, Meadowlands Nature Area, Bergen County, NJ. Photograph © Natalie Gregorio. 8) Female with immobilized Dolomedes albineus (light morph) (Pisauridae), adult female, Wolfskin District, Oglethorpe County, GA. Photograph © Wayne Hughes. 9) Female with immobilized Dolomedes albineus (dark morph) (Pisauridae), adult or subadult female, Azle, Tarrant County, TX. Photograph © Tracey Fandre. 10) Female with immobilized Agelenopsis?naevia (Agelenidae), adult female, Mansfield, Tarrant County, TX. Photograph © Don McMillan. 11) Female with immobilized Cupiennius coccineus (Trechaleidae), adult female, Rancho Naturalista, Cartago Province, Costa Rica. Photograph © Debbie Hall. 12) Female with immobilized Phoneutria boliviensis (Ctenidae), adult female, Playa Paunch near Bluff Beach, Isla Colón, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama. Photograph © Ray Hamilton.
Figures 1–6. Entypus unifasciatus. 1 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 1–6. Entypus unifasciatus. 1) Entypus unifasciatus unifasciatus (Say), female, with immobilized Hogna sp., subadult female (Lycosidae), Clark County, IN. Photograph © David Brown. 2) Entypus unifasciatus unifasciatus, female, with immobilized Dolomedes albineus (Pisauridae) (light morph), adult female, Acadiana Park Nature Station, Lafayette, Lafayette Parish, LA. Photograph © James Beck. 3) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni (Townes), female, with immobilized Olios giganteus (Sparassidae), adult female, Gilbert Riparian Reserve, Maricopa County, AZ. Photograph © Kelly Gibson. 4) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni, female, with immobilized Tigrosa sp. (Lycosidae), adult or subadult female, Santa Elena Canyon, Chihuahua State, Mexico. Photograph © Aaron Balam. 5) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni, female, with immobilized?Ctenus sp. (Ctenidae), adult female, Amozoc, Puebla State, Mexico. Photograph © Luis Fuentes. 6) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni, female, with immobilized Cupiennius salei (Trechaleidae), adult or subadult female, Zihuateutla, Bosque Mesófilo Xecotepec, Puebla State, Mexico. Photograph © A. D. Hernández-Saint Martin.
Figure 1 in Observations on the nesting behaviour of the spider wasp Eragenia congrua (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with the first record of the host
Figure 1. (A) Jacaranda tree (Jacaranda copaia) with the nests of Eragenia congrua; (B) detail of the bark of Jacaranda tree with three closed old nests of E. congrua indicated by arrows. (C, D) Females of E. congrua on the bark of a Jacaranda tree.
Figure 4 in Observations on the nesting behaviour of the spider wasp Eragenia congrua (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with the first record of the host
Figure 4. (A) Female of Eragenia congrua with bent gaster and curved wing tip; (B) mandible of a female of E. congrua; (C) terminal portion of metasoma of a female of E. congrua; (D) detail of the bristles in the terminal portion of metasoma of a female of E. congrua.
Data from: Host manipulation by an ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid that takes advantage of preprogrammed web-building behaviour for its cocoon protection
Host manipulation by parasites and parasitoids is a fascinating phenomenon within evolutionary ecology, representing an example of extended phenotypes. To elucidate the mechanism of host manipulation, revealing the origin and function of the invoked actions is essential. Our study focused on the ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid Reclinervellus nielseni, which turns its host spider (Cyclosa argenteoalba) into a drugged navvy, to modify the web structure into a more persistent cocoon web so that the wasp can pupate safely on this web after the spider's death. We focused on whether the cocoon web originated from the resting web that an unparasitized spider builds before moulting, by comparing web structures, building behaviour and silk spectral/tensile properties. We found that both resting and cocoon webs have reduced numbers of radii decorated by numerous fibrous threads and specific decorating behaviour was identical, suggesting that the cocoon web in this system has roots in the innate resting web and ecdysteroid-related components may be responsible for the manipulation. We also show that these decorations reflect UV light, possibly to prevent damage by flying web-destroyers such as birds or large insects. Furthermore, the tensile test revealed that the spider is induced to repeat certain behavioural steps in addition to resting web construction so that many more threads are laid down for web reinforcement.
Figures 9–16. Pompilid wasps and host spiders. 9 in Additional new and unusual host records for Western Hemisphere spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 9–16. Pompilid wasps and host spiders. 9) Pepsis martini Vardy, female, with immobilized Diplura nigra (F. O. Pickard- Cambridge) (Dipluridae), adult or subadult female, Cristalino Lodge, Alto Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Photograph © Sidnei Dantas. 10) Pepsis plutus Erichson, female, with immobilized Phoneutria fera Perty (Ctenidae), adult or subadult female, Saül, French Guiana. Photograph © Wouter Knaepen. 11) Priocnessus hurdi Dreisbach, female, with immobilized Euagrus?mexicanus (Ausserer) (Euagridae), adult or subadult female, Jantetelco, Morelas State, Mexico. Photograph © Paula Montserrat Crespo Barrera. 12) Priocnemella hexagona (Fox), female, with immobilized Phoneutria?fera Perty (Ctenidae), juvenile, National Forest of Jamari, Rondônia State, Brazil. Photograph © Pedro Paulo Machado Nascimento. 13) Sphictostethus striatulus Roig-Alsina, female, with immobilized?Grammostola sp. (Theraphosidae), juvenile, Altos de Cantillana Reserve, 12 km W Paine, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. Photograph © Bernardo Segura. 14) Herbstellus pachylopus (Kohl), female, with immobilized Lycinus sp. (Nemesiidae), adult or subadult female, La Serena, Elqui Province, Coquimbo Region, Chile. Photograph © Simon Torres. 15) Caliadurgus maculatellus (Taschenberg), female, with immobilized Larinia sp. (Araneidae), adult or subadult female, Punilla, Córdoba Province, Argentina. Photograph © Andrea A. Coccuci. 16) Entypus magnus (Cresson), female, with immobilized Tigrosa georgicola (Walckenaer) (Lycosidae), adult or subadult female, Princeton, Collin County, Texas, USA. Photograph © Manda Bell.
Figure 16 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figure 16. Combined geographic occurrence records of host species of Agelenidae, Ctenidae, Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Selenopidae, Sparassidae, Trechaleidae and Zoropsidae for Entypus unifasciatus and Tachypompilus ferrugineus based on 19,097 SCAN and GBIF collection records and online images. Northwestern Mexico is poorly sampled on this map. Note scarcity of records from the Pacific Northwest.
Figure 15 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figure 15. Geographic occurrence records of host species of Agelenidae, Ctenidae, Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Selenopidae, Sparassidae, Trechaleidae and Zoropsidae for Entypus unifasciatus and Tachypompilus ferrugineus based on 19,097 SCAN and GBIF collection records and online images. Northwestern Mexico is poorly sampled on this map. Note scarcity of records from the Pacific Northwest.
Figures 1–6. Entypus unifasciatus. 1 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figures 1–6. Entypus unifasciatus. 1) Entypus unifasciatus unifasciatus (Say), female, with immobilized Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz (Pisauridae), adult female, Caitlin Dunbar Nature Center, Lichester, Howard County, MD. © Photographer unknown. 2) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni (Banks), female, attempting to re-sting immobilized Dolomedes tenebrosus, adult female, Lewisville, Denton County, TX. Photograph © Ruthanne Thomas. 3) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni, female, with immobilized Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer) (Lycosidae), adult female, Cook's Slough Nature Park, Uvalde County, TX. Photograph © Tripp Davenport. 4) Entypus unifasciatus californicus (Townes), female, with immobilized Schizocosa mccooki (Montgomery) (Lycosidae), adult female, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, CA. Photograph © Morgan Cantrell. 5) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni, female, with immobilized Ctenus sp. (Ctenidae), adult or subadult female, Tequila, Jalisco State, Mexico. Photograph © Chris Lloyd. 6) Entypus unifasciatus urichi (Banks), female, with immobilized Ancylometes bogotensis (Keyserling) (Ctenidae), subadult female or juvenile, San Antonio del Tequendama, Cundinamarca Department, Colombia. Photograph © German Leonel Sarmiento Cruz.
One to host them all: genomics of the diverse bacterial endosymbionts of the spider Oedothorax gibbosus
<p>Bacterial endosymbionts of the groups <em>Wolbachia</em>, <em>Cardinium </em>and <em>Rickettsiaceae </em>are well-known for their diverse effects on their arthropod hosts, ranging from mutualistic relationships to reproductive phenotypes. Here, we analyzed a unique system in which the dwarf spider <em>Oedothorax gibbosus</em> is co-infected with up to five different endosymbionts affiliated with <em>Wolbachia</em>, ‘<em>Candidatus </em>Tisiphia’ (formerly Torix group <em>Rickettsia</em>), <em>Cardinium, </em>and <em>Rhabdochlamydia</em>. Using short-read genome sequencing data, we show that the endosymbionts are heterogeneously distributed among <em>O. gibbosus</em> populations and are frequently found co-infecting spider individuals. To study this intricate host-endosymbiont system on a genome resolved level, we used long-read sequencing to reconstruct closed genomes of the <em>Wolbachia</em>, ‘<em>Ca. </em>Tisiphia’ and <em>Cardinium </em>endosymbionts. We provide insights in the ecology and evolution of the endosymbionts and shed light on the interactions with their spider host. We detected high quantities of transposable elements in all endosymbiont genomes and provide evidence that ancestors of the <em>Cardinium</em>, ‘<em>Ca. </em>Tisiphia’ and <em>Wolbachia </em>endosymbionts have co-infected the same hosts in the past. Our findings contribute to broadening our knowledge about endosymbionts infecting one of the largest animal phyla on earth, and show the usefulness of transposable elements as an evolutionary “contact-tracing” tool.</p>
Figure 4 in Can host plants affect egg predation of two-spotted spider mite by Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae)?
Figure 4. Age-specific survival rate (lx), age-specific predation rate (kx), and age-specific net predation rate (qx) of Macrolphus pygmaeus fed on Tetranychus urticae eggs reared on tomato and sweet pepper.
Figure 2 in Can host plants affect egg predation of two-spotted spider mite by Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae)?
Figure 2. Age-specific survivorship (lx), age-stage-specific fecundity (fxj), age-specific fecundity of the total population (mx), and age-specific maternity (lxmx) of Macrolophus pygmaeus fed on Tetranychus urticae eggs reared on tomato plant and sweet pepper.
Figure 1. Cryptocheilus severini female examining a in First host record for the spider wasp Cryptocheilus severini Banks (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae)
Figure 1. Cryptocheilus severini female examining a lycosid spider with her apical antenna segments as the immobilized spider lies dorsal side upward on leaf litter. Photograph © Francisco Farriols Sarabia.
Fig. 5 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation
Fig. 5. Phylogenetic trees based on 28S (left) and cox1 (right) sequences of Strongyloides eggs. Sequences obtained from the eggs are bold type and indicated with an *. Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference.
Fig. 2 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation
Fig. 2. Egg morphotypes found in the faeces of Mexican primates. A) Trypanoxyuris sp., B) Controrchis biliophilus, arrow pointing to the two eyespot remnants; C) trematode, diagnosed as C. biliophilus by molecular data; D) unidentified ancylostomatid; E) Strongyloides sp.; F) unidentified ascarid. Scale bar is equal to 15 Mm.
Fig. 4 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation
Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree based on 28S sequences of Controrchis biliophilus. Sequences obtained from the eggs are bold type and indicated with an *. Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference. Host species are indicated within parenthesis.
Fig. 1 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation
Fig. 1. Surveyed sites for parasites in Mexican primates. Dots indicate sampling sites, black: Alouatta palliata; white: A. pigra; and grey: Atetes geoffroyi. Polygons indicate the primate distribution range in Mexico, diagonal lines: A. palliata; dashes: A. pigra; and grey: A. geoffroyi.
Fig. 3 in Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees based on 28S (left) and cox1 (right) sequences of Trypanoxyuris sp. Sequences obtained from the eggs are bold type and indicated with an *. Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference.
Linked collectors and determiners for: New and unusual host records for North American and South American spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "New and unusual host records for North American and South American spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8cd88652-1627-4fbe-891d-062b3e02e511">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8cd88652-1627-4fbe-891d-062b3e02e511</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8cd88652-1627-4fbe-891d-062b3e02e511">https://gbif.org/dataset/8cd88652-1627-4fbe-891d-062b3e02e511</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
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