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17 results for “spite”
Much or More? Experiments of Rationality and Spite with School Children - Data Set
<p>Much or More? Experiments of Rationality and Spite with School Children Original Data set.</p> <p>Data was collected as a binary choice coded in the following way:</p> <p>0 - played <em>min</em> ; 1 - played <em>max</em></p> <p>Each row represents player A and B of each game and each column represents treatment; the 5 rounds of the game; payoff for each round; total payoff of the 5 rounds; age of the player, school year of the player and school of the player. Name of schools are coded inside the file.</p> <p>See original article for references on how data was collected and analysed.</p>
Data from: A meiotic driver alters sperm form and function in house mice: a possible example of spite
<p>The ability to subvert independent assortment of chromosomes is found in many meiotic drivers, such as the t haplotype in house mice <em>Mus musculu</em>s, in which the t-bearing chromosomal homolog is preferentially transmitted to offspring. This is explained by a poison-antidote system, in which developing + and <em>t</em> sperm in testes of + /<em>t</em> males are exposed to 'poison' coded by <em>t</em> loci, from which t sperm are protected, allowing <em>t</em> sperm an overwhelming fertilisation advantage in monogamous matings. This system is thought to result in poorly and normally motile sperm subpopulations within + /<em>t </em>sperm, leaving t sperm unharmed. Conversely, we found that the fastest quartile of sperm from + /<em>t</em> males swam more slowly, both forwards and along their travel path, and had reduced straightness and linearity, compared to the fastest quartile of + / + sperm. Moreover, sperm from + /<em>t</em> males had shorter tails and narrower heads than + / + sperm, and these morphological differences covaried with motility differences. Finally, + /<em>t</em> traits did not show evidence of bimodal distributions. We conclude that the t haplotype drive results in lasting damage to the motility of both + and <em>t</em> developing sperm, although previous studies indicate that + must be more harmed than <em>t</em> sperm. This damage to all sperm may explain the low success of + /<em>t</em> males in sperm competition with + / + males, seen in earlier studies. We propose that the harm the t causes to itself could be termed 'spiteful', which may also be common to other gamete-harming meiotic drive systems.</p>
Data from: A meiotic driver alters sperm form and function in house mice: a possible example of spite
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Data from: Body size evolution in an old insect order: no evidence for Cope's Rule in spite of fitness benefits of large size
We integrate field data and phylogenetic comparative analyses to investigate causes of body size evolution and stasis in an old insect order: odonates ("dragonflies and damselflies"). Fossil evidence for "Cope's Rule" in odonates is weak or non-existent since the last major extinction event 65 million years ago, yet selection studies show consistent positive selection for increased body size among adults. In particular, we find that large males in natural populations of the banded demoiselle (Calopteryx splendens) over several generations have consistent fitness benefits both in terms of survival and mating success. Additionally, there was no evidence for stabilizing or conflicting selection between fitness components within the adult life-stage. This lack of stabilizing selection during the adult life-stage was independently supported by a literature survey on different male and female fitness components from several odonate species. We did detect several significant body size shifts among extant taxa using comparative methods and a large new molecular phylogeny for odonates . We suggest that the lack of Cope's rule in odonates results from conflicting selection between fitness advantages of large adult size and costs of long larval development. We also discuss competing explanations for body size stasis in this insect group.
Data from: Maintained functional diversity in benthic communities in spite of diverging functional identities
Ecological studies based on time-series often investigate community changes centered on species abundance or biomass but rarely expose the consequential functional aspects underlying such changes. Functional diversity measures have proven to be more accurate predictors for ecosystem functioning than traditional taxonomic approaches and hence gained much attention. There are only limited studies available that analyse the functional implications behind decadal changes of entire communities. We studied zoobenthic communities of two habitats, sheltered and exposed, of a coastal system subject to contrasting changes in community composition over the past four decades. Besides eutrophication and climate-related impacts, the system has been invaded by a non-native polycheate Marenzelleria spp., adding altered functional properties to the communities. The functional dispersion (FDis) metric was used as a measure for comparing the functional diversity of the contrasting habitats, with special focus on the role of Marenzelleria for the entire communities. We highlight changes in the functional identity of the communities, expressed as community-weighted means of trait expression (CWM), using multivariate techniques, and investigate the relationship between taxonomic and functional changes. Despite contrasting community developments in the two habitats, with characteristics traditionally suggesting different environmental quality, we found that the FDis in both habitats remained similar and increased with the introduction of Marenzelleria. Although showing maintained functional diversity across time and space, the functional identity (CWM) of communities changed irrespective of taxonomical differences. Examples include inter alia alterations in palatability proxies, feeding position and sediment transportation types, indicating changed functionality of zoobenthos in coastal systems. We show, when focussing on qualitative functional changes of communities, it is important to evaluate the underlying functional identity, and not only rely on measures of the diversity of functions per se, as the quality indication of expressed functional traits can be concealed when using multi-functionality approaches.
Data from: Genetic differentiation in spite of high gene flow in the dominant rainforest tree of southeastern Australia, Nothofagus cunninghamii
Nothofagus cunninghamii is a long-lived, wind-pollinated tree species that dominates the cool temperate rainforests of southeastern Australia. The species' distribution is more or less continuous in western Tasmania but is fragmented elsewhere. However, it is unknown whether this fragmentation has affected the species' genetic architecture. Thus, we examined N. cunninghamii using 12 nuclear microsatellites and 633 individuals from 18 populations spanning the species' natural range. Typical of wind-pollinated trees, there was low range-wide genetic structure (FST=0.04) consistent with significant gene flow across most of the species' range. However, gene flow was not high enough to overcome the effects of drift across some disjunctions. Victorian populations (separated from Tasmania by the 240 km wide Bass Strait) formed a genetic group distinct from Tasmanian populations, had lower diversity (mean allelic richness (Ar)=5.4 in Victoria versus 6.9 in Tasmania) and were significantly more differentiated from one another than those in Tasmania (FST=0.045 in Victoria versus 0.012 in Tasmania). Evidence for bottlenecking was found in small populations that were at least 20 km from other populations. Interestingly, we found little divergence in microsatellite markers between the extremes of genetically based morphological and physiological altitudinal clines suggesting adaptive differentiation is strongly driven by selection because it is likely to be occurring in the presence of gene flow. Even though the cool temperate rainforests of Australia are highly relictual, the species is relatively robust to population fragmentation due to high levels of genetic diversity and gene flow, especially in Tasmania.
Data from: Maintained functional diversity in benthic communities in spite of diverging functional identities
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Data from: Body size evolution in an old insect order: no evidence for Cope’s Rule in spite of fitness benefits of large size
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Data from: Genetic differentiation in spite of high gene flow in the dominant rainforest tree of southeastern Australia, Nothofagus cunninghamii
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Data from: Evolution of increased virulence is associated with decreased spite in the insect-pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila
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Data from: Spite and the scale of competition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Scale of competition has been shown to be an important factor in shaping the evolution of the social interactions. Although many theoretical and experimental studies have examined its impact upon altruistic cooperation, relatively little research effort has been focused upon spiteful behaviours: actions that harm both the actor and recipient. In this study, we expand upon the existing theory by investigating the importance of global frequency of spiteful alleles, and we determine experimentally how scale of competition affects selection for spite in the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, under high and intermediate spatial relatedness. Consistent with our theoretical results, we find in our experiments that spiteful genotypes are more favoured under local (rather than global) competition and intermediate (rather than high) spatial relatedness; conditions that have been shown to select against indiscriminate altruism.
Data from: Spite versus cheats: competition among social strategies shapes virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Social interactions have been shown to play an important role in bacterial evolution and virulence. The majority of empirical studies conducted have only considered social traits in isolation, yet numerous social traits, such as the production of spiteful bacteriocins (anti-competitor toxins) and iron-scavenging siderophores (a public good) by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are frequently expressed simultaneously. Crucially, both bacteriocin production and siderophore cheating can be favoured under the same competitive conditions, and we develop theory and carry out experiments to determine how the success of a bacteriocin-producing genotype is influenced by social cheating of susceptible competitors and the resultant impact on disease severity (virulence). Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find that the spiteful genotype is favoured at higher local frequencies when competing against public good cheats. Furthermore, the relationship between spite frequency and virulence is significantly altered when the spiteful genotype is competed against cheats compared with cooperators. These results confirm the ecological and evolutionary importance of considering multiple social traits simultaneously. Moreover, our results are consistent with recent theory regarding the invasion conditions for strong reciprocity (helping cooperators and harming non-cooperators).
Data from: Children reject inequity out of spite
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Data from: Spite and the scale of competition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Data from: Spite versus cheats: competition among social strategies shapes virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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A Dose Range Finding Study of JNJ-38518168 in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis in Spite of Treatment With Methotrexate
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01679951. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 16. Publications: 0.
Dataset related to the article-Fenretinide treatment accelerates atherosclerosis development in apoE‐deficient mice in spite of beneficial metabolic effects
<p>This record contains raw data related to the article "Fenretinide treatment accelerates atherosclerosis development in apoE‐deficient mice in spite of beneficial metabolic effects"</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background and Purpose</p> <p>Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid derivative first investigated for cancer prevention and treatment, has been shown to ameliorate glucose tolerance, improve plasma lipid profile and reduce body fat mass. These effects, together with its ability to inhibit ceramide synthesis, suggest that fenretinide may have an anti‐atherosclerotic action.</p> <p>Experimental Approach</p> <p>To this aim, nine‐week‐old apoE‐knockout (EKO) female mice were fed for twelve weeks a Western diet, without (control) or with (0.1% <em>w</em>/w) fenretinide. As a reference, wild‐type (WT) mice were treated similarly. Growth and metabolic parameters were monitored throughout the study. Atherosclerosis development was evaluated in the aorta and at the aortic sinus. Blood and lymphoid organs were further characterized with thorough cytological/histological and immunocytofluorimetric analyses.</p> <p>Key Results</p> <p>Fenretinide treatment significantly lowered body weight, glucose levels and plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids. In the liver, fenretinide remarkably reduced hepatic glycogenosis and steatosis driven by the Western diet. Treated spleens were abnormally enlarged, with severe follicular atrophy and massive extramedullary haematopoiesis. Severe renal hemosiderin deposition was observed in treated EKO mice. Treatment resulted in a threefold increase of total leukocytes (WT and EKO) and raised the activated/resting monocyte ratio in EKO mice. Finally, atherosclerosis development was markedly increased at the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta of fenretinide‐treated mice.</p> <p>Conclusions and Implications</p> <p>We provide the first evidence that, despite beneficial metabolic effects, fenretinide treatment may enhance the development of atherosclerosis.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.