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37 results for “sporophyte”
Fern sporophyte growth observation at the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF)
Long-term (20-year) monitoring sites have been established in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Individuals of approximately 20 species of ferns are being monitored on a regular basis to determine plant life history classes, leaf production rates, fertility characteristics and leaf damage levels. Effects of natural disturbance will be interpreted in light of these parameters. The study includes sites at El Verde, and Espiritu Santo and Bisley watersheds. A comparative study of ferns in the mangrove community at the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve was started in January 1998 and completed in January 2001. Comparisons of similar species will also be made at temperate sites. Data file FERNGROWTH contains data, on a line-line basis, about individual leaves. Information in this file includes measurements and observations as well as leaf location and identification information. Leaves in this file was monitored three times a year from the time the plant was first included in the study until the plant died, disappeared, or was dropped from the study. The same information was collected on leaves used in defoliation experiments (FERNDEFO). Annual measurements of leaf counts and longest leaf measurements on selected species from 2001 through 2010 are included in FERNPH02. Other files in the data set includes a file of supporting information on characteristics the plants on which leaf observations were made (FERNSEQ), additional field observations about the leaves, plants and sites (FERNFLD) and details about monitoring dates (FERNDATES). Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Serv
Data from: Life cycle matters: DNA barcoding reveals contrasting community structure between fern sporophytes and gametophytes
Ferns are the only major lineage of vascular plants that have nutritionally independent sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) life stages. However, the implications of this unique life cycle for fern community ecology have rarely been considered. To compare patterns of community structure between fern sporophytes and gametophytes, we conducted a survey of the ferns of the islands of Moorea and Tahiti (French Polynesia). We first constructed a DNA barcode library (plastid rbcL and trnH–psbA) for the two island floras including 145 fern species. We then used these DNA barcodes to identify more than 1300 field-collected gametophytes from 25 plots spanning an elevational gradient from 200 to 2000 m. We found that species richness of fern sporophytes conforms to the well-known unimodal (i.e., mid-elevation peak) pattern, reaching a maximum at ca. 1000 – 1200 m. Moreover, we found that fern sporophyte communities become increasingly phylogenetically clustered at high elevations. In contrast, species richness of fern gametophytes was consistent across sites, and gametophytes showed no correlation of phylogenetic community structure with elevation. Turnover of sporophyte and gametophyte communities was closely linked with elevation at shallow phylogenetic levels, but not at deeper nodes in the tree. Finally, we found several species for which gametophytes had broader ranges than sporophytes, including a vittarioid fern with abundant gametophytes but extremely rare sporophytes. Our study highlights the importance of including diverse life history stages in surveys of community structure, and has implications for the possible impacts of climate change on the distribution of fern diversity.
Data from: Life cycle matters: DNA barcoding reveals contrasting community structure between fern sporophytes and gametophytes
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Data from: Fitness of an allopolyploid rupicolous fern compared to its diploid progenitors: From sporogenesis to sporophyte formation
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: When two populations of related cytotypes grow in sympatry, the rarer cytotype tends to be excluded due to a frequency-dependent mating disadvantage. Evolutionary models predict that polyploids, which are typically the rarer cytotype upon first formation, should have higher relative fitness and/or higher selfing rates to establish and then coexist with diploid parents. METHODS: We compared performance in early recruitment among three co-occurring rupicolous fern species: the allotetraploid Cheilanthes tinaei and its diploid ancestors, C. hispanica and C. maderensis. We made culture experiments with fresh spores and samples of soil spore banks to test for variation among cytotypes in germination, survival, growth and fecundity, and mating system of gametophytes. KEY RESULTS: Compared to its diploid parents, C. tinaei fresh spores had: higher abortion percentages, worselower dispersal ability due to larger spores, and similar vigor at germination. As for gametophytes from soil spore banks, C. tinaei showed high survival as C. maderensis, but its , similar germination percentage and similar time taken to germinate at each incubation temperature. Regarding soil spore banks, C. tinaei showed more abundant germination than both diploids, which supports greater spore deposition under sporophytes of the allotetraploid. Its gender expression resembles that of C. hispanica, with a high proportion of males. Patterns of sporophyte formation by females and bisexuals indicate that the polyploid does not have increased intragametophytic selfing rates. Gametophytes were larger in C. tinaei, but its reproductive success (sporophyte formation) was intermediate relative to diploids. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the allopolyploid show similar or even lower fitness than diploid progenitors show no evidence of higher selfing or fitness advantage of the allopolyploid over both diploid parents at any stage of early recruitment. In addition, all three species may have similar selfing rates. These two unexpected findings suggest that further factors, such as niche differentiation, play a more important role in cytotype coexistence.
FIGURE. Riccardia multifida (L.) Gray I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus. (B) Cells of the thallus (branch). (C) Cross section of the thallus. (D) Sporophyte. (E) Light microscope view of spore. A–E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 337-15SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka
FIGURE. Riccardia multifida (L.) Gray I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus. (B) Cells of the thallus (branch). (C) Cross section of the thallus. (D) Sporophyte. (E) Light microscope view of spore. A–E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 337-15SR (PDA).
FIGURE. Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Gray I. (A) Thallus (B) Cells of thallus (C) Antheridia (D) Female receptacle (E) Cross section of thallus (F) Sporophyte (G) Light microscope view of spore. A–C, E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 275-15SR (PDA); D, F, G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 305-15SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka
FIGURE. Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Gray I. (A) Thallus (B) Cells of thallus (C) Antheridia (D) Female receptacle (E) Cross section of thallus (F) Sporophyte (G) Light microscope view of spore. A–C, E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 275-15SR (PDA); D, F, G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 305-15SR (PDA).
FIGURE. Aneura pinguis (L.) Dumort. I (A) Dorsal surface of thallus with archegonia (female receptacles). (B & C) Sporophytes. D) Cells of the capsule wall. (E) Elater (F) Light microscope view of spore. A–F Ruklani & Rubasinghe 47-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka
FIGURE. Aneura pinguis (L.) Dumort. I (A) Dorsal surface of thallus with archegonia (female receptacles). (B & C) Sporophytes. D) Cells of the capsule wall. (E) Elater (F) Light microscope view of spore. A–F Ruklani & Rubasinghe 47-14SR (PDA).
FIGURE. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi I. (A) dorsal surface of thallus with archegoniphores B) female receptacles (C) archegoniphore (D) male receptacle (E) ventral scale (F) appendage of ventral scale G) mature female receptacle with sporophytes (H) epidermal pore from the dorsal epidermis of the thallus (I) cross section of an epidermal pore. A–C, E–I, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 211-14SR (PDA); D, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 303-15SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka
FIGURE. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi I. (A) dorsal surface of thallus with archegoniphores B) female receptacles (C) archegoniphore (D) male receptacle (E) ventral scale (F) appendage of ventral scale G) mature female receptacle with sporophytes (H) epidermal pore from the dorsal epidermis of the thallus (I) cross section of an epidermal pore. A–C, E–I, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 211-14SR (PDA); D, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 303-15SR (PDA).
FIGURE. Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B) ventral surface of thallus (C) male receptacle (D, E). Archegoniophores with sporophytes (F) cross section of thallus (G) cross section of stalk of archegoniophore (H) light microscope view of spore. A–C, F Ruklani & Rubasinghe 213-14R (PDA); D–H Ruklani & Rubasinghe 344-14R (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka
FIGURE. Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B) ventral surface of thallus (C) male receptacle (D, E). Archegoniophores with sporophytes (F) cross section of thallus (G) cross section of stalk of archegoniophore (H) light microscope view of spore. A–C, F Ruklani & Rubasinghe 213-14R (PDA); D–H Ruklani & Rubasinghe 344-14R (PDA).
PLATE 7. Notothylas orbicularis. a. Open sporophyte. b–c in Rare and peculiar hornworts: Notothylas orbicularis and N. javanica (Notothyladaceae), new genus and species records for Australia
PLATE 7. Notothylas orbicularis. a. Open sporophyte. b–c. Cells of the columella. d. Elongate, thick-walled cells of capsule epidermis (val=valve cells; ep=epidermal cells). e. Transverse section through columella. f. Internal cells of capsule below epidermal cells. g. Proximal views of two spores and two pseudoelaters with internal thickenings (ps=pseudoelater). Illustrations by D. C. Cargill.
FIGURE 1 in Rare sporophyte found in Europe for Herbertus sendtneri with a range expansion to Africa and Malesia
FIGURE 1. Sporophytic characters of Herbertus sendtneri. A. An incomplete sporophyte packed with elaters and spores. B. The remaining two capsule valves of the sporophyte. C. Spores and elaters. D–F. Epidermal cells of the capsule showing nodular thickenings. G–H. Innermost layer of cells of the capsule showing nodular thickenings.
FIGURE 3 in Rare sporophyte found in Europe for Herbertus sendtneri with a range expansion to Africa and Malesia
FIGURE 3. Comparison of the spore morphology of Herbertus. A. H. sendtneri, Germany (Arnold, H-SOL 2306004). B. H. sendtneri, Solomon Islands (Norris & Roberts 49693, H3237384). C. H. runcinatus, Chile (Godley 366, H3174032). D. H. oldfieldianus, New Zealand (Streimann 51491, H3174100).
FIGURE 2 in Rare sporophyte found in Europe for Herbertus sendtneri with a range expansion to Africa and Malesia
FIGURE 2. Morphological variations of the leaves of Herbertus sendtneri. A–B. Germany (Arnold, H-SOL 2306004). C. Bhutan (Long 28730, H3230558). D. China, Yunnan (Long 24239, H3230578). E. USA, Alaska (Schofield 115685, H3203512). F–G. Papua New Guinea (Koponen 29037, H3173820, as H. armitanus). H. Solomon Islands (Norris & Roberts 49549, H3237383, as H. armitanus). I. Papua New Guinea (Koponen 31925, H3237380, as Herbertus circinatus). J–K. Tanzania (Pócs 8448/AX, H3225440, as H. dicranus). L–M. Colombia (Cleef 8380, H3174072).
FIGURE 2. Tayloria rudolphiana. A. Young sporophyte. B. Calyptra. C–D. Capsules. E. Columella with spore sac. F. Peristome teeth. G. Stomata. H. Axillary hairs. I in Revisit of European-Asiatic connections in Tayloria rudolphiana (Splachnaceae, Bryophyta) based on molecular data and new morphological evidence
FIGURE 2. Tayloria rudolphiana. A. Young sporophyte. B. Calyptra. C–D. Capsules. E. Columella with spore sac. F. Peristome teeth. G. Stomata. H. Axillary hairs. I. Cross sections of stem. J. Cross sections of leaves at midleaf. (All photo images prepared from He & Yi 49798, MO).
FIGURE 4. Anthoceros punctatus L. A. Thalli with immature light green sporophytes. B in A revision of the genus Anthoceros (Anthocerotaceae, Anthocerotophyta) in China
FIGURE 4. Anthoceros punctatus L. A. Thalli with immature light green sporophytes. B. Dorsal lamellae on thallus. C. Transverse section of thallus showing large mucilage cavities. D. Nostoc colony within ventral thallus in transverse section. E. Transverse section of thallus showing one antheridial cavity with four antheridia (arrow). F. Transverse section of a young sporophyte with a central columella (C), single-layered sporogenous tissue (ST), four-layers of assimilative cells (AC) and non-photosynthetic epidermis (E). G. Dorsal thallus epidermis with a single chloroplast. H. Thin-walled epidermis of capsule with stomata. I. Three-celled pseudoelater, showing thin-walls and irregular thickenings. J. SEM micrograph showing proximal spore face with distinct trilete mark and reticulations (foveate-reticulate). K. SEM micrograph showing distal spore face which is spinulate and reticulate with bold spinulate ridges, spines subacute at apex with rounded heads, occasionally bifurcating. L. SEM micrograph showing spores and pseudoelaters. A–I from T. Peng 20110220-11 (HSNU), J–L from D.-K. Li & C.-H. Gao 07035 (SHM). Scale bars: A=2 mm; B=1 mm; C=100 µm; D=200 µm; E–H=50 µm; I, L=20 µm; J, K=10 µm.
FIGURE 5. Anthoceros subtilis Steph. A. Capsule epidermis with thin walls and stomata. B. SEM micrograph showing sporophyte fragment with tetrads and pseudoelaters. C in A revision of the genus Anthoceros (Anthocerotaceae, Anthocerotophyta) in China
FIGURE 5. Anthoceros subtilis Steph. A. Capsule epidermis with thin walls and stomata. B. SEM micrograph showing sporophyte fragment with tetrads and pseudoelaters. C. Pseudoelaters with thin-walls and irregular thickenings. D. SEM micrograph showing proximal face of spore which is spinulose and has distinct trilete mark. E. SEM micrograph showing distal spore face which is papillate to spinulose with spines often united at the base. All from R.-H. Dai PX95106 (GACP). Scale bars: A, C=50 µm; B, D, E=10 µm.
FIGURE 2. Notothylas yunnanensis T.Peng & R.L.Zhu 1. Thalli with mature orange-red sporophytes. 2. Dorsal thallus epidermis, showing each cell containing a single chloroplast with central pyrenoid. 3 in A revision of the genus Notothylas (Notothyladaceae, Anthocerotophyta) in China
FIGURE 2. Notothylas yunnanensis T.Peng & R.L.Zhu 1. Thalli with mature orange-red sporophytes. 2. Dorsal thallus epidermis, showing each cell containing a single chloroplast with central pyrenoid. 3. Two Nostoc colonies within ventral side of solid thallus in transverse section. 4. Four antheridia with orange chromoplasts in irregularly arranged jacket cells. 5. Transverse section of capsule wall. 6. Dehiscing sporophyte with yellowish spores and columella. 7. Epidermis of capsule wall. 8. Three spores and a pseudoelater. 9. Capsule wall showing slightly thick-walled, sub-quadrate to sub-rectangular, irregularly arranged epidermal cells. All from T. Peng et al. 20120715-7 (holotype HSNU).
FIGURE 1. Leptoscyphus revolutus. A. Female shoot with sporophyte, lateral view. B in Leptoscyphus revolutus (Marchantiophyta, Lophocoleaceae) sp. nov. from Ecuador Notes on the Bryophytes of Ecuador III
FIGURE 1. Leptoscyphus revolutus. A. Female shoot with sporophyte, lateral view. B. Part of male shoot, dorsal view. C. part of shoot, ventral view, area of rhizoids stippled. D. part of shoot, dorsal view. E. leaves. F. underleaf. G. Detail of perianth mouth H. Bract and bracteole. I. Cross section of capsule wall. J. Innermost layer of capsule wall, surface view. K. Capsule wall epidermis, surface view. L. Elater. M. Spores. N. Mid leaf cells. O. Cells of apical leaf margin. P. Basal leaf cells. Q. Cross section of leaf. R. Stem cross section. Scale bars: A-D 2 mm, E 1 mm, F 250 µm, G 250 µm, H 1 mm, I-K 100 µm, L-M 25 µm, M-Q 50 µm, R 100 µm. All drawn from VH 12 (QCNE).
Data from: Fitness of an allopolyploid rupicolous fern compared to its diploid progenitors: From sporogenesis to sporophyte formation
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Data from: Shape analysis of moss (Bryophyta) sporophytes: insights into land plant evolution
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The alternation of generations life cycle represents a key feature of land-plant evolution and has resulted in a diverse array of sporophyte forms and modifications in all groups of land plants. We test the hypothesis that evolution of sporangium (capsule) shape of the mosses—the second most diverse land-plant lineage—has been driven by differing physiological demands of life in diverse habitats. This study provides an important conceptual framework for analyzing the evolution of a single, homologous character in a continuous framework across a deep expanse of time, across all branches of the tree of life. METHODS: We reconstruct ancestral sporangium shape and ancestral habitat on the largest phylogeny of mosses to date, and use phylogenetic generalized least squares regression to test the association between habitat and sporangium shape. In addition, we examine the association between shifts in sporangium shape and species diversification. RESULTS: We demonstrate that sporangium shape is convergent, under natural selection, and associated with habitat type, and that many shifts in speciation rate are associated with shifts in sporangium shape. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that natural selection in different microhabitats results in the diversity of sporangium shape found in mosses, and that many increasing shifts in speciation rate result in changes in sporangium shape across their 480 million year history. Our framework provides a way to examine if diversification shifts in other land plants are also associated with massive changes in sporophyte form, among other morphological traits.
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