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10 results for “spotted salamander”
Systematic revision of the Spotted and Northern Dusky Salamanders (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus conanti and D. fuscus), with six new species from the eastern United States
<p>Appendix S1 - Specimen, locality, and morphometric data for 674 individual salamanders analyzed in this study. We used the ‘geomorph’ package in R (Adams and Otárola-Castillo 2013) to extract 17 measurements at 0.01mm precision: SVL (snout-vent length), TL (tail length), AG (axilla-groin length), CW (chest width), FL (femur length), HL (humerus length), SG (snout-gular length), TW (tail width at rear of vent), TO (length of third toe), FI (length of third finger), HW (head width), ED (eye diameter), IN (internarial distance), ES (eye-snout distance), ON (orbito-narial distance), IO (inter-orbital distance), and IC (inter-canthal distance).</p>
Water-borne and plasma corticosterone are not correlated in spotted salamanders
<p>Water-borne hormone measurement is a noninvasive method suitable for amphibians of all sizes that are otherwise difficult to sample. For this method, containment-water is assayed for hormones released by the animal. Originally developed in fish, the method has expanded to amphibians, but requires additional species-specific validations. We wanted to determine physiological relevance of water-borne corticosterone in spotted salamanders (<i>Ambystoma maculatum</i>) by comparing concentrations to those taken using established corticosterone sampling methods, such as plasma. Using a mixture of field and laboratory studies, we compared water-borne corticosterone levels to other traditional methods of sampling corticosterone for spotted salamander larvae, metamorphs, and adults. Despite multiple attempts, and detecting differences between age groups, we found no correlations between water-borne and plasma corticosterone levels in any age group. Water-borne sampling measures a rate of release; whereas plasma is the concentration circulating in the blood. The unique units of measurement may inherently prevent correlations between the two. These two methods may also require different interpretations of the data and the physiological meaning. We also note caveats with the method, including how to account for differences in body size and life history stages. Collectively, our results illustrate the importance of careful validation of water-borne hormone levels in each species in order to understand its physiological significance.</p>
Data from: Population of origin and environment interact to determine oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations
Spatial variation in disease risk in wild populations can depend both on environmental and genetic factors. Understanding the various contributions of each factor requires experimental manipulation of both the environment and genetic composition of populations under natural field conditions. We first examined natural patterns of oomycete composition and infection in the eggs of 13 populations of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum. We then performed a fully factorial field transplant of the eggs of six populations to separate the contributions from population of origin and the environment on oomycete resistance in spotted salamanders. Among wild ponds, we found strong variation in oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations and differences in the composition of oomycete communities. In transplant experiments, salamander populations differed in their resistance to oomycete infections via a significant interaction between population of origin and environment. However, not all populations were locally adapted to local conditions. One population was significantly adapted to its home environment, and another one was significantly maladapted. These population effects could originate from differential adaptation of salamander populations to local oomycete communities or environmental conditions that mediate resistance, local adaptation and maladaptation of oomycetes to hosts, or from maternal transmission. Accounting for both environment and population of origin will often be necessary to understand disease dynamics in wild populations.
FIG. 3 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio
FIG. 3.—Relationships between percent mass loss and number of days spent in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio, for individually marked female (R2 ¼ 0.57, P ¼ 0.001; y ¼ 1.25x þ 6.76) and male (R2 ¼ 0.18, P ¼ 0.001, y ¼ 0.29x þ 3.39) Ambŋstoma maculatum sampled from 2005 to 2014.
F. 1 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio
F. 1.—Numbers of (a) breeding Ambŋstoma maculatum adults (R2 ¼ IG 0.46, P ¼ 0.03), (b) split by sex (females, R2 ¼ 0.02, P ¼ 0.67; males, R2 ¼ 0.68, P ¼ 0.003), and (c) counts of breeding females plotted alongside egg mass counts and numbers of emerging juveniles from 2005 to 2014 in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio. Numbers near the bottom of (b) reflect sex ratios (male:female), and numbers near the bottom of (c) reflect recruitment rates (emerging juveniles per breeding female) for each year. Significant negative linear relationships of overall breeding adults (a) and breeding males (b) over time are represented by the equations y ¼ 46.1x þ 93246.0 and y ¼ 41.6x þ 84148.9, respectively.
FIG. 2 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio
FIG. 2.—Mean values (±1 SE) for mass (a) and snout–vent length (SVL, b) of inbound female and male Ambŋstoma maculatum sampled from 2005 to 2014 in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio. See Table 3 for the sample size contributing to each depicted value. In all years, for both body-size indicators, females were larger than males (P <0.05). For simplicity, only differences among years (sexes combined) are reflected by different letter(s) above each pair of bars.
Data from: Population of origin and environment interact to determine oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations
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Data from: Asymmetric introgression in a spotted salamander hybrid zone
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Water-borne and plasma corticosterone are not correlated in spotted salamanders
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FIG. 4 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio
FIG. 4.—Mean values (±1 SE) for mass of juvenile Ambŋstoma maculatum sampled from Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio. Sample sizes are 99 (2005), 73 (2006), 301 (2008), 19 (2010), and 32 (2011). Different letters signify statistical differences between values (P <0.05).
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