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56 results for “stem anatomy”
FIG. 7 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany
FIG. 7. — Reconstruction of MN911 at the level of branching based on a series of transverse sections. Because only the base of the leaves is well known, their tips are represented in dashed lines. Sections 1-6 correspond to polished surfaces MN911-B1i, MN911-B1s, MN911-B2i, MN911-B2s, MN911-B3i, and MN911- B3s; sections 7 and 8 correspond to slides MN911-A1 and MN911-A2. Artwork by Bernard Terreaux.
FIG. 2 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany
FIG. 2. — General aspect of the specimens in transverse section at the same scale. The primary xylem is in dark grey, the secondary xylem – when present – is in black. A, MN201(slide MN201-E2); B, same specimen as A at a level of branching (slide MN201-F1); C, largest axis resulting from the branching of MN911 with two leaf bases (slide MN911-A1); D, same axis as in C at another level with one leaf base and the production of two traces from one arm of the stele (slide MN911-A2); E, smallest axis resulting from the branching of MN911 (slide MN911-A2); F, MN864 showing secondary xylem all around the stele (slide MN864-C1); G, KLC3 showing a small amount of secondary xylem (slide KLC3-C); H, KLC4 showing a small amount of secondary xylem like KLC3 but a much smaller cortex (slide KLC4-B2). Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 1 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany
FIG. 1. — Maps showing the location of the localities in Southern France (A) and Thuringia, Germany (B). Detailed maps modified from Galtier et al. 1988 and Meyer-Berthaud & Rowe 1997.
FIG. 3 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 3. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices: A, B, Pelargonium carnosum (L.) L'Hér.; A, stem, wood; B, stem, bands of libriform fibers; C-E, Moringa drouhardii Jum.; C, stem, diffused fibrous wood, lignification in ray parenchyma cells; D, stem, radial section; E, stem, secondary phloem dilatated; F, Oxalis megalorrhiza Jacq., stem, wood; G-I, Adenia glauca Schinz; G, green stem, cortex and phloem fiber caps; H, green stem, parenchymatous wood; I, caudex, parenchymatous wood. Abbreviations: lf, libriform fibers; r, rays; p, parenchyma cells; fp, fiber cap; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: 50 µm.
FIG. 2 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 2. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A, B, Momordica rostrata Zimm; A, caudex, septate fibers, tangential section; B, caudex, vessels with bordered pits; C-F, Jatropha curcas L.; C, caudex, solitary vessels, wood; D, caudex, fibrous wood; E, caudex, vessels, radial section; F, caudex, thin-walled libriform fibers, parenchyma with amyloplasts,radial section; G, H, Jatropha macrantha Müll. Arg.; G, stem, diffuse fibrous wood, thin-walled libriform fibers, septate and gelatinous fibers; H, stem, axial and ray parenchyma. Abbreviations: ur, uniseriate ray; br, biseriate ray; p, parenchyma; f, fibers; sp, secondary phloem; ct, conjunctive tissue; sf, septate fibers; v, vessel; lf, libriform fibers. Scale bars: A, C-H, 50 µm; B, 10 µm.
FIG. 1 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 1. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A-C, Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.; A, stem, bicollateral bundle; B, caudex, cortex laticifers and fibrous wood; C, caudex, fibrous wood, thin-walled libriform fibers, tangential section; D-F, Ceropegia africana R. Br.; D, stem, bicollateral bundles; E, stem, extraxylary gelatinous fibers; F, caudex, conjunctive tissue, parenchyma cells are proliferated in wood; G-I, Momordica rostrata Zimm; G, stem, wood; H, caudex, wood; I, caudex, conjunctive tissue bordered by secondary phloem. Abbreviations: bc, bicollateral bundle; l, laticifer; p, parenchyma cells; gf, gelatinous fibers; ct, conjunctive tissue; pw, parenchymatous wood; fw, fibrous wood; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: 50 µm.
Fig. 2 in The endocranial anatomy of the stem turtle Naomichelys speciosa from the Early Cretaceous of North America
Fig. 2. Cranial endocast, nasal cavity, and inner ear (plus cavum acustico-jugulare, A1 and blood vessels) of helochelydrid turtle Naomichelys speciosa Hay, 1908 (FMNH PR273) from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian/ Albian) Trinity Group, Texas; in right lateral (A1), right posterolateral (A2), dorsal (A3), and ventral (A4) views. 1, lateral branch of the internal carotid artery; 2, anteromedial branch of the carotid artery; 3, cerebral artery; 4,?unnamed branch of the nervi vidiani.
Fig. 3 in The endocranial anatomy of the stem turtle Naomichelys speciosa from the Early Cretaceous of North America
Fig. 3. Detail of the cranial endocast and blood vessels of helochelydrid turtle Naomichelys speciosa Hay, 1908 (FMNH PR273) in right lateroventral view. The image also includes the cavum acustico-jugulare, right inner ear, and cranial nerves V and VI. 1, lateral branch of the internal carotid artery; 2, anteromedial branch of the carotid artery; 3, cerebral artery; 4,?unnamed branch of the nervi vidiani. Not to scale.
Figure 11 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 11. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Cymatosaurus sp. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 4 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 4. Analysis of the jaw mechanics in Placodus on the basis of the model derived by Druzinsky & Greaves (1979). For further discussion see text. Abbreviations: A, B, location of the mandibular joints; E, location of the apex of the coronoid process; bp, bite point in the centre of the posterior dentary tooth plate; F1, f1, resultant vertical muscle force (F1, acting perpendicular to the plane of the drawing) and fulcrum (f1); F2, f2, adductive component of the resultant muscle force generated by posterodorsally inclined muscles (F2, acting perpendicular to the plane of the drawing), and fulcrum (f2)
Figure 3 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 3. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Placodus gigas. A–D, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus.
Figure 12 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 12. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Pistosaurus longaevus. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 2 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the trigeminal jaw adductor musculature in extant reptiles (Iguana). A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. D, Schematic representation of a horizontal section through the left jaw adductor musculature compelx at the level of the exit of the trigeminal nerve from the braincase. Abbreviations: ame, m. adductor mandibulae externus; amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames, m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; ami, m. adductor mandibulae internus; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; cid, constrictor internus dorsralis group; lbw, lateral braincase wall; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; qap, quadrate aponeurosis; uta, upper temporal arch; V1, profundus branch of trigeminal nerve; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 9 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 9. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Nothosaurus mirabilis. A–D, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 10 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Corosauruus alcovensis (skull reconstruction after Storrs, 1991 fig. 8). Superficial view of jaw addductor musculature. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis.
Figure 1 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 1. The phylogenetic relationships of Triassic stem-group Sauropterygia (see text, and Rieppel, 2000a for further discussion).
Figure 8 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 8. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Simosaurus gaillardoti. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 7 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 7. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Neusticosaurus edwardsii. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
FIGURE 6 in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy
FIGURE 6. Cross sections of the internodes of the stem of Phyllantus pterocaulis. A. General aspect; B. Epidermis, cortex and vascular system; C. Non-gladular trichomes (*); D. Hypodermis and ground parenchyma in the cortex. A. Arrow indicates stomata in the epidermis; E. Primary phloem; co—collenchyma, ep—epidermis, hy—hypodermis, me—medula, pa—ground parenchyma, ph—phloem, vb— vascular bundles, t—trichomes, xy - xylem. Asterisk shows sieve tube elements. Scale bars (A = 100 µm, B = 70 µm, C-E = 40 µm).
FIGURE 5 in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy
FIGURE 5. Cross sections of Phyllanthus pterocaulis leaf blade and petiole. A–F. Leaf blade; A, B Mesophyll; C. border; D. Non-gladular trichomes (*); E. Idioblasts containing druses; F. Vascular bundle; G. Midrib; H. General aspect of the petiole; I. Epidermis and cortex in the petiole. co—cortex, d—druses, ep—epidermis, pa—ground parenchyma, pp—palisade parenchyma. sp—spongy parenchyma, vb— vascular bundle. Scale bars (A–G, I = 40 µm, B = 70 µm).
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