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44 results for “stone tools”
Multi-faceted analyses of Poland's Bronze and Early Iron Age hoards: Fig.5. Pottery (A, C), animal bones (B), a human skull (C, D), and a flint tool (D) excavated from underneath the stone layer in Kaliszany (archaeological site no. 3)
<p>The set contains a figure, with with photographs that show examples of finds discovered during excavations at archaeological site 3 in Kaliszany, Wągrowiec commune, Poland. It is a stone and earth structure in which a hoard of metal objects dating to the Late Bronze Age was discovered in 1943. The photo is from the 2022 survey, when the south-western part of the structure was explored. <br><br>The paper and data were prepared as part of a project funded by the National Science Centre, Poland: <em>A Biography of Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages Hoards. A Multi-Faceted Analysis of Metal Objects Related to Monumental Constructions in Poland</em> (UMO-2021/41/B/HS3/00038)</p>
Evaluating the microscopic effect of brushing stone tools as a cleaning procedure [Python analysis]
<p>This upload includes the following files related to the Python analysis:</p> <ol> <li>Raw data as a XLSX table (brushing_v2.xlsx), i.e. results from R Script #1 (see <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632517">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632517</a>)</li> <li>Python script of the whole analysis (RunEveryParameter.py)</li> <li>Convenience script for running RunEveryParameter.py in background and logging all output (RunSingleParametesBash.sh)</li> <li>Log file for output of sampling from the model for each parameter in a loop (logAll.txt)</li> <li>Jupyter notebooks of the analysis run on <em>epLsar</em> as an example (Notebook_SingleParameter.inpyb) and of a summary of the whole analysis (Notebook_Overview.ipynb), plus associated HTML output files (*.html)</li> <li>For each parameter:</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Full samples of parameter values (*.pkl)</li> <li>Energy plots of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (*_Energy.pdf)</li> <li>Contrast plots between each treatment (BrushDirt = Is_Is, BrushNoDirt = Is_No, RubDirt = No_Is) and the control (No_No) (*_Contrasts.pdf)</li> <li>Trace plots for each parameter (*_Trace.pdf)</li> <li>Distribution of posteriors for each parameter (*_Posterior.pdf)</li> <li>Prior and posterior predictive distributions for each parameter (*_PriorPosterior.pdf)</li> </ul> <p>Instructions to download all files at once are given here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4011952">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4011952</a></p>
Early Neolithic polished stone tools analysis: Diploma thesis supplementary data
<p>Supplementary data of a master thesis: Early Neolithic polished stone tools analysis defended at Masaryk Univerzity, Brno, Czech Republic.</p> <p>The repository contains supplementary database and datasets concerning morphometric shape analysis of polished stone tools and related R scripts. The structure is described in attached read me file.</p>
FIG. 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
FIG. 2. — Free-body diagram of the phalanx in the different scenarios. This figure depicts the boundary conditions, areas of insertion of muscles, and direction of forces. For all loading configurations, joint reaction forces resulted from the rigid boundary constraints that were fixed at the distal joint in X, Y and Z-axes (light blue area), and at the proximal joint in the X-axis (dark blue area). The hammer reaction force (HRF) was applied to the entire palmar surface of the bone. 3.29 N for the HRF was simulated for Sc 1 and 3, and 7.65 N for Sc 2 and 4. Phalanges are shown in palmar (right) and radial (left) views.
FIG. 5 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
FIG. 5. — Box-plots of von Mises stress (MPa) distribution for all species under different scenarios, until Q95 (Sc 1 in grey, Sc 2 in yellow, Sc 3 in green and Sc 4 in red). The first row shows stress distribution of the models using the extant human as a reference to scale muscular forces in all other specimens, whereas the second one shows the results when the chimpanzee is used as a reference. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses.
FIG. 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
FIG. 1. — Biomechanical model of hammerstone use: B, corresponds to a zoom in palmar view of the area of interest during A, the grip of a human individual (based on Marzke et al. 1998). B, shows the angles of the muscular forces acting on the PP1. HRF is in 90° relative to the horizontal line for scenarios 1 and 2 and in 45° for scenarios 2 and 4. This force was applied on the entire palmar surface of the PP1 except in the joint areas and is represented with a hatched rectangle. Angles of the muscle forces are shown relative to the horizontal line. Abbreviations: FAP, Adductor Pollicis Force; FAPB, Abductor Pollicis Brevis Force; FFPB, Flexor Pollicis Brevis Force; EPB, direction force was applied in 16.7° and is not showed here as it attached on the dorsal surface of the PP1. Grey rectangles represent the origin areas of the muscles.
FIG. 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
FIG. 3. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the extant human as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Phalanges are shown at the same length. MPa bar is set at 12 MPa.
FIG. 4 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
FIG. 4. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the chimpanzee as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Images are not scaled. MPa is set at 25 MPa.
TABLE 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>TABLE 2. — Percentage of main locomotor behavoir of the non-human sample, according to Hunt (2004).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th><b>Climb</b></th><th><b>Braquiate</b></th><th><b>Clamber</b></th><th><b>Walk</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>6.5</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>89.9</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>19.7</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>64.4</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>31.3</td><td>15.5</td><td>40.7</td><td>12.0</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>34.2</td><td>51.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td></tr></tbody></table>
Research compendium for 'The contribution of integrated 3D model analysis to Protoaurignacian stone tool design'
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Protoaurignacian foragers relied heavily on the production and use of bladelets. Techno-typological studies of these implements have provided insights into important aspects of cultural variability. However, new technologies have seldom been used to quantify patterns of stone tool design. Taking advantage of a new scanning protocol and open-source software, we conduct the first 3D analysis of a Protoaurignacian assemblage, focusing on the selection and modification of blades and bladelets. We study a large sample of complete blanks and retouched tools from the early Protoaurignacian assemblage at Fumane Cave in northeastern Italy. Our main goal is to validate and refine previous techno-typological considerations employing a 3D geometric morphometrics approach complemented by 2D analysis of cross-section outlines and computations of retouch angle. The encouraging results show the merits of the proposed integrated approach and confirm that bladelets were the main focus of stone knapping at the site. Among modified bladelets, various retouching techniques were applied to achieve specific shape objectives. We suggest that the variability observed among retouched bladelets relates to the design of multi-part artifacts that need to be further explored via renewed experimental and functional studies.</p> <p><strong>Overview of contents:</strong></p> <p>01. AGMT3-D project of the first dataset used in the study;</p> <p>02. AGMT3-D project of the second dataset used in the study;</p> <p>03. Raw outline data of the middle cross-section. Each specimens has a dedicate .txt file;</p> <p>04. Raw outline data of the upper cross-section. Each specimens has a dedicate .txt file;</p> <p>05. Angles3-D project with all files generated by the software (.mat and .xlsx formats) to quantify the mean retouch angle of retouched bladelets;</p> <p>06. R project and scripts for the 1) 2D shape analysis of the middle and upper cross-sections of retouched bladelets and the 2) design of all bivariate plots and boxplots with jittered points used in the paper. All related datasets, principal components, and generated figures are included in the folder;</p> <p>07. Folder with all figures published in the paper and in its supplementary materials;</p> <p>08. Dataset of the first study in .csv with all attributes used to run the statistical analysis presented in the paper;</p> <p>09. Dataset of the second study in .csv with all attributes used to run the statistical analysis presented in the paper;</p> <p>10. Dataset for the study of the upper cross-sections in .csv with all attributes used to run the statistical analysis presented in the paper;</p> <p>11. Dataset for the study of the middle cross-sections in .csv with all attributes used to run the statistical analysis presented in the paper;</p> <p>12. Dataset in .csv used to study the mean retouch angles;</p> <p>13. Supplementary information file in .pdf with all supplementary figures and tables.</p> <p><strong>Extra</strong>: All 3D meshes of blades and bladelets are available on Zenodo following this link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6362150.</p>
Stone Tool Debitage
Material ID Pending. Model by Emma Dietrich This model was made using RealityCapture software by Capturing Reality. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Ancient Stone Tool
4000年前につくられた縄文石器である。 くびれのあるタイプは、技術のある人でないと、作ることができない。私はこれをネットオークションで格安で落札した。そのため出土した場所などからは切り離されており、資料的価値はないが、たしかに4000年前の縄文時代につくられたものなのである。 It is a Jomon stone tool made 4,000 years ago. Only a skilled person could have made this type with a neck. I bought it at a low price on an Internet auction. The stoneware has no documentary value because it has been separated from the place where it was excavated, but it was certainly made 4,000 years ago during the Jomon period. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mousterian Stone Tool Replica (2)
Recreation of a mousterian stone tool from the anthropology department's collections at University of North Carolina at Greensboro, modeled with the permission of Dr. Charles Egeland. Creator: Cory Henderson, undergraduate Anthropology and Biology student at University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Hardware: NextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner, Model 2020i Software: ScanStudioHD and RapidWorks Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mousterian Stone Tool Replica (1)
Recreation of a mousterian stone tool from the anthropology department's collections at University of North Carolina at Greensboro, modeled with the permission of Dr. Charles Egeland. Creator: Cory Henderson, undergraduate Anthropology and Biology student at University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Hardware: NextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner, Model 2020i Software: ScanStudioHD and RapidWorks Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mesolithic Plant Processing Unveiled: Multiscale Use-Wear Analysis of the Ground Stone Tools from Vlasac (Serbia)
<p>This repository contains the raw data and code to reproduce the analyses presented in the paper "Mesolithic Plant Processing Unveiled: Multiscale Use-Wear Analysis of the Ground Stone Tools from Vlasac (Serbia)" by Zupancich et al.</p> <p>The repositiory includes:</p> <ul> <li>CSV files containing the raw data of:</li> <li>3D surface measurement of experimental and archaeological ground stone tools</li> <li>Use wear spatial distribution</li> <li>Ground stone tools techno-morphological data</li> <li>HTML files of the code utilised to perform the analyses</li> </ul>
APPENDIX 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 3. — Mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PEofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under chimpanzee-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>SPECIE</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0122</td><td>7.6599</td><td>4.2909</td><td>7.8345</td><td>11.4830</td><td>14.6530</td><td>0.0387</td><td>2.2794</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>5.7312</td><td>5.4881</td><td>3.0880</td><td>5.6170</td><td>8.2101</td><td>10.4363</td><td>0.0341</td><td>2.3483</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0771</td><td>7.7090</td><td>4.3233</td><td>7.8865</td><td>11.5780</td><td>14.7960</td><td>0.0417</td><td>2.3024</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>5.8607</td><td>5.5899</td><td>3.1557</td><td>5.7215</td><td>8.3844</td><td>10.7170</td><td>0.0419</td><td>2.3534</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225743</td><td>7.5983</td><td>5.4469</td><td>3.0316</td><td>5.5620</td><td>11.3770</td><td>19.8150</td><td>0.7364</td><td>2.1135</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225743</td><td>5.3623</td><td>3.8494</td><td>2.1389</td><td>3.9323</td><td>8.0325</td><td>13.9420</td><td>0.7334</td><td>2.1536</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225720</td><td>7.6821</td><td>5.4907</td><td>3.0617</td><td>5.6072</td><td>11.4980</td><td>20.0690</td><td>0.7328</td><td>2.1222</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225689</td><td>5.5209</td><td>3.9340</td><td>2.1951</td><td>4.0167</td><td>8.2813</td><td>14.4290</td><td>0.7156</td><td>2.1020</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240469</td><td>7.5408</td><td>5.7398</td><td>3.1415</td><td>5.8463</td><td>10.7260</td><td>19.1300</td><td>1.6003</td><td>1.8559</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240461</td><td>5.3229</td><td>4.0535</td><td>2.2448</td><td>4.1316</td><td>7.5691</td><td>13.4480</td><td>1.5817</td><td>1.9264</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>7.6103</td><td>5.7887</td><td>3.1663</td><td>5.8917</td><td>10.8170</td><td>19.3540</td><td>1.6076</td><td>1.7799</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240460</td><td>5.4615</td><td>4.1433</td><td>2.2936</td><td>4.2210</td><td>7.7516</td><td>13.9010</td><td>1.6017</td><td>1.8739</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>327267</td><td>7.5848</td><td>6.5180</td><td>4.1315</td><td>6.6614</td><td>10.0078</td><td>15.9652</td><td>0.1499</td><td>2.2001</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>5.3112</td><td>4.5847</td><td>2.9071</td><td>4.6850</td><td>6.9811</td><td>11.1340</td><td>0.1473</td><td>2.1877</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>7.7032</td><td>6.5956</td><td>4.1665</td><td>6.7425</td><td>10.1980</td><td>16.2770</td><td>0.1521</td><td>2.2272</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>5.5459</td><td>4.7386</td><td>2.9746</td><td>4.8493</td><td>7.3571</td><td>11.7390</td><td>0.1536</td><td>2.3361</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>7.9291</td><td>6.5783</td><td>4.2297</td><td>6.7471</td><td>10.3643</td><td>18.0617</td><td>0.6350</td><td>2.5660</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>5.6296</td><td>4.6925</td><td>3.0326</td><td>4.8168</td><td>7.3231</td><td>12.7377</td><td>0.6308</td><td>2.6495</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199782</td><td>8.0098</td><td>6.6472</td><td>4.2716</td><td>6.8239</td><td>10.4630</td><td>18.2554</td><td>0.6575</td><td>2.6582</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199782</td><td>5.7884</td><td>4.8286</td><td>3.1119</td><td>4.9592</td><td>7.5206</td><td>13.1060</td><td>0.6481</td><td>2.7040</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1044</td><td>10.4260</td><td>6.1984</td><td>10.5940</td><td>16.2630</td><td>26.8950</td><td>0.1734</td><td>1.6114</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311431</td><td>8.6667</td><td>7.4740</td><td>4.4483</td><td>7.5885</td><td>11.6390</td><td>19.2340</td><td>0.1762</td><td>1.5325</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1825</td><td>10.4940</td><td>6.2322</td><td>10.6650</td><td>16.3650</td><td>27.0820</td><td>0.1744</td><td>1.6295</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>8.8241</td><td>7.6109</td><td>4.5179</td><td>7.7380</td><td>11.8330</td><td>19.6238</td><td>0.1753</td><td>1.6704</td></tr></tbody></table>
APPENDIX 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 2. — Number of elements (N elements), mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PeofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under human-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>INDIVIDUAL</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225689</td><td>3.7540</td><td>2.6128</td><td>1.3997</td><td>2.6690</td><td>5.6844</td><td>10.0261</td><td>0.7130</td><td>2.1509</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225729</td><td>2.5238</td><td>1.7800</td><td>0.9680</td><td>1.8227</td><td>3.8100</td><td>6.6442</td><td>0.7309</td><td>2.3997</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225689</td><td>3.8349</td><td>2.6530</td><td>1.4269</td><td>2.7080</td><td>5.8135</td><td>10.2790</td><td>0.7100</td><td>2.0714</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240478</td><td>3.7401</td><td>2.7851</td><td>1.5604</td><td>2.8336</td><td>5.3814</td><td>9.6489</td><td>1.6161</td><td>1.7432</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240469</td><td>2.5277</td><td>1.8985</td><td>1.0995</td><td>1.9326</td><td>3.6118</td><td>6.4210</td><td>1.5858</td><td>1.7975</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>3.8275</td><td>2.8449</td><td>1.6271</td><td>2.8931</td><td>5.4883</td><td>9.8692</td><td>1.6163</td><td>1.6943</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240471</td><td>2.6708</td><td>1.9879</td><td>1.1443</td><td>2.0203</td><td>3.8108</td><td>6.8892</td><td>1.6184</td><td>1.6299</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160103</td><td>4.1812</td><td>3.9750</td><td>2.2535</td><td>4.0610</td><td>5.9939</td><td>7.6454</td><td>0.0015</td><td>2.1631</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>2.8698</td><td>2.7413</td><td>1.5694</td><td>2.8039</td><td>4.0960</td><td>5.1944</td><td>0.0004</td><td>2.2836</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160046</td><td>4.2475</td><td>4.0192</td><td>2.2864</td><td>4.1141</td><td>6.0832</td><td>7.7941</td><td>0.0148</td><td>2.3599</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>3.0042</td><td>2.8468</td><td>1.6410</td><td>2.9113</td><td>4.2753</td><td>5.4869</td><td>0.0164</td><td>2.2646</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>2.4440</td><td>2.1049</td><td>1.3316</td><td>2.1522</td><td>3.1882</td><td>5.1728</td><td>0.1482</td><td>2.2471</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>3.7738</td><td>3.1737</td><td>1.9572</td><td>3.2548</td><td>5.0131</td><td>8.1784</td><td>0.1610</td><td>2.5570</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>2.6870</td><td>2.2688</td><td>1.3987</td><td>2.3215</td><td>3.5807</td><td>5.7799</td><td>0.1603</td><td>2.3228</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>4.0409</td><td>3.3878</td><td>2.1630</td><td>3.4804</td><td>5.2597</td><td>9.1689</td><td>0.6450</td><td>2.7344</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>2.7519</td><td>2.3201</td><td>1.5089</td><td>2.3899</td><td>3.5526</td><td>6.1413</td><td>0.6300</td><td>3.0085</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199813</td><td>4.1216</td><td>3.4543</td><td>2.2075</td><td>3.5543</td><td>5.3691</td><td>9.3611</td><td>0.6596</td><td>2.8941</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199813</td><td>2.9129</td><td>2.4571</td><td>1.5893</td><td>2.5330</td><td>3.7670</td><td>6.5330</td><td>0.6369</td><td>3.0885</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311431</td><td>6.3313</td><td>5.4576</td><td>3.2272</td><td>5.5294</td><td>8.5269</td><td>14.0750</td><td>0.1785</td><td>1.3156</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311442</td><td>4.3431</td><td>3.7514</td><td>2.2259</td><td>3.8016</td><td>5.8425</td><td>9.6143</td><td>0.1738</td><td>1.3370</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>6.4105</td><td>5.5281</td><td>3.2583</td><td>5.6069</td><td>8.6284</td><td>14.2694</td><td>0.1767</td><td>1.4247</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>4.5087</td><td>3.9023</td><td>2.3007</td><td>3.9605</td><td>6.0438</td><td>10.0180</td><td>0.1783</td><td>1.4927</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>TABLE 3. — Mesh characteristics for each one of the specimens.Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, volume of the cortical bone; <b>b</b>, volume of trabecular bone; <b>c</b>, number of elements used to create the mesh for each FE model.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Specimen</b></th><th><b>Volume CB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>a</b></th><th><b>Volume TB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>b</b></th><th><b>N <b>elementsc</b></b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern human</th><td>1012.8</td><td>651.1</td><td>225729</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>733.3</td><td>662.6</td><td>240469</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1046.1</td><td>178.6</td><td>160103</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1642.9</td><td>577.9</td><td>225710</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>610.1</td><td>542.8</td><td>199857</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>250.7</td><td>65.9</td><td>311431</td></tr></tbody></table>
APPENDIX 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 1. — Loads applied to the models for each one of the species under analysis and simulated loading scenarios. Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, forces (<b>N</b>) and angles (Ɵ) relative to the longitudinal axes of the bone; <b>b</b>, muscle forces for the human and chimpanzee reference models, respectively, are separate by a slash; <b>c</b>, force reactions in the proximal and distal joints were scaled to remove size effects when computing stress distributions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Specimen</th><th>SC</th><th>HRFa</th><th>FPB HS /FPB PTb</th><th>AP HS /AP PTb</th><th>EPB HS /EPB PTb</th><th>ABP HS /ABP PTb</th><th>JRFc d</th><th></th><th><b><b>JRFc</b> mc</b></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>17.95/37.20 13.49/27.95 17.95/37.20 13.49/27.95</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>38.79/66.43 29.15/49.91 38.79/66.43 29.15/49.91</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>4.33/28.75 2.74/18.18 4.33/28.75 2.74/18.18</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>5.28/35.94 3.34/22.72 5.28/35.94 3.34/22.72</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>44.06/89.27 28.26/61.46 45.21/90.33 30.70/63.62</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>38.81/114.1 28.02/78.76 37.96/113.3 26.36/77.14</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>14.47/29.99 10.87/22.54 14.47/29.99 10.87/22.54</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>31.28/53.56 23.50/40.24 31.28/53.56 23.50/40.24</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>3.49/23.18 2.21/14.66 3.49/23.18 2.21/14.66</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>4.26/28.98 2.69/18.32 4.26/28.98 2.69/22.72</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>35.55/72.02 22.79/49.58 36.46/72.85 24.75/51.29</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>30.75/91.35 22.36/63.11 30.27/90.88 21.41/62.18</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>18.34/38.01 13.78/28.56 18.34/38.01 13.78/28.56</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>39.64/67.88 29.78/51.00 39.64/67.88 29.78/51.00</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>5.39/36.72 3.41/23.22 5.39/36.76 3.41/23.22</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>43.78/82.63 28.05/57.36 45.11/83.92 30.92/60.02</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>35.51/90.61 26.15/64.17 35.78/90.89 26.7/64.7</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>24.78/51.36 18.62/38.59 24.78/51.36 18.62/38.36</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>53.55/91.71 40.24/68.91 53.55/91.71 40.24/68.91</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>5.97/39.69 3.78/25.10 5.97/39.69 3.78/25.10</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>7.29/49.61 4.61/31.37 7.29/49.61 4.61/31.37</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>61.17/125.1 39.33/86.13 64.27/128.2 45.94/92.39</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>49.14/144.11 35.31/99.38 49.57/144.53 36.15/100.2</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>19.74/40.91 14.83/30.74 19.74/40.91 14.83/30.74</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>42.66/73.06 32.06/54.90 42.66/73.06 32.06/54.90</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99 5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>47.62/89.76 30.56/62.34 49.01/91.09 33.44/65.02</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>47.85/117.2 34.51/82.77 50.55/119.84 39.78/87.92</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>7.08/14.66 5.32/11.02 7.08/14.66 5.32/11.02</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>15.29/26.1 11.49/19.68 15.29/26.19 11.49/19.68</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96 2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>17.75/32.87 11.25/22.87 17.88/33.25 12.1/23.65</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>19.08/45.46 13.75/32.18 19.64/46.00 14.84/33.24</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>TABLE 1. — Sample. Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, age of individuals, if known; unk: unknown. <b>b</b>, M: male; F: female. <b>c</b>, R: right; L: left.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Species</b></th><th><b>Common name</b></th><th><b>Age a</b></th><th><b>Sex b</b></th><th><b>Side</b></th><th><b>Digital database/ <b>no</b></b></th><th><b>CT/microCT resolution (mm)</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Homo sapiens</i></th><td>Modern human</td><td>59</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>None</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><th><i>Homo neanderthalensis</i></th><td>Neanderthal</td><td>unk</td><td>unk</td><td>R</td><td>NESPOS/ Krapina 202</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pan troglodytes</i></th><td>Chimpanzee</td><td>29</td><td>M</td><td>L</td><td>KURPI/345</td><td>0.219</td></tr><tr><th><i>Gorilla gorilla</i></th><td>Gorilla</td><td>38</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>KUPRI/1353</td><td>0.500</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pongo pygmaeus</i></th><td>Orangutan</td><td>32</td><td>F</td><td>R</td><td>None</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th><i>Hylobates lar</i></th><td>Gibbon</td><td>33</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>KUPRI/465</td><td>0.250</td></tr></tbody></table>
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