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28 results for “stream salamanders”
Riparian controls on light availability, primary producers, invertebrates, fish and salamanders in streams in and near the Andrews Experimental Forest, 2014-2018
The goal of this data collection effort was to determine how the age, stage, and structure of the riparian forest relates to stream primary producers and stream biota. Data were collected on stream habitat, benthic algal, biota (fish, salamanders and macroinvertebrates), and riparian forest cover across a total of 9 streams: 7 streams in the HJ Andrews basin/Lookout Creek stream network; one stream in the westward adjacent Blue River basin, and one stream in the eastward adjacent Deer Creek river basin. In each stream there were 2 study reaches – one bordered by old-growth riparian forest and the other bordered by regenerated second-growth riparian forest on at least one bank (with a stand ages that generally ranged between 30 and 60 years). In each study reach (80 – 150 m), we collected the following data: pool habitat, wetted and bankfull widths, large wood abundance and volume, riparian forest canopy cover, benthic algae accrual on tiles, stream macroinvertebrate abundances (from 6 replicate surber samplers, which were pooled and then sub-sampled, identified and measured), age 1+ cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) abundance and biomass, age 0+ (young-of-year) trout abundance and biomass, coastal giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) abundance and biomass. Fish and salamander abundances were calculated by either mark-recapture or multiple pass depletion methods.
Effects of experience and context on phototaxic behaviors of larval stream salamanders in the Upper Little Tennessee River basin
Desmognathus quadramaculatus larvae were captured from 2 locations in the Upper Little Tennessee River basin. Naïve individuals with respect to high-light environments were collected within the fully forested Ball Creek watershed at the Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory in Macon County, North Carolina. This watershed is a control basin that has been undisturbed since 1927. Individuals with experience in high-light environments, defined as habituated individuals, were collected from a first-order stream with less than 10% canopy cover located in Rabun County, Georgia. Salamanders were captured opportunistically using dipnets and cover object searches. Upon capture, salamanders were held individually in a cooler during transport where they were placed in containers with a paper towel cover object, native stream water, and kept in a temperature controlled room (15.5 C) with an indirect, natural photoperiod. Individual behaviors were tested within 48 hours of capture, and individuals were released at their capture location within one week.
Concentration of calcium in stream-dwelling Plethodontid salamanders across six streams located with the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC
We examined the concentration of calcium in several species of stream-dwelling plethodontid salamanders captured across six streams located within the Coweeta LTER site. %Ca was measured for 15 Eurycea wilderae, 15 Desmognathus ocoee, and 20 Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Because D. quadramaculatus larvae represent animals across a 3-4 year larval lifespan, for %Ca analysis we randomly sampled 6-8 D. quadramaculatus from each of three size classes: 18-25 mm SVL, 26-33 mm SVL, and 33-40 mm SVL.
Riparian disturbance restricts connectivity of Appalachian stream salamander populations at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory
Human populations are rapidly expanding and encroaching on previously undisturbed habitats. Stream salamanders in the southern Appalachian Mountains are a diverse and abundant group threatened by rapid exurban development in high-elevation watersheds. Previous research has demonstrated the sensitivity of salamanders to urbanization, but little research exists describing the mechanisms behind population declines and extirpations. Appalachian stream salamanders are adapted to forested streams with dense overstory and little light, yet following urbanization, light gaps associated with land clearing emerge. Light avoidance behaviors may alter movement behaviors of salamanders, fragmenting populations on opposite sides of light gaps. To study the effects on riparian disturbance on salamanders we established 6 experimental sites with canopy gaps ranging from 13m to 85m in stream length and 2 control sites lacking canopy gaps in May of 2010. Animals were collected within these plots, marked, and translocated to the plot on the opposite side of the gap. To establish detection probabilities in the absence of translocation, we established an additional 10m plot in the forest at each site where individuals were captured, marked, and re-released within this area. Recaptured individuals were measured and in some cases re-marked if those individuals had returned to their capture location.
Fig. 2 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 2. Changes in the number of salamander larvae and rainfall. The bold black continuous line shows the mean number of salamander larvae detected during the surveys in the three 10 day intervals of months in Hűvös-ér stream, 2011–2014. The bar graph shows the mean amount (and SD) of precipitation (mm) during the three 10-day intervals of months
Fig. 3 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 3. Mean density of salamander larvae (number of larvae/m2) detected in the 16 segments during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream, 2011–2014 (2011: thin line, 2012:
Fig. 5 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 5. Mean number of salamander larvae detected per a year in the "releasing" 2–6 upper segments (continuous bold line), in the "strong collector" middle segments: 7–9 (dashed line) and the "weak collector" lower segments: 10–13 (dotted line) during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream between 2011–2014. Data from segment 1 have not been plotted because larvae were present at only one time point
Fig. 1 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 1. Segments of "Hűvös-ér" stream, where Salamandra salamandra larvae were surveyed. (Numbers indicate individual stream segments, bold meandering line = main branch of the stream, thin branch- ing line = tributaries of the stream, straight lines = segment boundaries, four-pointed stars at segment boundaries and in the stream bed = water steps, double line = main road between Budapest and Solymár, P = "Paprikás"-stream)
Population genomic evidence that stream networks structure genetic diversity in the narrowly endemic patch-nosed salamander (Urspelerpes brucei)
<p>Described in 2009, the Patch-nosed Salamander (<em>Urspelerpes brucei</em>) is a miniature species of lungless salamander with a geographic range of only ~45 km<sup>2</sup>. This species is endemic to the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains in extreme northeastern Georgia and northwestern South Carolina. The Tugaloo River—a waterway of some 50 m in width that forms the political boundary between the two states—bisects the tiny range of <em>U. brucei</em> and likely acts as a barrier to gene flow. Using RADcap data and a suite of complementary population genomic analyses, we evaluated the role that this river and its tributaries may play in enabling and/or interrupting gene flow among populations of <em>U. brucei</em>, and we investigated patterns of within-population and between-population genetic variation. Our results revealed a general pattern of isolation-by-stream distance and indicated that a population separated by the Tugaloo River is moderately more differentiated than what is explainable by stream distance alone. Unique in both its physiography and geologic history, this region in which <em>U. brucei</em> lives also harbors more than a dozen other species of lungless salamanders. Therefore, the genetic patterns that we have elucidated may have larger implications for differentiation among populations of other species with similar dispersal abilities.</p>
Population genomic evidence that stream networks structure genetic diversity in the narrowly endemic patch-nosed salamander (Urspelerpes brucei)
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Stream salamander mark-recapture abundance study at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC.
Mark-recapture data of the stream-dwelling plethodontid salamander species located in six streams within the Coweeta LTER site. The data covers the periods of May to August 2007 and 2008. Animals were either captured and given an individual mark using elastomer dye, or simply counted if animals were too small in size to mark. Animals were captured within 10, 1 m^2 plots within each stream using a 40 X 40 cm mesh bag filled with hardwood leaf litter, or by dipnet within each plot. Animals were identified, measured, marked, and released directly following capture.
Environmentally associated variation in dispersal distance affects inbreeding risk in a stream salamander
<p>Avoiding inbreeding is considered a key driver of dispersal evolution, and dispersal distances should be especially important in mediating inbreeding risk because the likelihood of mating with relatives decreases with dispersal distance. However, a lack of direct data on dispersal distances has limited empirical tests of this prediction, particularly in the context of the multiple selective forces that can influence dispersal. Using a headwater salamander system, we tested whether spatial variation in environmental conditions leads to differences in dispersal distances, resulting in spatial variation in the effect of dispersal on inbreeding risk. Using capture-recapture and population genomic data from 5 streams, we found that dispersal distances were greater in downstream reaches than upstream reaches. Inbreeding risk was lower for dispersers than non-dispersers in downstream reaches, but not in upstream reaches. Furthermore, stream reaches did not differ in spatial patterns of individual relatedness, indicating that variation in inbreeding risk was in fact due to differences in dispersal distances. These results demonstrate that environmentally associated variation in dispersal distances can cause the inbreeding consequences of dispersal to vary at fine spatial scales. They also show that selective pressures other than inbreeding avoidance maintain phenotypic variation in dispersal, underscoring the importance of addressing alternative hypotheses in dispersal research.</p>
Environmentally associated variation in dispersal distance affects inbreeding risk in a stream salamander
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Bioaccumulation of the pesticide Imidacloprid in stream organisms and sublethal effects in salamanders in West Virginia
<p>Dataset for the article "Bioaccumulation of the Pesticide Imidacloprid in Stream Organisms and Sublethal Effects on Salamanders." Contains imidacloprid and metabolite concentrations for Desmognathus spp., benthic macroinvertebrates, and stream water. Also contains corticosterone concentration data for Desmognathus spp. and body condition indices for 5 species of stream salamander in relation to water imidacloprid concentrations.Dataset for the article "Bioaccumulation of the Pesticide Imidacloprid in Stream Organisms and Sublethal Effects on Salamanders." Contains imidacloprid and metabolite concentrations for Desmognathus spp., benthic macroinvertebrates, and stream water. Also contains corticosterone concentration data for Desmognathus spp. and body condition indices for 5 species of stream salamander in relation to water imidacloprid concentrations.</p>
Data from: Effects of mountaintop removal mining and valley filling on the occupancy and abundance of stream salamanders
Human-induced land-use changes are among the primary causes of ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss. Across central Appalachia (USA), mountaintop removal mining and valley filling (MTR/VF) is the prevailing form of land-use change and represents a stressor to stream ecosystems. Salamanders are the dominant vertebrate in Appalachian headwater streams. Thus, we addressed the question: Is salamander occupancy and conditional abundance reduced in streams impacted by MTR/VF? We conducted repeated counts of adult and larval salamanders within 10-m reaches in 11 valley-filled streams and 12 reference streams in south-eastern Kentucky. Relationships between occupancy, conditional abundance, and site type (MTR/VF vs. reference) were modelled using the hurdle model (Ecology, 94, 2013 and 1472), where occupancy is modelled separately from abundance while accounting for differences in per-individual detection probabilities among groups. We found mean occupancy probabilities were >0·85 for all groups in reference reaches, whereas mean occupancy probabilities were relatively lower in MTR/VF reaches (ranging from 0·23 to 0·66). Posterior means of the difference in occupancy between site types were negative across all groups, although MTR/VF stream reaches were at least 95% less likely to be occupied by spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, adult southern two-lined salamander Eurycea cirrigera and larval dusky salamanders Desmognathus compared to reference reaches. Posterior means of the difference in conditional abundance between MTR/VF and reference stream reaches were negative across all groups; 95% credible interval for difference in conditional abundance covered zero for only one species (red salamander Pseudotriton ruber). After adjusting for goodness-of-fit, point estimates of differences in occupancy and conditional abundance still remained below zero for most species. Additionally, MTR/VF reaches had higher ion concentrations, total organic carbon and specific conductance compared to reference reaches. Synthesis and applications. Our study concludes that mountaintop removal mining and valley filling (MTR/VF) reduces salamander occupancy and conditional abundance. Although the potential mechanisms responsible for reduction are numerous, our findings suggest a change in the current regulatory framework is needed to offset the impacts of MTR/VF on stream ecosystems and biota. Reclamation techniques that enhance conditions for vegetative succession within catchments may improve habitat on reclaimed surface mines.
Data from: Scale-dependent genetic structure of the Idaho giant salamander (Dicamptodon aterrimus) in stream networks
The network architecture of streams and rivers constrains evolutionary, demographic, and ecological processes of freshwater organisms. This consistent architecture also makes stream networks useful for testing general models of population genetic structure and the scaling of gene flow. We examined genetic structure and gene flow in the facultatively paedomorphic Idaho giant salamander, Dicamptodon aterrimus, in stream networks of Idaho and Montana, USA. We used microsatellite data to test population structure models by (1) examining hierarchical partitioning of genetic variation in stream networks and (2) testing for genetic isolation by distance along stream corridors versus overland pathways. Replicated sampling of streams within catchments within three river basins revealed that hierarchical scale had strong effects on genetic structure and gene flow. AMOVA identified significant structure at all hierarchical scales (among streams, among catchments, among basins), but divergence among catchments had the greatest structural influence. Isolation by distance was detected within catchments, and in-stream distance was a strong predictor of genetic divergence. Patterns of genetic divergence suggest that differentiation among streams within catchments was driven by limited migration, consistent with a stream hierarchy model of population structure. However, there was no evidence of migration among catchments within basins, or among basins, indicating that gene flow only counters the effects of genetic drift at smaller scales (within rather than among catchments). These results show the strong influence of stream networks on population structure and genetic divergence of a salamander, with contrasting effects at different hierarchical scales.
Growth model used in Guzy et al. Increased growth rates of stream salamanders following forest harvesting
<p>Timber harvesting can influence headwater streams by altering stream productivity, with cascading effects on the food web and predators within, including stream salamanders. Although studies have examined shifts in occupancy or abundance following timber harvest, few examine sublethal effects such as changes in growth and demography. To examine the effect of upland harvesting on growth of the stream-associated Ouachita dusky salamander (<em>Desmognathus brimleyorum</em>), we used capture-mark-recapture over three years at three headwater streams embedded in intensely managed pine forests in west-central Arkansas. The pine stands surrounding two of the streams were harvested, with retention of a 14 and 21 m-wide forested stream buffer on each side of the stream, whereas the third stream was an unharvested control. At the two treatment sites, measurements of newly-metamorphosed salamanders were on average 4.0 and 5.7 mm larger post-harvest compared to pre-harvest. We next assessed the influence of timber harvest on growth of post-metamorphic salamanders with a hierarchical von Bertalanffy growth model that included an effect of harvest on growth rate. Using measurements from 839 individual <em>D. brimleyorum</em> recaptured between 1 and 6 times (total captures n=1,229) we found growth rates to be 1.4 times higher post-harvest. Our study is among the first to examine responses of individual stream salamanders to timber harvesting and we discuss mechanisms that may be responsible for observed shifts in growth. Our results suggest timber harvest that includes retention of a riparian buffer (i.e., Streamside Management Zone) may have short term positive effects on juvenile stream salamander growth, potentially offsetting negative sublethal effects associated with harvest.</p>
Figure 2 in Niche evolution and diversification in Middle Eastern stream salamanders (Paradactylodon): vulnerability to future climate change
Figure 2. Recent (A: 1970-2000) and future (2081-2100) habitat suitability of Paradactylodon species based on the consensus model under optimistic (B: ssp126) and pessimistic (C: ssp585) scenarios.
Figure 1 in Niche evolution and diversification in Middle Eastern stream salamanders (Paradactylodon): vulnerability to future climate change
Figure 1. Study area. The occurrence records of Paradactylodon species with different colors are shown on the map.
Figure 3 in Niche evolution and diversification in Middle Eastern stream salamanders (Paradactylodon): vulnerability to future climate change
Figure 3. Panels (A-D) illustrate the niche overlap values between two species distribution ranges (see table 3), along the
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