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147 results for “subalpine”
Life histories of the perennial geophyte Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) in Colorado subalpine transplant garden from annual measurements, 1991 onward
In an outdoor garden at Irwin, Colorado, we established glacier lily plants in open-bottomed PVC pots that protected them from gopher attack. The initial cohorts were excavated from field sites as mature corms of unknown age. Later cohorts were grown from seed, so their ages are known. Each spring since 1991, we have noted fruit and flower production. In August, after the aboveground parts have died back, we exhume the plants, wash off the soil, weigh the corms, characterize their morphology, photograph them, and replant them. If a corm splits, we replant the pieces in separate pots. The study is ongoing, with 264 plants in 2019. Main findings through 2020: plants produce 0-4 flowers per year, depending on size; most plants flower each year; death is rare, with many plants having survived the entire study; setting a fruit reduces corm substantially (cost of reproduction); plants appear to regulate weight by adjusting flower production, and by splitting; genotypes vary in splitting propensity. Oddly, mortality is higher in very large corms than in mid-sized ones. Evidence for senescence is scant.
Dynamics of montane and subalpine meadows in the Three Sisters Wilderness Area and Biosphere Reserve, 1981-1993
The Three Sisters Wilderness Area is a Biosphere Reserve that represents the northern half of the Sierra-Cascade Province. It encompasses nearly 100,000 ha of essentially undisturbed landscape straddling the crest of the central Cascade Range, Oregon. Coniferous forests dominate the Three Sisters, although the Wilderness also supports a diversity of non-forested habitats including montane and subalpine meadows. The Three Sisters was given wilderness status in 1957 and was selected as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1974, to represent a "control" area for the nearby H. J. Andrews Biosphere Reserve. Integral to the establishment of a Biosphere Reserve is the documentation of existing ecosystems with baseline data. However, basic ecological research in theThree Sisters has been relatively limited. We conducted two types of studies: (1) phytosociological studies to characterize current vegetation patterns and to interpret relationships between community composition and major environmental and edaphic gradients, and (2) retrospective analyses of the invasion of montane and subalpine meadows by trees with a focus on the effects of recent climatic variation, grazing history, and site environment.
Subalpine tree seed availability and germination at Niwot Ridge, 2015 - ongoing.
These data were collected to assess how seed availability and site limitations affect conifer germination across species distributions. Our study focused on areas above alpine treeline where subalpine tree species must migrate to track movement of suitable climate, but we also included sites in the core and at the lower ecotone of subalpine forests. We monitored seed availability and germination of new seedlings for four subalpine tree species from 2015-present at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. Seed availability was collected in 66-95 seed traps in 14-17 sites (6-12 traps per site; see data for count per site), depending on year. In the lab, seeds were counted by species. In the field, new germinants were counted by species 3-5 weeks after snow disappearance (i.e., peak germination) and again in late September from 2015 to 2018 only. Only one census of new germinants was conducted from 2019 to 2023. New germinants from prior years were censused in subsequent summers.
Geochemical Characterizations for Identifying Fugitive Dust Deposition and Enrichment of Surface and Subsurface Subalpine Soils from Phosphorus Mining, Eastern Ashley National Forest, Utah, 2022-2023.
Phosphorus is a non-renewable resource essential for all life. Anthropogenic alterations to the phosphorus cycle have led to widespread phosphorus pollution, and the unsustainable management of P has led to the threat of global depletion of phosphorus resources. Thus, accounting for the natural and anthropogenic flow paths of phosphorus is essential for its conservation and pollution reduction. One such source of human alteration to the phosphorus-cycle is phosphate rock mining. Mining, however, has many adverse environmental effects, including widespread fugitive dust emissions. Dust collection in the Ashley National Forest of northeastern Utah, proximate to a surface phosphorus mine, has shown phosphorus concentrations in dust more than four times that of other regional samples. Elevated phosphorus in dust near active surface mining suggests that mining emissions may alter the natural phosphorus loading of the soils in the National Forest through dust deposition; however, no research has been done to identify the abundance and range of mine-attributable phosphorus enrichment in the soils surrounding phosphate mining activities. The combined geospatial and geochemical approach of this study shows that surface soil phosphorus concentrations were found to be enriched above naturally occurring levels up to 6.5 km from mining activity (enrichment factor > 1.5), with the most significant enrichment occurring within the first 3 km (enrichment factor > 2). On average, surface phosphorus concentrations were significantly enriched by 25% within 6.5 km of phosphorus mining activity. Observed phosphorus enrichment was positively correlated with the presence of fluorapatite in the soil, which is the primary phosphorus-mineral extracted from the nearby mine. Further, bioavailable phosphorus concentrations were also higher for the soils that were enriched in phosphorus. This study shows that fugitive emissions associated with the surface mining of phosphate rock are a significan
Data for: Can fire exclusion zones enhance postfire tree regeneration? A simulation study in subalpine conifer forests
Postfire tree regeneration in forests adapted to infrequent, stand-replacing fire is compromised by climate change and novel fire regimes. We used the individual-based forest simulation model iLand to ask whether mimicking spatial patterns of historical fire mosaics can sustain tree regeneration in a warmer future with more fire. We simulated forest and fire dynamics in Grand Teton National Park under four different climate scenarios, and with eight different scenarios (i.e. spatial configurations) of "fire exclusion zones" (Fx zones). Data were simulated for 2020 - 2100 period, and analyzed early (2026-2050) and late (2076-2100) in the simulation. Here, we present these simulated data and R-scripts to reproduce analyses presented in the associated manuscript (Keller et al. 2025, Ecological Applications). Specifically, our data deposit reproduces analyses for 1) differences in regeneration among scenarios at two different times in the simulation, 2) spatial patterns of regeneration in 2100 as a result of the operational fire exclusion zone scenario, and 3) supplemental analyses found in the appendixes.
Tree ring data from the Niwot Ridge subalpine zone, 2017 - 2018.
Tree cores were collected across a range of diverse stand types and topographic positions in 2017 and 2018 to examine changes in tree growth as a response to changing climate in the subalpine forest of the Colorado Front Range, USA. Tree cores were collected for all present species in the subalpine zones; Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis). We extracted core from ~180 trees from 3 large permanent plots across a range of species and sizes classes within each plot. The cores were then processed using WinDENDRO software. This dataset includes field data taken on each tree from which a core was extracted, the original WinDENDRO files for each coree.g. bark thickness, height, etc.), 2) MRS4 .txt fil output from WinDENDRO, 3) MRS5 .txt fil output from WinDENDRO, 4) MRS7.txt fil output from WinDENDRO, The WinDENDRO, outputs will be used to reconstruct a time series of radial growth for each tree in each plot to examine whether the topoclimatic position affects tree growth (by species and stand types) and whether tree growth has changed with warming temperatures.
Crossing Treeline: Bacterioplankton community composition in alpine and subalpine lakes of the Rocky Mountain southern ecoregion and associated physical and chemical characteristics
This dataset includes lake water samples collected in the summer of 2016 from 16 different mountain lakes in the Rocky mountains in both Rocky Mountain National Park and the Snowy Range of southern Wyoming. Each lake was sampled twice: once in the early summer when hydrologic connections with the surrounding terrestrial environment were high and again in the late summer when hydrologic connections were low. The main goal of the study was to compare communities of bacterioplankton in alpine and subalpine lakes to determine if communities differed across treeline as soil microbes in the surrounding terrestrial environment were. To do so, we collected water samples from the deepest point of each lake, mixed it with a surface water sample and characterized bacterioplankton communities with 16S sequencing technology. Additionally, we wanted to identify abiotic factors that may correlate with community dissimilarity and characterized a suite of chemical attributes for each lake. Lake characteristics reported included surface temperature, soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP), ammonia (NH3+), pH, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and total dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and chlorophyll a (chl-a).
Alpine and subalpine wetland soil physicochemical characteristics, summer 2020.
To understand patterns in soil biogeochemistry of wetlands at Niwot Ridge, samples were collected and analyzed for a series of physicochemical characteristics during 2020-2021. Samples were collected from 8 wetland sites lying at different elevations from the Saddle into the subalpine. At each site, samples were collected at 4 depth intervals within 5 sampling nodes along transects from the dry edge to saturated center of each system. These soils were analyzed for a suite of physicochemical characteristics, including soil moisture, bulk density, extractable nitrate and ammonium, loss on ignition as a proxy for organic carbon content, pH, total carbon and nitrogen, and adsorbed sulfate. Data will be used to inform future studies on biogeochemistry patterns and processes in alpine wetlands and across the Niwot landscape.
Surface and porewater chemistry and sulfur stable isotpes for alpine and subalpine wetland sites, 2021.
To understand patterns in aqueous biogeochemistry of wetlands at Niwot Ridge, samples were collected and analyzed for dissolved anions and stable isotopes of sulfur in 2021. Samples were collected from eight wetland sites representing three wetland types, from the Saddle into the subalpine. At each site, tension lysimeters were placed at visible surface inflow and outflow paths to collect porewater. Water samples were collected from the tension lysimeters and surface pools during four time points through the summer season. Water samples were measured for a suite of dissolved anions using ion chromatography, including dissolved chloride, nitrate, and sulfate. Samples were also measured for dissolved organic carbon. Sulfur from one surface water sample from each site at each time point was precipitated as barium sulfate, and precipitations were analyzed for stable sulfur isotope ratio (δ^34S-SO4^2-) at the Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. Data was used in conjunction with soil biogeochemistry data from 2020 to evaluate patterns in reactants among wetland types.
Silver film response to sulfate reduction activity in alpine and subalpine wetlands, 2022.
Alpine ecosystems serve as crucial water resources for many areas of the world, and biogeochemical cycling in these regions can influence the chemistry of water flowing into downslope watersheds. Alpine and subalpine wetlands are understudied systems of particular interest since lowland wetlands are known to have high rates of biogeochemical activity that can disproportionally affect carbon (C) and nutrient uptake, sequestration, and transformations within the landscape. Wetland processes play a central role in sulfur (S) transformations and have conditions that can support sulfate reduction. Sulfate reduction determines the sequestration of S in wetlands and interacts closely with a multitude of other element cycles, including iron, carbon, nitrogen, and mercury. Previous work in Niwot alpine and subalpine wetlands noted large variability in sulfate reduction rates within wetland soils. Samples taken less than a meter away from each other sometimes showed almost 70x higher or lower rates (Rea, unpublished work). This work sought to adapt a silver film method to quantify sulfate reduction rates over small-scale spatial areas. The method proved valuable as a quick indicator of sulfate reduction activity and was able to visualize soil heterogeneity. However, the silver films were not sensitive enough to quantify sulfate reduction rates in situ.
Raw Data and Scripts for manuscript submitted to Oikos as 'Early Spring Snowmelt and Summer Droughts Strongly Impair the Resilience of Key Microbial Communities in a Subalpine Grassland Ecosystems'
<p>Raw Data and Scripts for manuscript submitted to PCI as 'Early Spring Snowmelt and Summer Droughts Strongly Impair the Resilience of Key Microbial Communities in Subalpine Grassland Ecosystems'</p>
BgMA-ESy: Expert system for automatic classification of vegetation plots of subalpine tall-herb vegetation (class Mulgedio-Aconitetea) from Bulgaria
<p>*****</p> <p>BgMA-ESy is an expert system that classifies vegetation plots of the class <em>Mulgedio-Aconitetea</em> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12257">Mucina et al. 2016</a>) occurring in Bulgaria. The expert system can be run using the JUICE program (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02069.x">Tichý 2002</a>; <a href="https://www.sci.muni.cz/botany/juice/">https://www.sci.muni.cz/botany/juice/</a>).</p> <p>The aggregation of vascular plants included within the BgMA-ESy is adopted from EUNIS-ESy (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12519">Chytrý et al. 2020</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4812736">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4812736</a>), and in a few cases, it is adjusted.</p> <p>*****</p> <p><strong>Specifications</strong></p> <p>The analyzed data (vegetation plots) cannot: </p> <ul> <li>include scrub vegetation (cover of tall shrub species > 8%; e.g., <em>Pinus mugo</em>, <em>Salix </em>spp.).</li> <li>contain tree species with cover > 1% (e.g., <em>Fagus sylvatica</em>, <em>Picea abies</em>).</li> <li>contain <em>Pteridium aquilinum </em>as a dominant species.</li> </ul> <p>The expert system was trained on vegetation plots with 5–100 m<sup>2</sup> area that occur above 1000 m a. s. l.</p> <p>* Exceptions from EUNIS-ESy aggregation:</p> <p>Heracleum sphondylium agg. does not include H. sphondylium subsp. verticillatum.</p> <p> </p> <p>*****</p> <p>When using this work, please cite:</p> <p>Szokala D., Kočí M. & Vassilev K. (2024): Subalpine tall-herb vegetation in Bulgaria: diversity and ecology. – Plant Biosystems 158: 490–510. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2024.2327865">https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2024.2327865</a>.</p> <p>*****</p>
Data and code for "Climate change shapes richness-evenness relationships in a subalpine grassland experiment"
<p>Aggregated Biodiversity metrics derived from the biodiversity data collected from the ClimGrass experiment at the Agricultural Research and Education Centre (AREC) in Raumberg-Gumpenstein. Data and code needed to reproduce the analyses in "Climate change shapes richness-evenness relationships in a subalpine grassland experiment" are included.</p>
Young forests and fire: Using lidar-imagery fusion to explore fuels and burn severity in a subalpine forest reburn, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming.
Anticipating fire behavior as climate change and fire activity accelerate is an increasingly pressing management challenge in fire-prone landscapes. In subalpine forests adapted to infrequent, stand-replacing fire, self-limitation of burn severity in short-interval fire is incompletely understood. Spatially explicit fuels data can support assessments of landscape-scale fire risk and fuels feedbacks on burn severity. For a about 1,450 km2 largely forested landscape in the US Northern Rocky Mountains, we used airborne lidar and imagery to predict and map canopy and surface fuels. In a fire that burned mature ( greater than 125-year-old) and also reburned young (~30-year-old) subalpine forest, we then asked: (1) How do pre-fire fuels and burn severity compare between young and mature forests that burned under similar fire weather conditions? (2) How well do pre-fire fuels and forest structure predict burn severity under extreme versus moderate fire weather? Lidar-imagery fusion predicted fuel characteristics with high accuracy across forest and shrubland vegetation (R2 from 0.65-0.95). Young post-fire forests had abundant, densely packed canopy fuels, and both young and mature forests had similar canopy fuel loads and coarse wood biomass. Under similar weather conditions, young and mature forests burned at similar severity. Overall, fuels were weak predictors of burn severity and, surprisingly, better predicted severity under extreme (R2LMM(m) = 0.27) rather than moderate (R2LMM(m) = 0.15) fire weather. Our findings are relevant for subalpine landscapes increasingly dominated by young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests vulnerable to short-interval fire and provide a benchmark to assess how fuels influence burn severity in future fires. Fire managers should continually reassess fuels and update expectations about fire behavior as landscapes change. Although recovering post-fire forests can limit fire spread and severity for a period of time, our resu
Data for “Herbivory damage but not plant disease under experimental warming is dependent on weather for three subalpine grass species”, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, 2015-2017.
Both theory and prior studies predict that climate warming should increase attack rates by herbivores and pathogens on plants. However, past work has often assumed that variation in abiotic conditions other than temperature (e.g., precipitation) do not alter warming responses of plant damage by natural enemies. Studies over short time periods span low variation in weather, and studies over long-time scales often neglect to account for fine-scale weather conditions. Here, we used a 20+ year field warming experiment to investigate if warming affects herbivory and disease are dependent on variation in ambient weather observed over three years. We studied three common grass species in a subalpine meadow in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. We visually estimated herbivory and disease every two-weeks during the growing season and evaluated weather conditions during the previous two- or four-week time interval (two-week average air temperature, two- and four-week cumulative precipitation) as predictors of the probability and amount of damage. Herbivore attack was 13% more likely and amount of damage was 29% greater in warmed plots than controls across the focal species, but warming treatment had little affect on plant disease. Herbivory presence and damage increased the most with experimental warming when preceded by wetter, rather than drier, fine-scale weather, but preceding ambient temperature did not strongly interact with elevated warming to influence herbivory. Disease presence and damage increased, on average, with warmer weather and more precipitation regardless of warming. The effect of warming over reference climate on herbivore damage is dependent on and amplified by fine-scale weather variation, suggesting more boom-and-bust damage dynamics with increasing climate variability. However, the mean effect of regional climate change is likely reduced monsoon rainfall, for which we predict a reduction in insect herbivore damage. Plant disease was generally unrelated
Peeking under the canopy: anomalously short fire-return intervals alter subalpine forest understory plant communities
Changing climate and fire regimes are profoundly affecting temperate coniferous forests, driving greatly reduced tree cover postfire. However, whether similar changes are present in the understory of these forests remains less well-understood. We sampled understory plant communities in 20 plot pairs across Greater Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA) in July and August 2021, with each including one plot burned at short (<30 year) fire-return interval and one plot burned in the same most recent fire but not burned previously for >125 years. We also included 11 plot pairs meeting our definition of short- and long-interval fire that were sampled 12 years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires in summer 2000. We also used previously collected published and unpublished data to compare understory communities following recent (2016) short-interval fires to those following the previous long-interval fire in the same general area. In each plot, percent cover of understory plant species was estimated in 0.25-m2 quadrats, and species richness determined via a whole-plot sweep. Understory plant community cover, richness, and diversity did not differ by interval class, but species able to persist in drier conditions and in lower vegetation zones became more abundant following shot interval fire. Further, previously distinct understory communities following long-interval fire in two regions of Greater Yellowstone became slightly more similar following recent short-interval fire. Dissimilarity between plot pairs increased with greater historical snowfall and decreased with time since fire and postfire winter snowfall. These changes to understory plant communities may continue with ongoing shifts in climate and fire across temperate and boreal forests.
Snag-fall patterns following stand-replacing fire vary with stem characteristics and topography in subalpine forests of Greater Yellowstone
We assessed the stem- and landscape-level drivers of snag persistence and snag-fall mode within the area burned as stand-replacing fire in the 1988 Yellowstone Fires in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Snags were sampled 14-15 years postfire (n = 131) and again in a separate set of plots 34 years postfire (n = 55). Stem characteristics such as species identity (e.g., lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and Douglas-fir), diameter at breast height, whether the tree was alive or dead at the time of fire, and the mode of snag-fall (snapping or uprooting) were measured and used to explain patterns of snag persistence and modes of snag-fall. In addition, plot-level environmental variables (e.g., slope, aspect, elevation, stand density) were measured and related to the proportion of stems still standing as snags at 14-15 and 34 years postfire. Data collection is complete and is part of a forthcoming manuscript in revision at Forest Ecology and Management.
Data for: Sparse subalpine forest recovery pathways, plant communities, and carbon stocks 34 years after stand-replacing fire (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming, USA; 2022)
We assessed postfire forest recovery pathways, stem densities, understory plant communities, and carbon stocks across 55 plots in areas exhibiting sparse and reduced forest recovery 34 years after the 1988 Yellowstone Fires in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming, USA. Recovery pathways were identified using plot-level frequency distributions of tree ages and correlated with potentially important biotic and abiotic variables (e.g., elevation, seed source distance). Species- and age-specific stem densities were similarly regressed across environmental factors to determine variability in forest recovery across the sampled landscape. Understory plant communities were sampled in 0.25m-square quadrats and environmental drivers of individual species occurrence and whole compositional shifts were determined. Finally, carbon stock sizes were derived from field measures of tree characteristics, understory cover, and soil combined with regionally derived allometric equations. Data collection is complete and is part of a forthcoming manuscript at Ecological Monographs.
Data for: Reburning before recovery: Effects of short-interval fire on subalpine forest nitrogen stocks and fluxes
In forests adapted to infrequent (>100-yr) stand-replacing fires, novel short-interval (<30-yr) fires have started to burn young forests before they recover from previous burns. Postfire tree regeneration is reduced, plant communities shift, soils are hotter and drier, but effects on biogeochemical cycling are unresolved. This study focused on how postfire nitrogen (N) stocks, N availability and N fixation varied in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests burned at long and short intervals in Grand Teton National Park (Wyoming, USA). This data package includes our field data from 2021 and 2022, along with laboratory analyses of foliar and litter chemistry, resin-sorbed N, and field measurements of N fixation. The data included here were also used to compute aboveground N stocks. Our study found that short-interval fires reduced and repartitioned aboveground N stocks, but soil N stocks were unaffected. Results indicate that these shifts in N pools and fluxes suggest reburns can markedly alter N cycling in subalpine forests. The citation for the publication associated with these data is: Turner, M. G., R. E. Heumann, N. G. Kiel, J. A. Warren, and C. C. Cleveland. Reburning before recovery: Effects of short-interval fire on subalpine forest nitrogen stocks and fluxes. Ecosystems (In press)
Soil inorganic and organic property data for subalpine forest, treeline, and alpine zone, 1999.
This study was initiated to examine the nitrogen content of three montane soils: subalpine, treeline and alpine; and to determine if the differences in soil nitrogen content were attributed to plant community and elevation. Soil organic matter, soil carbon, bulk density, pH and soil moisture were also measured for each site. Soil samples were collected from 64 total plots [22 subalpine,15 treeline and 27 alpine sites]. The subalpine site plots included aspen, fir, lodgepole, spruce and meadow vegetation cover. The treeline site plots included fir, spruce and meadow vegetation cover. The alpine site plots included dry meadow and mesic meadow fertilization (control, N, P, NP) plots. Soil cores were removed with 3.5-cm interior diameter PVC pipe that was driven into the soil by use of a rubber mallet. The minimum depth of individual cores was 10 cm. Cores were taken at each site three times over the period between 29 June 1999 and 29 July 1999.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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