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85 results for “subsidy”
Water quality, temperature, ash-free dry mass, photosynthetic activate radiation (PAR), and zooplankton data from a warming and DOC subsidy experiment, 2020 - 2021.
This dataset includes chlorophyll-a concentrations, periphyton biomass estimates, water quality measurements, and qualitative observations from a large-scale mesocosm experiment conducted in the Green Lakes Watershed, Colorado. The experiment was designed to test how earlier lake ice-off and increased dissolved organic material (DOM), associated with terrestrial plant encroachment in alpine watersheds, interactively influence aquatic food webs. In fall 2019, twenty 2600L “megacosms” were established at Sandy Corner (3300 m ASL; 40.042289, -105.584006), left to fill with snowmelt, and maintained throughout the 2020 open water season. The experiment followed a 2 × 2 randomized block design manipulating ice-off timing (via black vs. beige tank coloration) and DOM inputs (presence/absence of willow leaf packs), with five replicates per treatment. All tanks were seeded with sediments and zooplankton from both alpine and montane lakes (Green Lake 1 and Green Lake 4), and instrumented with thermistors recording surface and hypolimnion temperature every two hours year-round. Periphyton growth was monitored using clay tiles, sampled across five time points. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were extracted from filtered water samples and analyzed spectrophotometrically. Periphyton biomass was estimated via ash-free dry mass (AFDM) determinations, based on the mass lost on combustion of material scraped from tiles. Water quality was measured 1–2 times weekly using a YSI ProPlus multiprobe and Li-Cor quantum sensor, and snow/ice cover was qualitatively assessed monthly during winter.
Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers from Europe to the Rest of the World
<p>Environmental subsidies and similar transfers (current, capital, tax abatement, subsidy) for all environmental protection and resource management activities from EU countries to the rest of the world.</p> <p>The original dataset is of Eurostat is plagued with missing data. Our version on the <a href="https://zenodo.org/communities/greendeal_observatory/">Green Deal Data Observatory</a>, though could be further improved, offers a 167% larger congruent data matrix for supervised or unsupervised learning (machine learning, regression analysis) than the <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ENV_ESST_GG/default/table?lang=en">original dataset</a>: Environmental subsidies and similar transfers from general government, by environmental activity, sector of recipient and ESA category of transfer.</p> <p> </p>
SBC LTER: Beach: CO₂ flux, wrack subsidies, invertebrate community, and consumer respiration rates for Channel Islands sandy beaches
These data result from surveys of 14 sandy beach sites on four of California’s Channel Islands from 2016 to 2018. We quantified marine macrophyte wrack subsidies, macroinvertebrates, beach physical parameters, and sediment CO2 flux at each site in order to elucidate the role of marine wrack subsidies and wrack consumers on sandy beach sediment CO2 flux. We also measured the respiration rates of the six most common wrack consumer species in the laboratory. Data are contained in two tables: 1) Mean wrack cover, invertebrate community composition (species richness, abundance, and biomass), beach physical parameters, and sediment CO2 flux, and 2) respiration rates and biomass of each replicate individual for each of the six species.
A hurricane alters the relationship between mangrove cover and marine subsidies in Texas, USA: 2014-2019
We experimentally manipulated black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) cover in ten large plots and over five years (2014-2019) quantified the effects of mangrove cover on subsidies of floating organic material (wrack) into coastal wetlands. We hypothesized that the change from salt marsh to mangrove vegetation would alter the permeability of the intertidal habitat, and thus alter the nature of subsidies from marine to intertidal habitats. Data from field surveys of wrack distribution showed that as mangrove cover increased from zero to 100%, wrack cover and thickness decreased by ~60%, the distance that wrack penetrated into the plots decreased by ~70%, and the percentage of the wrack trapped in the first six m of the plot tripled. Data from wrack samples indicated that wrack samples collected from the fringe were ~3 times heavier than those from the interior of plots. Animals were ~40% more abundant in samples from the interior than from the fringe of plots, but this trend was not statistically significant due to low replication of interior samples. Data from a wrack experiment revealed that animal abundance and species composition varied between the fringe and interior of the plots, and between microhabitats dominated by salt marsh versus mangrove vegetation. Increasing mangrove cover decreased the relative importance of marine subsidies into the intertidal at the plot level, but concentrated subsidies at the front edge of the mangrove stand. Storms, however, may temporarily override mangrove attenuation of wrack inputs.
Data from: 'A large, infrequent ecosystem subsidy (cicada carcasses) and warming additively accelerate development and increase growth of larval amphibians'
These data are from an experiment designed to quantify how ecosystem subsidies and elevated temperatures affect pond food webs, focusing on the response of frogs and the mechanisms affecting their responses. The subsidy we examined was the deposition of periodical cicada carcasses into ponds, simulating a large subsidy event that happens only every 17 years. The 7-week experiment was conducted in outdoor tanks using a factorial design with four treatments: Control (no subsidy, ambient temperature); Cicadas (cicada carcasses added in one large pulse); Warming (temperature elevated about 2.6°C above ambient); and Cicadas & Warming. The data set includes two frog response variables: time to metamorphosis (days) and size at metamorphosis (g wet mass). It also includes temperature in each tank, measured at 30-minute intervals. In addition, it includes data designed to characterize resource supply to frogs, including the abundance of periphyton and phytoplankton measured as chlorophyll concentration; periphyton and phytoplankton composition at the Division level using data from a spectrofluoroprobe; and water column nutrient concentrations, including ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus. In addition, we estimated algal gross primary production using data on dissolved oxygen measured at 30-minute intervals, and include oxygen data here. Finally, we measured the rate at which cicada carcasses and leaf litter decomposed, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations at the end of the experiment, as these data may shed light on factors affecting nutrient supply to algae as well as ecosystem respiration rates, which are used to estimate gross primary production rates. Thus, we include data on the mass of cicada carcasses and leaf litter on several dates, as well as DOC concentrations on the last day of the experiment.
Offshore wind competitiveness in mature markets without subsidy - Supplementary Data
<p>This is the data set named "Supplementary Data 1" for the research paper "Offshore wind competitiveness in mature markets without subsidy". This data set also contains the raw data for reproducing Figure 1 through to Figure 4. The paper is currently under review and access is for peer-review purposes only.</p>
Data from: Impacts of nutrient subsidies on salt marsh arthropod food webs: a latitudinal survey
Anthropogenic nutrient inputs into native ecosystems cause fluctuations in resources that normally limit plant growth, which has important consequences for associated foodwebs. Such inputs from agricultural and urban habitats into nearby natural systems are increasing globally and can be highly variable. Despite the global increase in anthropogenically-derived nutrient inputs into native ecosystems, the consequences of variation in subsidy amount on native plants and their associated foodwebs are poorly known. Salt marshes represent an ideal system to address the differential impacts of nutrient inputs on ecosystem and community dynamics because human development and other anthropogenic activities lead to recurrent introductions of nutrients into these natural systems. Previously, we have found in manipulative experiments that arthropod abundance increases in response to nutrient enrichment, with predators being the trophic group most strongly affected. We conducted a survey of Atlantic coastal Spartina marshes to test whether such local responses are indicative of responses at a landscape level. We examined the most abundant arthropod species associated with Spartina coastal marshes that receive variable amounts of anthropogenic nitrogen, and tested how this response varied across different arthropod functional groups (herbivores, epigeic feeders, and predators). Similar to what we found at a local scale, nutrient subsidies alter the trophic structure of the arthropod assemblage by changing the relative abundances of various feeding groups. Variable responses among predators to nitrogen density could be partly explained by diet breadth (e.g. generalists vs. specialists). Herbivores had a negative response to increasing plant nitrogen density; specialist predators tracked their herbivore prey and thus also responded negatively to nitrogen density. However, generalists were not negatively affected by nitrogen density and indeed some generalist predators responded positively to nitrogen density. Thus, the overall predator-to-herbivore ratio was also positively associated with nitrogen density. Our research helps us to understand how long-term nutrient enrichment of native ecosystems by human activities affects arthropod assemblages and foodweb dynamics.
Ecological data for: Subsidy accessibility drives asymmetric food web responses
<p>Global change is fundamentally altering flows of natural and anthropogenic subsidies across space and time. After a pointed call for research on subsidies in the 1990s, an industry of empirical work has documented the ubiquitous role subsidies play in ecosystem structure, stability and function. Here, we argue that physical constraints (e.g., water temperature) and species traits can govern a species' accessibility to resource subsidies, which has been largely overlooked in the subsidy literature. We examined the input of a high quality, point-source anthropogenic subsidy (aquaculture feed) into a recipient freshwater lake food web. By using a combined bio-tracer approach, we detect a gradient in accessibility of the anthropogenic subsidy within the surrounding food web driven by the thermal preferences of three constituent species, effectively rewiring the recipient lake food web. Since aquaculture is predicted to increase significantly in coming decades to support growing human populations, and global change is altering temperature regimes, then this form of food web alteration may be expected to occur frequently. We argue that subsidy accessibility is a key characteristic of recipient food web interactions that must be considered when trying to understand the impacts of subsidies on ecosystem stability and function under continued global change.</p>
Upland Hillslope Groundwater Subsidy Affects Low-flow Storage-Discharge Relationship
<p>The package provides data and codes used in the following publication " Upland Hillslope Groundwater Subsidy Affects Low-flow Storage-Discharge Relationship". The publication is now under review in Water Resources Research Journal</p>
Seabird nutrient subsidies enrich mangrove ecosystems and are exported to nearby coastal habitats
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Ecological data for: Subsidy accessibility drives asymmetric food web responses
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Fitness consequences of anthropogenic subsidies for a partially migratory wading bird
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Data from: Impacts of nutrient subsidies on salt marsh arthropod food webs: a latitudinal survey
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A look back on Saudi fossil fuel subsidy in the last decade
<p>Calculations pertaining to the paper, "A look back on Saudi fossil fuel subsidy in the last decade".</p>
The effects of resource subsidy duration in a detritus-based stream ecosystem: a mesocosm experiment
<p>1. Most resource subsidies are temporally variable, dynamically affecting the consumer populations, community structures, and ecosystem functions of recipient ecosystems. Temporally variable resource subsidies are characterized by the duration, magnitude, timing, and frequency of resource subsidy inputs. These different characteristics may have different mechanisms by which to affect recipient ecosystems.</p> <p>2. Few studies have examined the duration of resource subsidy inputs on recipient ecosystems, although there exist previous studies focusing on magnitude, timing, and frequency.</p> <p>3. We provide the first experimental test of the effects of subsidy duration on a stream ecosystem by using an outdoor mesocosm experiment, in which we directly manipulated the subsidy duration (pulsed vs. prolonged) of terrestrial invertebrate input into the mesocosm.</p> <p>4. Given the same overall amount of terrestrial invertebrate subsidy were added, a prolonged subsidy allowed large-stage fish to effectively monopolize the subsidy over small-stage fish, which led small-stage fish to maintain their predation pressure on in-situ prey, i.e., benthic invertebrates. On the other hand, a pulsed subsidy allowed small-stage fish to increase their feeding rate of the subsidy and to become away from foraging in-situ prey. Consequently, weaker indirect positive effects on in-situ benthic prey and leaf breakdown rate were found with the prolonged versus pulsed subsidy. However, these indirect effects varied by the dominant benthic prey species, which differed in edibility for fish. Such predator-specific vulnerability of benthic prey can be important in mediating trophic cascades in detritus-based stream food webs.</p> <p>5. Phenological events that generate temporal subsidies (e.g., salmon spawning run and arthropod emergence) can be synchronized (pulsed) or desynchronized (prolonged) within and among species, depending on the degree of spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. The effects of subsidy duration would thus be important to better understand ecological processes in spatially and temporally coupled ecosystems.</p>
Vicuna antipredator diel movement drives spatial nutrient subsidies in a high Andean ecosystem
<p>Large animals could be important drivers of spatial nutrient subsidies when they ingest resources in some habitats and release them in others, even moving nutrients against elevational gradients. In high Andean deserts, vicuñas (<em>Vicugna vicugna</em>) move daily between nutrient-rich wet meadows, where there is abundant water and forage but high risk of predation by pumas (<em>Puma concolor</em>), and nutrient-poor open plains with lower risk of predation. In all habitats, vicuñas defecate and urinate in communal latrines. We investigated how these latrines impacted soil and plant nutrient concentrations across three habitats in the Andean ecosystem (meadows, plains, and canyons), and used stable isotope analysis to explore the source of fecal nutrients in latrines. Latrine soils had higher concentrations of nitrogen, carbon, and other nutrients than did non-latrine soils across all habitats. These inputs corresponded with an increase in plant quality (lower C:N) at latrine sites in plains and canyons, but not in meadows. Stable isotope mixing models suggest that ~7% of nutrients in plains latrines originated from vegetation in meadows, which is disproportionately higher than the relative proportion of meadow habitat (2.6%) in the study area. In contrast, ~68% of nutrients in meadow latrines appear to originate from plains and canyon vegetation, though these habitats made up nearly 98% of the study area. Vicuña diel movements thus appear to concentrate nutrients in latrines within habitats and to drive cross-habitat nutrient subsidies, with disproportionate transport from low-lying, nutrient-rich meadows to more elevated, nutrient-poor plains. Scaling these results up to the landscape scale, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus subsidized in soil at plains latrines was of the same order of magnitude as estimates of annual atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition for this region (albeit far more localized and patchy). Thus, vicuña-mediated nutrient redistribution and deposition appears to be an important process impacting ecosystem functioning in arid Andean environments, on par with other major inputs of nutrients to the system.</p>
Data from: Terrigenous subsidies in lakes support zooplankton production mainly via a green food chain and not the brown food chain
<p><span>Terrestrial organic matter (t-OM) has been recognized as an important cross-boundary subsidy to aquatic ecosystems. However, recent evidence has shown that t-OM contributes little to promote secondary production in lakes because it is low quality food for aquatic consumers. To resolve this conflict, we performed a field experiment using leaf litter as t-OM. In the experiment, we monitored zooplankton biomass in enclosures with and without addition of leaf litter under shaded and unshaded conditions and assessed food web changes with stable isotope analyses. We then examined whether or not leaf litter indeed stimulates lake secondary production and, if it does, which food chain, the detritus-originated food chain ("brown" food chain) or the algae-originated food chain ("green" food chain), contributes more to this increase. Analyses with stable isotopes showed a substantial importance of t-OM in supporting the secondary production under ambient lake conditions. However, addition of the leaf litter increased the zooplankton biomass under unshaded conditions but not under shaded conditions. We found that phosphorus was leached from leaf litter at much faster rate than organic carbon and nitrogen despite its low content in the leaf litter. These results showed that leaf litter stimulated the increase of zooplankton biomass mainly through the green food chain rather than through the brown food chain, because the leaf litter supplied limiting nutrients (i.e., phosphorus) for primary producers. Our results indicate that the functional stoichiometry of the subsidized organic matter plays a crucial role in determining the relative importance of brown and green food chains in promoting production at higher trophic levels in recipient ecosystems.</span></p>
Data from: Human food subsidies drive individual specialization and intrapopulation dietary differences in a generalist predator
<p>Generalist species can exhibit individual specialization (IS), where individuals adopt specialized foraging behaviors not attributable to age, sex, or social dominance. While IS increases with the diversity of available foraging resources (ecological opportunity), the potential impact of human food subsidies on ecological opportunity is unknown. We quantified the isotopic niche width of Steller's Jays (Cyanocitta stelleri), a synanthropic predator and dietary generalist, across a gradient of human land-use categories ranging from subsidized (park campgrounds) to unsubsidized (forest interior) habitats in a protected area in California. We asked (1) if isotopic niche width was better predicted by individual foraging behavior than sex, social dominance, or habitat category (indicating IS) and (2) if degree of IS exhibited by jays increased with the availability of human food subsidies. We characterized the isotopic niche space occupied by individual jays relative to the population using carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values. Using linear models, we found that jay diet variation was best explained by individual behavior and habitat use rather than by sex or social dominance. While degree of IS increased with the availability of human foods, individual jays exhibited a variety of foraging behaviors in all habitats that were segregated by foraging stratum and use of human foods. Individual diet also determined the degree of specialization, as jays that specialized on human foods had the narrowest niche width regardless of habitat. Management efforts targeted at generalist wildlife exhibiting large degrees of IS should therefore account for the impact of food subsidies on foraging behavior. Approaches that involve aversive conditioning may fail where highly-specialized individuals are unlikely to encounter treatments, therefore we recommend simultaneous efforts to limit human food subsidies (e.g., information campaigns and improved containment of human food and food waste), and deployment across the largest possible extent of foraging microhabitats and substrates in order to ensure exposure of whole populations to emetic eggs.</p>
Electric car subsidies in social media and parliament 2022–2023: analysis results
<p>Electric car subsidies in social media and the Finnish parliament 2022–2023: comparative analysis results obtained using three methods for qualitative classification of textual data.</p>
Coyotes take advantage of ungulate carrion subsidies as wolves recolonize Washington
<p>Apex predators exert suppressive effects on mesocarnivores; however, they also provide important carrion subsidies. Optimal foraging theory predicts that individuals respond to resource competition by using high value resources, while competition theory predicts that individuals respond by partitioning resources. This study investigated how the return of wolves (Canis lupus Linneas, 1758) to Washington state impacted the diet of a subordinate carnivore - the coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823). We collected coyote scats from two areas of northern Washington with differing wolf densities and used traditional analysis of undigested remains to infer diet. We tested for differences in the volumes of prey categories, the proportion of ungulate prey that was scavenged, and diet diversity between seasons, study sites, and inside and outside of wolf pack territories. Coyote scats contained more adult ungulate remains inside of wolf pack territories (27%) compared to outside (14%), while seeds and berries were more commonly consumed outside of wolf pack territories (23%) than inside of wolf pack territories (4%). These findings suggest that coyotes are taking advantage of wolf kills to increase ungulate carrion consumption, as predicted by optimal foraging theory, which may substantially affect plant and wildlife communities as wolves continue to recover and coyote diets shift in response.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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