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32 results for “subsistence”
Stream temperature data for Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund project 53007 Assessing Thermal Habitat Variability to Identify Refugia in SE Alaska Subsistence Salmon Watersheds
<p>Hourly stream temperature data were collected in eight watersheds in southeast Alaska to better understand within-watershed thermal heterogeneity. Watersheds include: Chilkat, Chilkoot, Klag, Cowee, Peterson (Juneau road system), Saltery, Kadashan, and Klawock. Site latitude and longitude are recorded in the metadata file. Data were collected with HOBO Onset Pro V2 or HOBO TidbiT MX 400 temperature loggers following the protocols in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.07.008">Mauger et al, 2015</a>. Data collection dates range from January 1, 2020 to November 2, 2023, although not all sites cover this entire date range. </p>
Supplementary information: Subsistence and Population development from the Middle Neolithic B (2800-2350 BCE) to the Late Neolithic (2350-1700 BCE) in Southern Scandinavia
<p>This is the supplementary information of the paper “Subsistence and Population development from the Middle Neolithic B (2800-2350 BCE) to the Late Neolithic (2350-1700 BCE) in Southern Scandinavia” (DOI: tba). Please consult the publication for in depth description of the data, its context and for the method applied on the data, as well as references to primary sources. Requirements to be installed to run the scripts: Python 3 (https://www.python.org/) with the packages numpy (https://numpy.org/), pandas (https://pandas.pydata.org/), matplotlib (https://matplotlib.org/), seaborn (https://seaborn.pydata.org/) and scipy (https://scipy.org/); all included in Ancaonda (Python-Distribution, https://www.anaconda.com/). R (https://cran.r-project.org/) with the packages here (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/here/index.html) and rcarbon (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rcarbon/index.html), tidyverse, vegan, ggplot2, reshape2, RcppRoll. </p>
Girls in early childhood increase food returns of nursing women during subsistence activities of the BaYaka in the Republic of Congo
<p>Nursing mothers face an energetic trade-off between infant care and work. Under pooled energy budgets, this trade-off can be reduced by assistance in food acquisition and infant care tasks from non-maternal caregivers. Across cultures, children also often provide infant care. Yet the question of who helps nursing mothers during foraging has been understudied, especially the role of children. Using focal follow data from 140 subsistence expeditions by BaYaka women in the Republic of Congo, we investigated how potential support from caregivers increased mothers' foraging productivity. We found that the number of girls in early childhood (ages 4–7) in subsistence groups increased food returns of nursing women with infants (kcal collected per minute). This effect was stronger than that of other adult women, and older girls in middle childhood (ages 8–13) and adolescence (ages 14–19). Child helpers were not necessarily genetically related to nursing women. Our results suggest that it is young girls who provide infant care while nursing mothers are acquiring food – by holding, monitoring, and playing with infants– and, thus, that they also contribute to the energy pool of the community during women's subsistence activities. Our study highlights the critical role of children as caregivers from early childhood.</p>
Girls in early childhood increase food returns of nursing women during subsistence activities of the BaYaka in the Republic of Congo
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Women's subsistence networks scaffold cultural transmission among BaYaka foragers in the Congo Basin
<p><span>In hunter-gatherer societies, women's subsistence activities are crucial for food provisioning and children's social learning, but they are understudied relative to men's activities. To better understand the structure of women's foraging networks, we present data of 230 days focal-follows in a BaYaka community. To analyze these data, we develop a stochastic block model for repeat observations with uneven sampling. We find that women's subsistence networks are characterized by cooperation between kin, gender homophily, and mixed age-group composition. During early-childhood, individuals preferentially co-forage with adult kin, but those in middle-childhood and adolescence are likely to co-forage with non-kin peers, providing opportunities for horizontal learning. By quantifying the probability of co-foraging ties across age-classes and relatedness levels, our findings provide insights into the scope for social learning during women's subsistence activities in a real-world foraging population and provide ground-truth values for key parameters used in formal models of cumulative cultural change.</span></p>
Human-cheetah conflict subsistence and commercial farmers
<p>This data set (published in biodiversity and conservation) is a subset of data collected between 2012 and 2015 during a nationwide questionnaire based interview survey. For more information about the methodology see Van der Meer E (2016b) The cheetahs of Zimbabwe: distribution and population status 2015. CCPZ, Victoria Falls. <em>DOI</em>: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36719.84648 (also downloadable from cheetahzimbabwe.org)</p>
APOE4 is associated with elevated blood lipids and lower levels of innate immune biomarkers in a tropical Amerindian subsistence population
<p>In post-industrial settings, <i>APOE4</i> is associated with increased cardiovascular and neurological disease risk. However, the majority of human evolutionary history occurred in environments with higher pathogenic diversity and low cardiovascular risk. We hypothesize that in high-pathogen and energy-limited contexts, the <i>APOE4</i> allele confers benefits by reducing innate inflammation when uninfected, while maintaining higher lipid levels that buffer costs of immune activation during infection. Among Tsimane forager-farmers of Bolivia (N=1266), <i>APOE4</i> is associated with 30% lower C-reactive protein, and higher total cholesterol and oxidized-LDL. Blood lipids were either not associated, or negatively associated with inflammatory biomarkers, except for associations of oxidized-LDL and inflammation which were limited to high BMI adults. Further, <i>APOE4</i> carriers maintain higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol at low BMIs. These results suggest the relationship between <i>APOE4</i> and lipids may be beneficial for pathogen-driven immune responses, and unlikely to increase cardiovascular risk in an active subsistence population.</p>
Prevention of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Subsistence Shellfish Harvest Communities of Southeast Alaska
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05247229. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Women’s subsistence networks scaffold cultural transmission among BaYaka foragers in the Congo Basin
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APOE4 is associated with elevated blood lipids and lower levels of innate immune biomarkers in a tropical Amerindian subsistence population
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Naknek River subsistence salmon harvest assessment
<p>This project provides updated information about the harvests of salmon by the communities of King Salmon, Naknek, and South Naknek, Alaska. This project details the results of a household survey administered for the study years of 2017 and 2018 for harvests and uses of wild salmon by households in these Bristol Bay Borough communities. In addition to the results from the household survey data set, the resulting report includes information from in-depth interviews conducted with key respondents and during participant observation fishing trips. The three study communities are located along the Naknek River in Bristol Bay in Southwest Alaska. As in the past, during the 2017 and 2018 study years, many residents of these study communities relied on fishing for nutrition and to support their way of life. The household surveys found that, in both study years, subsistence harvests of salmon were important in the communities: more than 70% of the number of salmon harvested for King Salmon, and more than 80% of the salmon harvested for Naknek and South Naknek, were caught by subsistence net. Overall, the per capita harvests in 2017 were: 79 lb per capita in King Salmon, 138 lb per capita in Naknek, and 194 lb per capita in South Naknek. Sockeye salmon, followed by either Chinook salmon or coho salmon, composed the largest portions of salmon harvests (in pounds usable weight) for the three communities in 2017. In 2018, the harvests of salmon increased to 116 lb per capita for King Salmon, but decreased to 108 lb per capita for Naknek, and for South Naknek the per capita harvest decreased to 116 lb. Mirroring 2017, for study year 2018 sockeye salmon, followed by either Chinook salmon or coho salmon, composed the largest portions of salmon harvests for the three study communities. This study is part of the effort to collect data about the full range of wild salmon harvests and uses, and areas of harvest, to understand in all its complexity the importance of salmon as a subsistence resource. The project was funded by the Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund (AKSSF). This information was collaboratively collected by research staff of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) Division of Subsistence, and research staff from the Natural Resources Department of Bristol Bay Native Association.</p>
Data from: Influence of ethnolinguistic diversity on the sorghum genetic patterns in subsistence farming systems in eastern Kenya
Understanding the effects of actions undertaken by human societies on crop evolution processes is a major challenge for the conservation of genetic resources. This study investigated the mechanisms whereby social boundaries associated with patterns of ethnolinguistic diversity have influenced the on-farm distribution of sorghum diversity. Social boundaries limit the diffusion of planting material, practices and knowledge, thus shaping crop diversity in situ. To assess the effect of social boundaries, this study was conducted in the contact zone between the Chuka, Mbeere and Tharaka ethnolinguistic groups in eastern Kenya. Sorghum varieties were inventoried and samples collected in 130 households. In all, 297 individual plants derived from seeds collected under sixteen variety names were characterized using a set of 18 SSR molecular markers and 15 morphological descriptors. The genetic structure was investigated using both a Bayesian assignment method and distance-based clustering. Principal Coordinates Analysis was used to describe the structure of the morphological diversity of the panicles. The distribution of the varieties and the main genetic clusters across ethnolinguistic groups was described using a non-parametric MANOVA and pairwise Fisher tests. The spatial distribution of landrace names and the overall genetic spatial patterns were significantly correlated with ethnolinguistic partition. However, the genetic structure inferred from molecular makers did not discriminate the short-cycle landraces despite their morphological distinctness. The cases of two improved varieties highlighted possible fates of improved materials. The most recent one was often given the name of local landraces. The second one, that was introduced a dozen years ago, displays traces of admixture with local landraces with differential intensity among ethnic groups. The patterns of congruence or discordance between the nomenclature of farmers' varieties and the structure of both genetic and morphological diversity highlight the effects of the social organization of communities on the diffusion of seed, practices, and variety nomenclature.
Data from: Tropical ancient DNA from bulk archaeological fish bone reveals the subsistence practices of a historic coastal community in southwest Madagascar
Taxonomic identification of archaeological fish bones provides important insights into the subsistence practices of ancient coastal peoples. However, it can be difficult to execute robust morphological identification of fish bones from species-rich fossil assemblages, especially from post-cranial material with few distinguishing features. Fragmentation, weathering and burning further impede taxonomic identification, resulting in large numbers of unidentifiable bones from archaeological sites. This limitation can be somewhat mitigated by taking an ancient DNA (aDNA) bulk-bone metabarcoding (BBM) approach to faunal identification, where DNA from non-diagnostic bone fragments is extracted and sequenced in parallel. However, a large proportion of fishing communities (both past and present) live in tropical regions that have sub-optimal conditions for long-term aDNA preservation. To date, the BBM method has never been applied to fish bones before, or to fossils excavated from an exposed context within a tropical climate. Here, we demonstrate that morphologically indistinct bulk fish bone from the tropics can be identified by sequencing aDNA extracted from 100 to 300 ya archaeological midden material in southwest Madagascar. Despite the biases of the approach, we rapidly obtained family, genus, and species-level assemblage information, and used this to describe a subset of the ichthyofauna exploited by an 18th century fishing community. We identified 23 families of fish, including benthic, pelagic, and coral-dwelling fishes, suggesting a reliance on a variety of marine and brackish habitats. When possible, BBM should be used alongside osteological approaches to address the limitations of both; however, this study highlights how genetic methods can nevertheless be a valuable tool for helping resolve faunal assemblages when morphological identification is hindered by taphonomic processes, lack of adequate comparative collections, and time constraints, and can provide a temporal perspective on fish biodiversity in the context of accelerated exploitation of the marine environment.
Data from: The global geography of human subsistence
How humans obtain food has dramatically reshaped ecosystems and altered both the trajectory of human history and the characteristics of human societies. Our species' subsistence varies widely, from predominantly foraging strategies, to plant-based agriculture and animal husbandry. The extent to which environmental, social, and historical factors have driven such variation is currently unclear. Prior attempts to resolve long-standing debates on this topic have been hampered by an over-reliance on narrative arguments, small and geographically-narrow samples, and by contradictory findings. Here we overcome these methodological limitations by applying multi-model inference tools developed in biogeography to a global data set (818 societies). Although some have argued that unique conditions and events determine each society's particular subsistence strategy, we find strong support for a general global pattern in which a limited set of environmental, social, and historical factors predicts an essential characteristic of all human groups: how we obtain our food.
Data from: The global geography of human subsistence
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Data from: Tropical ancient DNA from bulk archaeological fish bone reveals the subsistence practices of a historic coastal community in southwest Madagascar
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Data from: Influence of ethnolinguistic diversity on the sorghum genetic patterns in subsistence farming systems in eastern Kenya
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Naknek River subsistence salmon harvest assessment
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Data from: Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey
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Productivity loss associated with physical impairment in a contemporary small-scale subsistence population
<p>Humans experience unique physical impairments with potentially severe economic consequences. Quantifying the burden of impairment in subsistence populations is critical for understanding selection pressures underlying strategies that minimize risk of production deficits. We examine among forager-horticulturalists whether compromised bone strength (indicated by vertebral fracture and lower bone mineral density, BMD) is associated with diminished subsistence involvement. We estimate the magnitude of productivity losses associated with compromised bone strength. Fracture is associated with cessation of hunting, tree chopping and walking long distances, but not tool manufacture. Age-specific productivity losses from hunting cessation related to fracture and lower BMD are substantial. Productivity loss is thus substantial for high strength and endurance tasks. Determining the extent to which impairment obstructs productivity in contemporary subsistence populations improves the ability to infer consequences of impairment over human evolution.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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