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184 results for “sunflower”
Hybrid evolution repeats itself across environmental contexts in Texas sunflowers (Helianthus)
<p>To what extent is evolution repeatable? Little is known about whether the evolution of hybrids is more (or less) repeatable than non-hybrids. We used field experimental evolution in annual sunflowers (<em>Helianthus</em>) in Texas to ask the extent to which hybrid evolution is repeatable across environments compared to non-hybrid controls. We created hybrids between <em>Helianthus annuus</em> (L.) and <em>H. debilis</em> (Nutt.) and grew plots of both hybrids and non-hybrid controls through eight generations at three sites in Texas. We collected seeds from each generation and grew each generation × treatment × home site combination at two final common gardens. We estimated the strength and direction of evolution in terms of fitness and 24 traits, tested for repeated versus non-repeated evolution, and assessed overall phenotypic evolution across lineages and in relation to a locally adapted phenotype. Hybrids consistently evolved higher fitness over time while controls did not, though trait evolution varied in strength across home sites. Repeated evolution was more evident in hybrids versus non-hybrid controls, and hybrid evolution was often in the direction of the locally adapted phenotype. Our findings have implications for both the nature of repeatability in evolution and the contribution of hybridization to evolution across environmental contexts.</p>
Preventative medicine? Examining prophylactic effects of a sunflower pollen diet in Bombus impatiens
<p>The widespread decline of pollinator populations is of concern for both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Pathogens have been identified as a major contributor to the decline of some bee species, making understanding host-pathogen dynamics a crucial area of research. Sunflower pollen (<em>Helianthus annuus</em>) dramatically and consistently reduces infection by a prevalent gut pathogen, <em>Crithidia bombi</em>, in the common eastern bumble bee (<em>Bombus impatiens</em>), when consumed by bees post-infection, but we do not know if sunflower can confer protection when consumed before exposure. We asked whether feeding bumble bees sunflower pollen diets before pathogen exposure decreases <em>Crithidia</em> infection compared to buckwheat pollen (<em>Fagopyrum esculentum</em>). Buckwheat pollen was used as a comparison since it has a similar protein concentration as sunflower pollen, but results in high <em>Crithidia</em> counts when consumed post-infection. Bumble bees were fed sunflower or buckwheat pollen for seven days, inoculated with <em>Crithidia</em>, and then fed a wildflower pollen control diet for seven more days before assessing infection. We found that consuming a sunflower pollen diet before inoculation did not reduce <em>Crithidia</em> cell counts compared to buckwheat pollen. Further, bumble bee survival and consumption of sucrose solution and pollen did not differ between these diets. The results show no evidence of sunflower pollen providing prophylactic resistance against <em>Crithidia bombi </em>infection, indicating that the timing at which sunflower pollen is consumed relative to exposure has important consequences for infection.</p>
Fig. 2 in Occasional damages caused by Platystolus surcularius (Bolívar, 1877) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae) on pistachio and sunflower crops in Central Spain
Fig. 2.- Damage caused by Platystolus surcularius. a-c.- On Pistacia vera stems. d.- On a leaf of Helianthus annuus where a female specimen was resting on the underside.
Fig. 1 in Occasional damages caused by Platystolus surcularius (Bolívar, 1877) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae) on pistachio and sunflower crops in Central Spain
Fig. 1.- Some Platystolus surcularius adult specimens found on the crops. a.- Female on pistachio tree garden stake surrounded by bare soil. b.- Male on Pistacia vera leaf. c.- Female with part of the spermatophore remaining in their subgenital plate. d.- Female on Helianthus annuus leaf.
Data: Local and landscape factors affect sunflower pollination in a Mediterranean agroecosystem
<p>Data and analysis in .Rmd file for the paper "Local and landscape factors affect sunflower pollination in a Mediterranean agroecosystem".</p>
Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes
<p><span>Conspecific populations living in adjacent but contrasting microenvironments represent excellent systems for studying natural selection. These systems are valuable because gene flow is expected to force genetic homogeneity except at loci experiencing divergent selection. A history of reciprocal transplant and common garden studies in such systems, and a growing number of genomic studies, have contributed to understanding how selection operates in natural populations. While selection can vary across different fitness components and life stages, few studies have investigated how this ultimately affects allele frequencies and the maintenance of divergence between populations. Here, we study two sunflower ecotypes in distinct, adjacent habitats by combining demographic models with genome-wide sequence data to estimate fitness and allele frequency change at multiple life stages. This framework allows us to estimate that only local ecotypes are likely to experience positive population growth</span> <span>(λ>1) and that the maintenance of divergent adaptation appears to be mediated via habitat- and life-stage-specific selection. We identify genetic variation, significantly driven by loci in chromosomal inversions, associated with different life history strategies in neighbouring ecotypes that optimize different fitness components and may contribute to the maintenance of distinct ecotypes. </span></p>
Sunflower sea star predation on urchins can facilitate kelp forest recovery
<p>The recent collapse of predatory sunflower sea stars (<em>Pycnopodia helianthoides</em>) due to sea star wasting disease (SSWD) is hypothesized to have contributed to proliferation of sea urchin barrens and losses of kelp forests on the North American West Coast. We used experiments and a model to test whether restored <em>Pycnopodia</em> populations may help recover kelp forests through their consumption of nutritionally poor purple sea urchins (<em>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</em>) typical of barrens. <em>Pycnopodia</em> consumed 0.68 <em>S. purpuratus</em> day<sup>−1</sup>, and our model and sensitivity analysis shows that the magnitude of recent <em>Pycnopodia</em> declines is consistent with urchin proliferation after modest sea urchin recruitment, and even small <em>Pycnopodia</em> recoveries could generally lead to lower densities of sea urchins that are consistent with kelp-urchin coexistence. <em>Pycnopodia</em> seem unable to chemically distinguish starved from fed urchins and indeed have higher predation rates on starved urchins due to shorter handling times. These results highlight the importance of <em>Pycnopodia</em> in regulating purple sea urchin populations and maintaining healthy kelp forests through top-down control. The recovery of this important predator to densities commonly found prior to SSWD, whether through natural means or human-assisted reintroductions, may therefore be a key step in kelp forest restoration at ecologically significant scales.</p>
Sunflower pollinator visit scoring
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Sunflower timelapse scoring
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Sunflower consensus scoring
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Sunflower ovary measurements
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Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes
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Data from: Inversions contribute disproportionately to parallel genomic divergence in dune sunflowers
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Wild pollinators and honeybees respond differently to landscape-scale organic farming and increase sunflower yields
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Preventative medicine? Examining prophylactic effects of a sunflower pollen diet in Bombus impatiens
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Sunflower sea star predation on urchins can facilitate kelp forest recovery
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Hybrid evolution repeats itself across environmental contexts in Texas sunflowers (Helianthus)
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Data from: Genetic diversity and conservation status of Helianthus verticillatus, an endangered sunflower of the Southern United States
<p>Evaluating species diversity and patterns of population genetic variation is an essential aspect of conservation biology to determine appropriate management strategies and preserve the biodiversity of native plants. Habitat fragmentation and potential habitat loss are often an outcome of a reduction in naturally occurring wildfires and controlled prescribed burning, as seen in <i>Helianthus verticillatus</i> (whorled sunflower). This endangered, wild relative of the common sunflower, <i>Helianthus annuus</i>, is endemic to four locations in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, United States. Despite its endangered status, there is no recovery plan for <i>H. verticillatus</i>, and knowledge related to its basic plant biology and importance in ecosystem services is mostly unknown. In this study, we utilized 14 microsatellite loci to investigate fine-scale population structure and genetic diversity of <i>H. verticillatus</i> individuals found on two sampling sites within the Georgia population. Our results indicated moderate genetic diversity and the presence of two distinct genetic clusters. Analyses of molecular variance indicated that the majority of variance was individually based, thus confirming high genetic differentiation and limited gene flow between <i>H. verticillatus</i> collection sites. The evidence of a population bottleneck in these sites suggests a recent reduction in population size that could be explained by habitat loss and population fragmentation. Also, high levels of linkage disequilibrium were detected, putatively suggesting clonal reproduction among these individuals. Our study provides a better understanding of fine-scale genetic diversity and spatial distribution of <i>H. verticillatus</i> populations in Georgia. Our results can underpin an original recovery plan for <i>H. verticillatus</i> that could be utilized for the conservation of this endangered species and to promote its persistence in the wild.</p>
Data from: Transcriptome profiles of sunflower reveal the potential role of microsatellites in gene expression divergence
The mechanisms by which natural populations generate adaptive genetic variation are not well understood. Some studies propose that microsatellites can function as drivers of adaptive variation. Here we tested a potentially adaptive role for transcribed microsatellites with natural populations of the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by assessing the enrichment of microsatellites in genes that show expression divergence across latitudes. Seeds collected from six populations at two distinct latitudes in Kansas and Oklahoma were planted and grown in a common garden. Morphological measurements from the common garden demonstrated that phenotypic variation among populations is largely explained by underlying genetic variation. An RNA–Seq experiment was conducted with 96 of the individuals grown in the common garden and differentially expressed (DE) transcripts between the two latitudes were identified. A total number of 825 DE transcripts were identified. DE transcripts and non-differentially expressed (NDE) transcripts were then scanned for microsatellites. The abundance of different motif lengths and types in both groups were estimated. Our results indicate that DE transcripts are significantly enriched with mononucleotide repeats and significantly depauperate in trinucleotide repeats. Further, the standardized mononucleotide repeat motif A and dinucleotide repeat motif AG were significantly enriched within DE transcripts while motif types, C, AT, ACC, and AAC in DE transcripts are significantly differentiated in microsatellite tract length between the two latitudes. The tract length differentiation at specific microsatellite motif types across latitudes and their enrichment within DE transcripts indicate a potential functional role for transcribed microsatellites in gene expression divergence in sunflower.
Multiple chromosomal inversions contribute to adaptive divergence of a dune sunflower ecotype
<p>Both models and case studies suggest that chromosomal inversions can facilitate adaptation and speciation in the presence of gene flow by suppressing recombination between locally adapted alleles. Until recently, however, it has been laborious and time-consuming to identify and genotype inversions in natural populations. Here we apply RAD sequencing data and newly developed population genomic approaches to identify putative inversions that differentiate a sand dune ecotype of the prairie sunflower (<em>Helianthus petiolaris</em>) from populations found on the adjacent sand sheet. We detected seven large genomic regions that exhibit a different population structure than the rest of the genome and that vary in frequency between dune and non-dune populations. These regions also show high linkage disequilibrium and high heterozygosity between, but not within arrangements, consistent with the behavior of large inversions, an inference subsequently validated in part by comparative genetic mapping. Genome-environment association analyses show that key environmental variables, including vegetation cover and soil nitrogen, are significantly associated with inversions. The inversions co-locate with previously described "islands of differentiation," and appear to play an important role in adaptive divergence and incipient speciation within <em>H. petiolaris</em>.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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