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72 results for “sunlight”
Raw spectra measurements of scattered sunlight collected using a MAX-DOAS (Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instrument in the austral summer of 2016/17 during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE).
<p><strong>Dataset abstract</strong></p> <p>To achieve the objectives of the project, we installed a MAX-DOAS (Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instrument on the vessel “Akademik Tryoshnikov”. This instrument is based on the DOAS technique, which is used to measure trace gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The method consists of the analysis of the spectral absorption lines that each trace gas produces in the solar spectra. The DOAS technique uses the narrowband features that every trace gas has in their spectral absorption coefficients. This differential cross section is unique and acts like a fingerprint for the trace gases, allowing to differentiate between them and to estimate their concentrations (for further details see Platt and Stutz, 2008).</p> <p>In the past decades, atmospheric chemists have come to realize that halogen species (like Cl, Br or I and their oxides ClO, BrO and IO) exert a powerful influence on the chemical composition of the troposphere and through that influence affect the evolution of pollutants, hence having a significant impact on climate. These reactive halogen species are potent oxidizers for organic and inorganic compounds throughout the troposphere. In particular, halogen cycles can act on several compounds (such as methane, ozone, particles…), all of which are climate forcing agents through direct and indirect radiative effects. Dynamic exchange of halogens between the ocean, sea ice, snowpack and atmosphere is the main driver for the frequent occurrence of Ozone Depletion Events (ODEs) and Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events (AMDEs) (Saiz-Lopez and von Glasow, 2012).</p> <p>In this dataset we present the raw spectra measurements of scattered sunlight recorded by the MAX-DOAS onboard a research vessel in the Southern Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. Included are position and vessel inclination data. Data coverage is from December 2016 to April 2017.</p> <p><strong>Dataset contents</strong></p> <ul> <li>ace_maxdoas_gps.zip</li> <li>GPS_JDDD.txt, data file, ASCII text</li> <li>ace_maxdoas_inclination.zip</li> <li>Inclination_JDDD.txt, data file, ASCII text</li> <li>ace_maxdoas_spectra-YYYY-MM.zip</li> <li>- MAXDOAS<br> - - WWW<br> - - - JDDD<br> - - - - LiveInfo_DDDhhmmss.WWW, data file, ASCII text<br> - - - - Atmos<br> - - - - - DDDhhmmss_90.WWW, data file, ASCII text<br> - ZENITH<br> - - WWW<br> - - - JDDD<br> - - - - LiveInfo_DDDhhmmss.WWW, data file, ASCII text<br> - - - - Atmos<br> - - - - - DDDhhmmss_90.WWW, data file, ASCII text</li> <li>README.txt, metadata, text</li> <li>data_file_header_gps.txt, metadata, text</li> <li>data_file_header_inclination.txt, metadata, text</li> <li>data_file_header_spectra_atmos.txt, metadata, text</li> <li>data_file_header_spectra_liveinfo.txt, metadata, text</li> </ul> <p>where YYYY is the year and MM is the month. JDDD is the day of the year (Julian day) YYYY in which the file was recorded. hhmmss is the time. WWW is the central wavelength of the measured spectrum in the UV or VIS region.</p> <p><strong>Dataset license</strong></p> <p>This dataset of raw spectra of scattered sunlight measurements from ACE is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) whose full text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p>
Daily water-column rates of sunlight absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) leached from permafrost soils collected from the North Slope of Alaska in the summers of 2018 and 2022
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was leached from permafrost soils near the Toolik Field Station in the Alaskan Arctic. Daily rates of sunlight absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from the permafrost soil leachates over the water column depth of an arctic headwater stream were quantified.
Shaped by the sun: the effect of exposure to sunlight on the evolution of spider bodies
<p>Body temperature strongly influences fitness. Some sun-exposed ectotherms thermoregulate by adjusting body posture according to the sun's position. To evaluate the impact of body shape, size and posture on body temperature, we first built a model combining traditional heat transfer models with models of thermoregulatory postures in spiders. The model indicates that both body size and shape determine thermoregulation efficiency by affecting heat gain via solar irradiance. These estimates corroborate previous empirical studies on spider thermoregulation. We then coupled meteorological data to our heat transfer model. The model predicts that body elongation in large orb-web spiders decreases the risk of high body temperatures. Lastly, we measured the elongation of orb-web spiders across 1,024 species and found that sun-exposed species evolved more elongate bodies than sun-protected species. Overall, our results suggest that thermoregulation influenced the evolution of body shapes of orb-web spiders.</p>
COVID-19 mortality correlation with cloudiness, sunlight, latitude in European countries
<p>"COVID-19 mortality correlation with cloudiness, sunlight, latitude in European countries"</p> <p>Dataset for preprint titled <br> "COVID-19 mortality: positive correlation with cloudiness but no correlation with sunlight and latitude in Europe"<br> https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.27.21250658 </p> <p>by SECIL OMER, ADRIAN IFTIME, VICTOR BURCEA</p> <p>Corresponding author: A. Iftime, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Biophysics Department, 8 Blvd. Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania. Email address: adrian.iftime [at] umfcd.ro.</p> <p> </p> <p>===========<br> Dataset file: <br> 2.0.0.COVID-19_Mortality_Cloudiness_Insolation_EUROPE_March_December_2020.csv</p> <p><br> Dataset graphical preview: <br> 2.0.0.INFOGRAPHIC_CloudFraction_vs_COVID-19_mortality_Europe_March-December_2020.png</p> <p>DATASET:<br> 444 rows (records), with the following fields:</p> <p>"Country" :<br> Country name; 37 European countries included.</p> <p>"Date": <br> Date stamp at the collection time.<br> Data collection was performed in the last day of every month. <br> Date format: YYYY-MM-DD</p> <p>"Month_Key" : <br> Date stamp at the collection time, formatted for easier monthly time series analysis.<br> Date format: YYYY-MM</p> <p>"Month_Fct2020"<br> Date stamp at the collection time,formatted for easier graphing, as a string with names of the months<br> (in English). </p> <p>"Deaths_per_1Mpop" :<br> Monthly mortality from COVID-19 raported in the country, <br> reported as number of COVID-19 deaths per 1 million population of the country, <br> in that particular month / country. <br> NB: it is reported as million population, not patients. </p> <p>"LogDeaths_per_1Mpop" :<br> Log10 transformation of "Deaths_per_1Mpop"</p> <p>"Insolation_Average" :<br> Insolation average (solar irradiance at ground level),<br> in that particular month / country. <br> It is expressed in Watt / square meter of the ground surface. <br> Data derived from data avaialble at NASA Langley Research Center, NASA’s Earth Observatory, <br> CERES / FLASHFlux team, 2020, <br> https://neo.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=CERES_INSOL_M<br> (old link: https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=CERES_INSOL_M )</p> <p>"Cloud_Fraction" :<br> Cloudiness (also known as cloud fraction, cloud cover, cloud amount or sky cover),<br> as decimal fraction of the sky obscured by clouds, <br> in that particular month / country. <br> Data derived from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA’s Earth Observatory,<br> MODIS Atmosphere Science Team, 2020, <br> https://neo.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR<br> (old link: https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR )</p> <p>"CENTR_latitude" and<br> "CENTR_longitude" :<br> Latitude and Longitude of the country centroid, for each country. <br> Data derived from Google LLC, "Dataset publishing language: country centroids",<br> https://developers.google.com/public-data/docs/canonical/countries_csv <br> NOTE: This is identical in every month (obviuously); <br> it is redundantly included for easier monthly sectional analysis of the data. </p> <p>===========</p> <p>Versioning of the dataset: <br> MAJOR: changes yearly; 1 = 2020<br> MINOR: changes if new monthly data is added in that particular year. <br> PATCH: Changes only if errors or minor edits were performed. </p> <p><br> ===========<br> CHANGELOG: </p> <p>Version 2.0.0.COVID-19_Mortality_Cloudiness_Insolation_EUROPE_March_December_2020.csv<br> - CERES/FLASHFLUX data for August-December 2020 became available at new links at nasa.gov<br> - These data were gathered, analyzed and introduced in this dataset (2.0.0). <br> - updated links for CERES/FLASHFLUX and MODIS dataset<br> - added DOI link for preprint<br> - minor edits on text. <br> -Dataset file source for this version (internal analysis source file):<br> db_covid_all-ANALYSIS.2020-all-year_versiunea18d.csv</p> <p><br> Version 1.0.0.COVID-19_Mortality_Cloudiness_Insolation_EUROPE_March_August_2020.csv <br> First version<br> Dataset file source for this version (internal analysis source file):<br> db_covid_all-ANALYSIS.2020-09-22_r10.csv</p>
Pretty cool beetles: Can manipulation of visible and near-infrared sunlight prevent overheating?
<p>Passive thermoregulation is an important strategy to prevent overheating in thermally challenging environments. Can the diversity of optical properties found in Christmas beetles (Rutelinae) be an advantage to keep cool? We measured changes in temperature of the elytra of 26 species of Christmas beetles, exclusively due to direct radiation from a solar simulator in visible (VIS: 400–700 nm) and near-infrared (NIR: 700–1700 nm) wavebands. Then, we evaluated if the optical properties of elytra could predict their steady state temperature and heating rates while controlling for size. We found that higher absorptivity increases the heating rate and final steady state of the beetle elytra in a biologically significant range (3 to 5°C). There was substantial variation in the absorptivity of Christmas beetle elytra; this variation was achieved by different combinations of reflectivity and transmissivity in both VIS and NIR. The size was an important factor in predicting the change in temperature of the elytra after 5 min (steady state) but not the maximum heating rate. Lastly, we show that the presence of the elytra covering the body of the beetle can reduce the heating of the body itself. We propose that beetle elytra can act as a semi-insulating layer to enable passive thermoregulation through high reflectivity of elytra, resulting in low absorptivity of solar radiation. Alternatively, if beetle elytra absorb a high proportion of solar radiation, they may reduce heat transfer from the elytra to the body through behavioural or physiological mechanisms.</p>
Figure 1Sampling site and stations.1A in Living in the sunlight: micro-environments with higher exposure of sunlight have more abundance and diversity of Hymenoptera in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest fragment
Figure 1Sampling site and stations.1A) Study area including the RAPELD modules.Each black point represents a permanent plot.1B) Trap-nest stations and selected micro-environments: treefall gap (A), placed in wooden post at 1.5m height; understory (B), placed in a tree branch at approximately 1.5 meters height; canopy (C), suspended with thread in a tree (height between 19.0 and 9.1 meters).
Figure 2 in Living in the sunlight: micro-environments with higher exposure of sunlight have more abundance and diversity of Hymenoptera in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest fragment
Figure 2 Interpolation curves of the richness and diversity of trap-nesting Hymenoptera (Atlantic forest, Brazil) in relation to the lowest observed abundance brood cells sampled and assessed for three Hill numbers (0, 1 e 2). CAN= canopy; GAP= treefall gap; UND= Understory.
Shaped by the sun: the effect of exposure to sunlight on the evolution of spider bodies
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Pretty cool beetles: Can manipulation of visible and near-infrared sunlight prevent overheating?
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Two light sensors decode moonlight versus sunlight to adjust a plastic circadian/circalunidian clock to moon phase
<p>Many species synchronize their physiology and behavior to specific hours. It is commonly assumed that sunlight acts as the main entrainment signal for ~24h clocks. However, the moon provides similarly regular time information. Consistently, a growing number of studies have reported correlations between diel behavior and lunidian cycles. Yet, mechanistic insight into the possible influences of the moon on ~24hr timers remains scarce.</p> <div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We have explored the marine bristleworm </span><em><span>Platynereis dumerilii</span></em><span> to investigate the role of moonlight in the timing of daily behavior. We uncover that moonlight, besides its role in monthly timing, also schedules the exact hour of nocturnal swarming onset to the nights' darkest times. Our work reveals that extended moonlight impacts on a plastic clock that exhibits <24h (moonlit) or >24h (no moon) periodicity. Abundance, light sensitivity, and genetic requirement indicate that the <em>Platynereis </em>light receptor molecule r-Opsin1 serves as a receptor that senses moonrise, whereas the cryptochrome protein L-Cry<em> </em>is required to discriminate the proper valence of nocturnal light as either moon- or sunlight. Comparative experiments in <em>Drosophila </em>suggest that cryptochrome's principal requirement for light valence interpretation is conserved. Its exact biochemical properties differ, however, between species with dissimilar timing ecology.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Our work advances the molecular understanding of lunar impact on fundamental rhythmic processes, including those of marine mass spawners endangered by anthropogenic change.</span></p> </div> </div> </div>
Raw data for the article: A Cryptochrome adopts distinct moon- and sunlight states and functions as sun- versus moonlight interpreter in monthly oscillator entrainment
<p>The moon's monthly cycle synchronizes reproduction in countless marine organisms. The mass-spawning bristle worm Platynereis dumerilii uses an endogenous monthly oscillator to phase reproduction to specific days. Classical work showed that this oscillator is set by full moon. But how do organisms recognize such a specific moon phase? We uncover that the light receptor L-Cryptochrome (L-Cry) is able to discriminate between different moonlight durations, as well as between sun- and moonlight. Consistent with L-Cry's function as light valence interpreter, its genetic loss leads to a faster re-entrainment under artificially strong nocturnal light. This suggests that L-Cry blocks "wrong" light from impacting on the monthly oscillator. A biochemical characterization of purified L-Cry protein, exposed to naturalistic sun- or moonlight, reveals the formation of distinct sun- and moonlight states characterized by different photoreduction- and recovery kinetics of L-Cry's co-factor Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. In vivo, L-Cry's sun- versus moonlight states correlate with distinct sub-cellular localizations, indicating different signalling. In contrast, r-Opsin1, the most abundant ocular opsin, is not required for monthly oscillator entrainment. Our work reveals a new concept for correct moonlight interpretation involving a "valence interpreter" that provides entraining photoreceptor(s) with light source and moon phase information. These findings advance our mechanistic understanding of a fundamental biological phenomenon: moon-controlled monthly timing. Such level of understanding is also an essential prerequisite to tackle anthropogenic threats on marine ecology.</p>
The giant clam photosymbiosis is a physically optimized photoconversion system for the most intense sunlight on Earth
<p>Giant clams are photosymbiotic with unicellular algae ("zooxanthellae") organized in the clam's mantle tissue. This tissue has an especially low albedo for a photosynthetic system, generally less than 10\% at all visible wavelengths. This efficient absorbance of light occurs in the ecological context of the high solar irradiances in intertidal habitats near the equator. At these light levels, photosynthetic systems typically adapt to absorb less light in order to prevent radiative damage to chloroplasts. Giant clams are therefore unusual. If the giant clam photosymbiosis proves to be simultaneously efficient at absorption and at phototransduction at these irradiances, they are potentially remarkably productive and an important source of bioinspiration. We showed previously that the clams organize algae into vertical pillars in the mantle tissue. The clams' iridocytes, or optically structured skin cells on the surface of the tissue, then function to evenly distribute incoming solar irradiance along the vertical faces of the pillars. The result is that zooxanthellae in the system absorb solar power at lower rates than that of incoming solar flux. The overall energetic performance of this phtooconversion scheme has, however, been difficult to characterize given the complex three-dimensional structure and the fact that it is coupled to a much more voluminous, respiring animal. Here we use a combination of photochemical characterization and new quantitative modeling of data from the literature to estimate the photochemical efficiency as a function of incoming irradiance of the initial electron-transfer events. Our approach is to consider the clam mantle tissue in isolation as a meta-material for photoconversion. To do this, we developed a method to directly measure the system's photochemical efficiency with spatial resolution of 10's of microns using optical microprobes threaded through the tissue. These experimental efficiency data then serve as ground-truthing for a subsequent reanalysis of photosynthesis-irradiance curves of clams taken from the literature. For this quantitative re-analysis, we incorporated the clam system's quantum efficiency as a function of irradiance per cell into a Monte Carlo model of radiative transfer among cells to find the tissue's area-specific oxygen evolution apart from any sinks. We found that cells located within the dense clam system had fluorescence transients (i.e., Kautsky curves), a direct measure of the efficiency of PS II) that were very slow and of low intensity, particularly for a dense system, consistent with photochemical efficiencies generally greater than 50\% and often greater than 90\%. When incorporated into a larger computational model, we found that mature Tridacnid clams can efficiently perform photoconversion of light energy into chemical energy at light intensities many times more intense than the maximum time-averaged environmental radiance, or even the solar constant. The intensities to which the clam is adapted, however, can be found in strong wave-lensed pulses of irradiance that are characteristic of the clams' habitats. This surprising result makes sense if the system has evolved to both avoid damage from and utilize the power in the intense pulses of light that result from wave-lensing. Our model predicts that by evolving to compensate for the intense pulses of solar energy produced by wave-lensing, the clam system can perform photochemical conversion of radiation at intensities many times greater than the solar constant at around 90\% quantum efficiency. This result in turn suggests a strategy for organic, engineered materials performing photoconversion under solar concentration.</p>
Filtered Sunlight Phototherapy to Treat Significant Jaundice: Safety and Efficacy in Neonates
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02612727. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice With Filtered Sunlight Phototherapy: Safety and Efficacy in African Neonates
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01434810. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Two light sensors decode moonlight versus sunlight to adjust a plastic circadian/circalunidian clock to moon phase
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Testing trait plasticity over the range of spectral composition of sunlight in forb species differing in shade tolerance
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Raw data for the article: A Cryptochrome adopts distinct moon- and sunlight states and functions as sun- versus moonlight interpreter in monthly oscillator entrainment
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
The giant clam photosymbiosis is a physically optimized photoconversion system for the most intense sunlight on Earth
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Supplementary figure for: "UVA radiation could be a significant contributor to sunlight inactivation of SARS-CoV-2"
<p><strong>Supplementary Figure 1 for https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286666 </strong></p> <p><strong>Summary of sunlight inactivation mechanisms for viruses, based on <a href="https://paperpile.com/c/sh96XE/c05Xp+qSRra">[1,2]</a>. Solid yellow line: example of solar spectral irradiance reaching the Earth’s surface <a href="https://paperpile.com/c/sh96XE/KMpGD">[3]</a>. In principle, UVC light is most effective at damaging nucleic acid, leading to direct, endogenous inactivation; however, it is completely blocked by atmospheric ozone. Some UVB reaches the Earth’s surface, and may also damage nucleic acid. However, its effectiveness is lower than for UVC, and falls rapidly as wavelength increases (as shown by the white dashed line). Sunlight in the UVA range reaches the ground in larger amounts than for UVB, but does not interact directly with nucleic acid. However, UVA can be absorbed by natural or engineered sensitizers in the suspending medium, thereby creating photo-produced reactive intermediates that can damage viruses, leading to indirect, exogenous inactivation.</strong></p> <p><strong>* Corresponding author: pfegiz [at] ucsb [dot] edu</strong></p> <p><strong>1. <a href="http://paperpile.com/b/sh96XE/c05Xp">Nelson KL, Boehm AB, Davies-Colley RJ, et al. Sunlight-mediated inactivation of health-relevant microorganisms in water: a review of mechanisms and modeling approaches. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2018; 20(8):1089–1122.</a></strong></p> <p><strong>2. <a href="http://paperpile.com/b/sh96XE/qSRra">Lytle CD, Sagripanti J-L. Predicted inactivation of viruses of relevance to biodefense by solar radiation. J Virol. 2005; 79(22):14244–14252.</a></strong></p> <p><strong>3. <a href="http://paperpile.com/b/sh96XE/KMpGD">Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible (TUV) Radiation Model [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 2]. Available from: </a><a href="https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/modeling/tropospheric-ultraviolet-and-visible-tuv-radiation-model">https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/modeling/tropospheric-ultraviolet-and-visible-tuv-radiation-model</a></strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Funding statement:</strong></p> <p><strong>This work was supported by the University of California, Santa Barbara [Vice Chancellor for Research COVID-19 Seed Grant] and by the Army Research Office Multi University Research Initiative [W911NF-17-1-0306 to P.L.-F.].</strong></p>
Data from: Why we need more nature at work: effects of natural elements and sunlight on employee mental health and work attitudes
This study investigated the effects of natural elements and direct and indirect sunlight exposure on employee mental health and work attitudes. We recruited participants via an online panel from the United States and India, and analyzed data from 444 employees. Natural elements and sunlight exposure related positively to job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and negatively to depressed mood and anxiety. Direct sunlight was a dominant predictor of anxiety; indirect sunlight was a dominant predictor of depressed mood, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Natural elements buffered the relationship between role stressors and job satisfaction, depressed mood, and anxiety. We also found that depressed mood partially mediated the relationship between natural elements and job satisfaction. We discuss scientific and policy implications of these findings.
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