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9 results for “superparasitism”
Figure 2 in Superparasitism of Eoxenos laboulbenei De Peyerimhoff (Strepsiptera: Mengenillidae) by Idiomacromerus gregarius (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in southern Spain
Figure 2. Female Idiomacromerus gregarius. Habitus. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Lateral view.
Parasitoid development and superparasitism in invasive versus native widow spider host egg sacs
<p>The brown widow spider, <em>Latrodectus geometricus</em>, is a hazardous and highly invasive species globally. One of the suggested mechanisms enhancing this spider's invasiveness is lower susceptibility to natural enemies compared to other widow species. The parasitoid wasp, <em>Philolema latrodecti</em>, is known to attack egg sacs of <em>L. geometricus</em>, as well as those of other species of <em>Latrodectus</em>. Despite its potential importance as a natural enemy of <em>L. geometricus</em>, little is known about the development of this wasp and factors mediating its parasitism success. We investigated the development of this parasitoid in two widow spider host species, one native to Israel, the white widow, <em>L. pallidus</em>, and the invasive brown widow, <em>L. geometricus</em>. We compared wasp developmental success in egg sacs exposed to increasing wasp densities. We found increased wasp emergence and brood size, and smaller emerging wasp body size, with increasing wasp density. Across all wasp densities, more and larger parasitoids developed in the egg sacs of the native host species, <em>L. pallidus</em>, compared to the invasive host species, <em>L. geometricus</em>. Parasitoid sex ratio was highly female-biased and the proportion of males increased with wasp density, suggesting local mate competition. Overall, our results suggest that <em>L. pallidus</em> is a better host for the egg sac parasitoid <em>P. latrodecti</em>, which could give a competitive advantage to the less-affected invasive brown widow spider.</p>
Parasitoid development and superparasitism in invasive versus native widow spider host egg sacs
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Figure 3 in Superparasitism of Eoxenos laboulbenei De Peyerimhoff (Strepsiptera: Mengenillidae) by Idiomacromerus gregarius (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in southern Spain
Figure 3. Idiomacromerus gregarius, female. (A) Head, lateral view. (B) Head, dorsal view. (C) Head, frontal view. (D) Mesosoma, dorsal view. (E) Mesosoma, lateral view. (F) Forewing, dorsal view. (G) Detail of forewing showing stigma and uncus. (H) Antenna, lateral view. (I) Mesotarsomeres and tibial apex.
Figure 4 in Superparasitism of Eoxenos laboulbenei De Peyerimhoff (Strepsiptera: Mengenillidae) by Idiomacromerus gregarius (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in southern Spain
Figure 4. Idiomacromerus gregarius, male. (A) Habitus, lateral view. (B) Head, frontal view. (C) Antenna, lateral view. (D) Aedeagus, ventral view.
Data from: Superparasitism drives heritable symbiont epidemiology and host sex ratio in a wasp
Heritable microbial symbionts have profound impacts upon the biology of their arthropod hosts. Whilst our current understanding of the dynamics of these symbionts is typically cast within a framework of vertical transmission only, horizontal transmission has been observed in a number of cases. For instance, several symbionts can transmit horizontally when their parasitoid hosts share oviposition patches with uninfected conspecifics, a phenomenon called superparasitism. Despite this, horizontal transmission, and the host contact structures that facilitates it, have not been considered in heritable symbiont epidemiology. Here, we tested for the importance of host contact, and resulting horizontal transmission, for the epidemiology of a male-killing heritable symbiont (Arsenophonus nasoniae) in parasitoid wasp hosts. We observed that host contact through superparasitism is necessary for this symbiont's spread in populations of its primary host Nasonia vitripennis, such that when superparasitism rates are high, A. nasoniae almost reaches fixation, causes highly female biased population sex ratios and consequently causes local host extinction. We further tested if natural interspecific variation in superparasitism behaviours predicted symbiont dynamics among parasitoid species. We found that A. nasoniae was maintained in laboratory populations of a closely related set of Nasonia species, but declined in other, more distantly related pteromalid hosts. The natural proclivity of a species to superparasitise was the primary factor determining symbiont persistence. Our results thus indicate that host contact behaviour is a key factor for heritable microbe dynamics when horizontal transmission is possible, and that 'reproductive parasite' phenotypes, such as male-killing, may be of secondary importance in the dynamics of such symbiont infections.
Testing the local mate competition rule in a quasi-gregarious parasitoid with facultative superparasitism
<p><span>As </span><span>an </span><span>important </span><span>domain</span><span> of evolutionary ecology, sex allocation theory well explains the evolution of investment into female versus male offspring. Local mate competition (LMC) is </span><span>a </span><span>good predictor of sex allocation, where</span> <span>the optimal sex ratio becomes less female-biased</span><span> and asymptotically approaches 0.5 as </span><span>the</span><span> number</span><span> of foundresses</span><span> increases.</span> <span>Parasitoid wasps, with </span><span>haplodiploid sex determination</span><span>, </span><span>offer</span><span> excellent opportunities to test how organisms manipulate their offspring sex ratio in response to environmental variation, and many species have been </span><span>proven</span><span> to allocate sex according to predictions under LMC. When hosts are spatially clustered, as in gregarious species, the mating systems of quasi-gregarious parasitoids meet the essential assumptions (female </span><span>mating</span><span> before dispersal</span><span>) of LMC. </span><span>However, inconsistent with predictions, </span><span>i</span><span>n the </span><span>quasi-gregarious species </span><span><em>Anastatus disparis</em> </span><span>(Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae)</span><span>,</span><span> a</span> <span>strongly female-biased </span><span>eclosion</span><span> sex ratio (</span><span>0.156</span><span>±0.018 to 0.185±0.016) </span><span>was observed </span><span>as the number of females laying eggs in a patch increased.</span> <span>Superparasitism, </span><span>in which</span> <span>44.7</span><span>%</span><span> of parasitized hosts contained more than one egg</span><span> but only one adult </span><span>emerged</span><span> from each host, </span><span>was </span><span>common in <em>A. disparis</em>.</span><span> However, </span><span>the egg sex ratio was </span><span>determined by microsatellites and</span><span> likely fit the predictions of LMC theory. Male-biased offspring mortality arising from</span><span> s</span><span>uperparasitism</span><span> during development likely contributes to the shift from the primary sex ratio predicted under LMC to the observed female-biased eclosion sex ratio.</span> <span>Inconsistent with results in gregarious parasitoids, t</span><span>he role of superparasitism in driving sex ratio shifts in </span><span>quasi-gregarious parasitoids</span><span> should be incorporated into </span><span>LMC-based predictions of sex ratio</span><span>s.</span></p>
Testing the local mate competition rule in a quasi-gregarious parasitoid with facultative superparasitism
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Data from: Superparasitism drives heritable symbiont epidemiology and host sex ratio in a wasp
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