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124 results for “surface radiation”
Arctic Gridded surface cloud fraction radiative kernels (GCF-CRKs)
<p><span>These <a name="OLE_LINK1"></a>gridded surface cloud fraction radiative kernels (GCF-CRKs) are created by integrating refined downwelling surface shortwave radiation (DSSR) estimates and a high-precision cloud fraction (CF). The DSSR is corrected by a CF-dependent model, which leveraging the correlation between the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave radiative parameters and surface radiation, combined with high-precision fused CF datasets from multiple satellite sources. </span></p> <p><span><span> </span>There are five individual files. “SFC_SW_Kernel_Arc.nc” is for CRKs of all clouds, “SFC_SW_lowcloud_Kernel_Arc.nc” is for CRKs of low-level clouds, “SFC_SW_midlowcloud_Kernel_Arc.nc” is for CRKs of mid-low-level clouds, “SFC_SW_midhighcloud_Kernel_Arc.nc” is for CRKs of mid-high-level clouds, and “SFC_SW_highcloud_Kernel_Arc.nc” is for CRKs of high-level clouds. The four cloud layers are derived from four pressure layers (surface to 700 hPa, 700-500 hPa, 500-300 hPa, and 300-50 hPa, representing low, middle-low, middle-high, and high clouds, respectively) based on the CERES-SYN stratification standard.</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span>The file format is netcdf4, and was created by Matlab. To read these files, any software supporting netcdf4 can be used. These files only involved sunlit months from Apr to Sep during 2000-2020, with the longitude from -180°~180° and the latitude from 60°N~90°N.</span></p>
Evaluation of a wind tunnel designed to investigate the response of evaporation to changes in the incoming longwave radiation at a water surface
<p>Experimental Record of a Longwave-Evaporation experiment. The record to be referenced in a forthcoming scientific paper.</p>
Dataset related to publication: Robust radiative cooling via surface phonon coupling-enhanced emissivity from SiO2 micropillar arrays
<p>Dataset related to the publication:</p><p>Zhenmin Ding, Xin Li, Hulin Zhang, Dukang Yan, Jérémy Werlé, Ying Song, Lorenzo Pattelli, Jiupeng Zhao, Hongbo Xu, Yao Li. Robust radiative cooling via surface phonon coupling-enhanced emissivity from SiO2 micropillar arrays. <i>International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer</i>, 220, 125004 (2024). doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.125004">10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.125004</a></p><p>The repository contains MATLAB/Octave scripts to perform rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) simulations for a SiO2 layer decorated with micropillars.</p><p>The main script runs a series of rigorous electromagnetic simulations over the atmospheric transparency window wavelength range (8-13 µm) for all combination of three main structural parameters (pillar diameter, spacing and height), within a user-defined range.</p><p>Running the code requires the RETICOLO v9 RCWA code:</p><blockquote><p>Jean-Paul Hugonin, & Philippe Lalanne. (2021). Light-in-complex-nanostructures/RETICOLO: V9. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4419063">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4419063</a></p></blockquote>
Quality controlled observations of hourly incoming shortwave radiation data at the surface for solar resource mapping in Norway (2016-2020).
<p>Observed hourly incoming shortwave radiation data at the surface of Norway for the years 2016-2020 along with quality control flags, visualization plots and a descriptive report. The data has been collected, visually inspected and quality controlled within the SunPoint project (SUn in Norway - POtential and INTegration of the solar energy resource, Norwegian Research Council project 320750). The main data source is frost.met.no but some gaps were filled with data directly obtained by the station holders.</p> <p>There are three NetDCF files for 47 stations selected after quality control:</p> <ul> <li>rsds_1hr_selection_v5_2016-2020.nc: Raw data</li> <li>rsds_flagged_1hr_selection_v5_2016-2020.nc: Raw data with flags</li> <li>rsds_cleaned_1hr_selection_v5_2016-2020.nc: Filtered data (i.e. all flagged data has been removed)</li> </ul> <p>and one NetCDF file for all available stations (106 stations)</p> <ul> <li>rsds_1hr_frost_and_more_2016-2020.nc</li> </ul> <p>Version 3.5 of the McClear clear-sky model is used for flagging which reduces the bias to ground measurements compared to earlier versions. </p> <p>The visualization and automated quality control routines are available in the Scripts.zip file (python).</p>
Datasets related to the study "Spatial variability and future evolution of surface solar radiation over Northern France and Benelux: a regional climate model approach"
<p>This dataset contains the data of the manuscript "Spatial variability and future evolution of surface solar radiation over Northern France and Benelux: a regional climate model approach" under publication in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. <br>It includes CNRM-ALADIN64 simulations of surface solar radiation, cloud fraction, aerosol optical depth and water vapor content. <br>A directory is dedicated to HINDCAST simulations. It includes all datasets involved in the evaluation of CNRM-ALADIN64 simulations, as well as all datasets used for the analysis of the spatial variability of surface solar irradiance over the recent past. <br>Another directory is dedicated to future climate simulations. In this case, several sub directories can be found, representing either the simulations over the historical period (2005-2014, i.e. HIST directory), or simulations at mid (2045-2054, "mid" suffix) and long term (2091-2100, "end" suffix) horizons for SSP1-1.9 and SSP3-7.0. Each set of climate simulations is composed of three members (r1f, r2f, r3f), which were used collectively to increase the statistical significance of our analysis. </p>
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d, e, g–k), X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (f) of fruits and endocarps of uncertain affinity from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Trebecenia sarcocalis, a – tricarpellate fruit, no. NM-F 3637, b – fruits supported by pentamerous and persistent calyx, no. NMF 3637, c – fruit almost circular in transverse section, no. NM-F 3637; d: Taxon 17, small fruit with slightly sunken stylar region, no. NM-F 3201; e: Taxon 19, spherical fruit, the fruit wall composed of large isodiametric, thick walled cells, no. NM-F 3181; f: Taxon 19, single-seeded fruit, no. NM-F 3621; g: Taxon 20, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of ten carpels, no. NM-F 3200; h: Taxon 22, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of seven carpels, no. NM-F 3159; i: cf. Sabia menispermoides, endocarp of drupaceous fruits, no. NM-F 4624; j: Taxon 25, endocarp triangular in cross-section, no. NM-F 3218; k: Taxon 24, endocarp spherical in cross-section with a distinctly ribbed and foveolate surface, no. NM-F 3217. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d, e, g–k), X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (f) of fruits and endocarps of uncertain affinity from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Trebecenia sarcocalis, a – tricarpellate fruit, no. NM-F 3637, b – fruits supported by pentamerous and persistent calyx, no. NMF 3637, c – fruit almost circular in transverse section, no. NM-F 3637; d: Taxon 17, small fruit with slightly sunken stylar region, no. NM-F 3201; e: Taxon 19, spherical fruit, the fruit wall composed of large isodiametric, thick walled cells, no. NM-F 3181; f: Taxon 19, single-seeded fruit, no. NM-F 3621; g: Taxon 20, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of ten carpels, no. NM-F 3200; h: Taxon 22, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of seven carpels, no. NM-F 3159; i: cf. Sabia menispermoides, endocarp of drupaceous fruits, no. NM-F 4624; j: Taxon 25, endocarp triangular in cross-section, no. NM-F 3218; k: Taxon 24, endocarp spherical in cross-section with a distinctly ribbed and foveolate surface, no. NM-F 3217.
Text-fig. 3. CT slices on Block 3. Invertebrate moulds (a, c) and remains of their hard skeletons (a, b). Large areas of limestone matrix hold either only a few scattered invertebrates or no fossil at all (b, c). Ring artefacts seen close to the isocentre of the scan (b, c) are a well-known phenomenon caused by the X-ray beams traversing the block at an insufficient radiation dose (as expected in such a large block of dense material), and are not part of any physical structure present therein (Triche et al. 2019). in Hidden Treasures Uncovered: Successful Detection Of Fossils Below The Surface In Large Limestone Blocks Using A Standard Medical X-Ray Ct Scanner
Text-fig. 3. CT slices on Block 3. Invertebrate moulds (a, c) and remains of their hard skeletons (a, b). Large areas of limestone matrix hold either only a few scattered invertebrates or no fossil at all (b, c). Ring artefacts seen close to the isocentre of the scan (b, c) are a well-known phenomenon caused by the X-ray beams traversing the block at an insufficient radiation dose (as expected in such a large block of dense material), and are not part of any physical structure present therein (Triche et al. 2019).
Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings.
Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere.
TOA and surface cloud radiative kernels calculated with RRTM
<p> These cloud radiative kernels (CRK) are calculated with RRTM, with meteorological variables from ERA-interim as inputs. The file format is netcdf4, and was created by python. To read these files, any software supporting netcdf4 can be used. </p> <p> Longwave cloud radiative effect at surface is primarily decided by cloud base properties, while top-of-atmosphere (TOA) cloud radiative effect is primarily decided by cloud top properties, so the standard version of surface CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month, cloud optical thickness (τ) and cloud base pressure (CBP), and the TOA CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month,τ and cloud top pressure (CTP). Considering that the cloud property histograms provided by climate models are functions of CTP instead of CBP at present, we created a set of surface CRK on CTP-τ cloud fraction histograms using the statistical relationship between CTP, CBP and τ from collocated CloudSat-MODIS observations.</p> <p> There are five individual files. "SFC_CRK_CBP2.nc" is for surface CRK on CBP-τ histograms, "SFC_CRK_CTP2.nc" is for surface CRK on CTP-τ histograms, and "TOA_CRK_CTP2.nc" is for TOA CRK on CTP-τ histograms. The atmospheric CRK can be calculated as the difference between "TOA_CRK_CTP2.nc" and "SFC_CRK_CTP2.nc". The other two files denote separate CRK for ice and liquid clouds. </p> <p> </p> <p> Notes: (1) this version is used in the submitted draft for publication, and it might be renewed in the future.</p> <p> (2) To avoid NAN values, the value of CBP/CTP is set to be the lowest level near surface for cloud bins with CBP/CTP greater than surface air temperature (cloud base or top is below surface). </p> <p> </p>
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i).
Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (a, c, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images (b, e) of fruits and seeds of Serialis antiqua (a, b) and Serialis parva (c–e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Serialis antiqua lateral view of fruit showing smooth partly abraded fruit wall (a) and longitudinal section (b, SRXTM orthoslice yz0862) showing six closely adhering seeds, some of which are mature with well-preserved nutritive tissue; c–e) Serialis parva lateral view of fruit showing faint ribs (c), finely pitted seed surface with undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (d), and transverse section showing two closely adhering seeds (SRXTM orthoslice xy0913, e). Specimens, TV43-S174480 (a, b), TV43-S170076 (c), TV43-S170079 (d), TV43-S174477 (e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c, e), 50 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (a, c, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images (b, e) of fruits and seeds of Serialis antiqua (a, b) and Serialis parva (c–e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Serialis antiqua lateral view of fruit showing smooth partly abraded fruit wall (a) and longitudinal section (b, SRXTM orthoslice yz0862) showing six closely adhering seeds, some of which are mature with well-preserved nutritive tissue; c–e) Serialis parva lateral view of fruit showing faint ribs (c), finely pitted seed surface with undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (d), and transverse section showing two closely adhering seeds (SRXTM orthoslice xy0913, e). Specimens, TV43-S174480 (a, b), TV43-S170076 (c), TV43-S170079 (d), TV43-S174477 (e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c, e), 50 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 19. Scanning electron microscope (SEM; d, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM; a–c) images of a seed of Kvacekispermum costatum sp. nov. (a–c) and Kvacekispermum sp. (d, e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Isolated, abraded seeds showing densely spaced longitudinal ridges; c) Detail of abraded seed in (b) showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals; d) Isolated, abraded seed showing longitudinal ridges; e) Abraded seed surface showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals. Specimens, TV44-S174098 (holotype; a), TV38-S174099 (b, c), TV43-S174612 (d, e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d), 50 Μm (c, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 19. Scanning electron microscope (SEM; d, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM; a–c) images of a seed of Kvacekispermum costatum sp. nov. (a–c) and Kvacekispermum sp. (d, e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Isolated, abraded seeds showing densely spaced longitudinal ridges; c) Detail of abraded seed in (b) showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals; d) Isolated, abraded seed showing longitudinal ridges; e) Abraded seed surface showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals. Specimens, TV44-S174098 (holotype; a), TV38-S174099 (b, c), TV43-S174612 (d, e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d), 50 Μm (c, e).
Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing
Text-fig. 5. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype (S174178; Vale de Agua sample 141) in lateral view showing shape and cell pattern; remains of mounting media (¤). b) Cut volume rendering of seed (cut at yz0553) showing the slightly raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) and palisade-shaped cells of exotesta. c) Apical view of seed showing hilar depression (hi), position of micropylar slit (mi) and the slightly raised raphal ridge (ra). d) Seed in lateral view showing raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) (S174495, Vale de Água sample 300). e) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0500) of the seed in (5d) showing the raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum and sclerenchyma cells of exotesta. f) Detail of seed in (5d) showing micropylar slit (mi), hilum (hi) and raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum. g, h) Seed in lateral view (g) and view towards raphe (h) showing seed shape, the raised tissue below hilum (arrow head) and the raphal ridge (ra); note pointed micropylar area (S174179, Vale de Água sample 141). i) Seed surface of seed in (5d) showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. Scale bars = 250 µm (a–e, g, h); 125 µm (f, i). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 5. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype (S174178; Vale de Agua sample 141) in lateral view showing shape and cell pattern; remains of mounting media (¤). b) Cut volume rendering of seed (cut at yz0553) showing the slightly raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) and palisade-shaped cells of exotesta. c) Apical view of seed showing hilar depression (hi), position of micropylar slit (mi) and the slightly raised raphal ridge (ra). d) Seed in lateral view showing raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) (S174495, Vale de Água sample 300). e) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0500) of the seed in (5d) showing the raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum and sclerenchyma cells of exotesta. f) Detail of seed in (5d) showing micropylar slit (mi), hilum (hi) and raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum. g, h) Seed in lateral view (g) and view towards raphe (h) showing seed shape, the raised tissue below hilum (arrow head) and the raphal ridge (ra); note pointed micropylar area (S174179, Vale de Água sample 141). i) Seed surface of seed in (5d) showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. Scale bars = 250 µm (a–e, g, h); 125 µm (f, i).
Text-fig. 3. Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov. (a–e) from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal (holotype, S175096) and Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov. (f–i) from the Early Cretaceous Torres Vedras locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings a–f, i) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, g, h). a, b) Seed in lateral (a) and oblique apical (b) views showing the truncate hilar-micropylar region; note prominent hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi) at the seed apex and the raphe (ra) seen as slightly raised ridge; remains of mounting media (¤). c) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0647) showing course of raphe (ra), hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi); note the strongly radially elongated cells below the hilar scar. d) Seed in antiraphal view. e) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. f) Seed enclosed in remains of thin-walled fruit (fr) (S174632, Torres Vedras sample 298). g) Holotype, seed enclosed in remains of fruit (fr); raphal view showing the faintly ribbed surface of the seed (S171534, Torres Vedras sample 043). h) Apical view of seed fragment showing hilar scar (hi), position of raphe (ra) and the ribbed seed surface (S136683, Torres Vedras sample 044). i) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S171534; Torres Vedras sample 043). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–d, f–h); 125 µm (e, i). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 3. Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov. (a–e) from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal (holotype, S175096) and Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov. (f–i) from the Early Cretaceous Torres Vedras locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings a–f, i) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, g, h). a, b) Seed in lateral (a) and oblique apical (b) views showing the truncate hilar-micropylar region; note prominent hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi) at the seed apex and the raphe (ra) seen as slightly raised ridge; remains of mounting media (¤). c) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0647) showing course of raphe (ra), hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi); note the strongly radially elongated cells below the hilar scar. d) Seed in antiraphal view. e) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. f) Seed enclosed in remains of thin-walled fruit (fr) (S174632, Torres Vedras sample 298). g) Holotype, seed enclosed in remains of fruit (fr); raphal view showing the faintly ribbed surface of the seed (S171534, Torres Vedras sample 043). h) Apical view of seed fragment showing hilar scar (hi), position of raphe (ra) and the ribbed seed surface (S136683, Torres Vedras sample 044). i) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S171534; Torres Vedras sample 043). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–d, f–h); 125 µm (e, i).
Text-fig. 1. Gastonispermum portugallicum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). Note remains of mounting media on several seeds (¤). a) Seed in oblique view showing seed shape, the slightly raised raphal ridge and the position of hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) on the raphal side of the seed (S170218). b, c) Seeds in lateral view (b, S170234; c, S175095). d–f) Holotype (S174820); seed in lateral view (d) and cut volume rendering (e, f) through the median plane of the seed showing palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells of exotesta and remains of embryo (emb) and surrounding nutritive tissue (e, cut between yz0440-0530; f, cut between slices yz440-480). g) Hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) of seed in (1a) showing the Y-shaped micropylar slit in the outer integument. h) Cut volume rendering through the median plane of the seed (cut at yz0492) showing seed coat mainly composed of palisade-shaped cells of the exotesta (S174435). i) Seed surface showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S175045). Scale bars = 500 µm (a–e); 250 µm (g); 125 µm (f, i). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 1. Gastonispermum portugallicum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). Note remains of mounting media on several seeds (¤). a) Seed in oblique view showing seed shape, the slightly raised raphal ridge and the position of hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) on the raphal side of the seed (S170218). b, c) Seeds in lateral view (b, S170234; c, S175095). d–f) Holotype (S174820); seed in lateral view (d) and cut volume rendering (e, f) through the median plane of the seed showing palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells of exotesta and remains of embryo (emb) and surrounding nutritive tissue (e, cut between yz0440-0530; f, cut between slices yz440-480). g) Hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) of seed in (1a) showing the Y-shaped micropylar slit in the outer integument. h) Cut volume rendering through the median plane of the seed (cut at yz0492) showing seed coat mainly composed of palisade-shaped cells of the exotesta (S174435). i) Seed surface showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S175045). Scale bars = 500 µm (a–e); 250 µm (g); 125 µm (f, i).
Text-fig. 6. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal (a, b, d, e: sample 141, c: sample 300); Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0563) through the median plane of the seed (holotype, S174178) showing the palisade-shaped cells of exotesta and collapsed inner parts of seed coat, raised exotestal tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. b) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0659) through the micropylar region perpendicular to the median plane showing the exotestal tissue surrounding the transverse micropyle slit (mi). c) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0500) through the median plane of the seed (S175095) showing raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and poorly preserved cells of the seed coat. d) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0810) through middle part of seed perpendicular to the median plane (S174178) showing seed coat and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. e) Tangential and longitudinal orthoslice (xz0162) through the seed coat of holotype (S174178) showing thickened, undulate cell walls of exotesta (ex) and the short, thin-walled cells of tegmen (te) with a finely striate wrinkled surface. Scale bars = 250 µm (a, c, d); 125 µm (b, e). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 6. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal (a, b, d, e: sample 141, c: sample 300); Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0563) through the median plane of the seed (holotype, S174178) showing the palisade-shaped cells of exotesta and collapsed inner parts of seed coat, raised exotestal tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. b) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0659) through the micropylar region perpendicular to the median plane showing the exotestal tissue surrounding the transverse micropyle slit (mi). c) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0500) through the median plane of the seed (S175095) showing raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and poorly preserved cells of the seed coat. d) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0810) through middle part of seed perpendicular to the median plane (S174178) showing seed coat and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. e) Tangential and longitudinal orthoslice (xz0162) through the seed coat of holotype (S174178) showing thickened, undulate cell walls of exotesta (ex) and the short, thin-walled cells of tegmen (te) with a finely striate wrinkled surface. Scale bars = 250 µm (a, c, d); 125 µm (b, e).
Text-fig. 7. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype; seed in lateral view showing seed shape; note that the seed is broken near the lower surface of the hilum (S174345). b) Oblique apical view of micropylar-hilar region of holotype showing slightly ruptured micropylar slit (mi) in the outer integument and two bulging and abraded areas (arrow heads) close to hilum. c) Seed in oblique lateral-raphal view showing the two bulging structures (arrow heads) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (S174472). d) Tangential, longitudinal cut (cut at yz0131) through the seed coat of seed in (7c) showing the undulate anticlinal cell walls of the exotesta cells that are thickest towards the outside and thinner towards the inside. Scale bars = 500 µm (a–c); 250 µm (d). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 7. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype; seed in lateral view showing seed shape; note that the seed is broken near the lower surface of the hilum (S174345). b) Oblique apical view of micropylar-hilar region of holotype showing slightly ruptured micropylar slit (mi) in the outer integument and two bulging and abraded areas (arrow heads) close to hilum. c) Seed in oblique lateral-raphal view showing the two bulging structures (arrow heads) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (S174472). d) Tangential, longitudinal cut (cut at yz0131) through the seed coat of seed in (7c) showing the undulate anticlinal cell walls of the exotesta cells that are thickest towards the outside and thinner towards the inside. Scale bars = 500 µm (a–c); 250 µm (d).
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