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20 results for “symbiont interactions”
Aggregation of symbionts on hosts depends on interaction type and host traits
<p>Symbionts tend to be aggregated on their hosts, such that few hosts harbor the majority of symbionts. This ubiquitous pattern can result from stochastic processes, but aggregation patterns may also depend on the type of host-symbiont interaction, plus traits that affect host exposure and susceptibility to symbionts. Untangling how aggregation patterns both within and among populations depend on stochastic processes, interaction type and host traits remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we address this challenge by using null models to compare aggregation patterns in a neutral system of Balanomorpha barnacles attached to patellid limpets and a host-parasite system of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and their Gyrodactylus spp. monogeneans. We first used a model to predict patterns of symbiont-host aggregation due to random partitioning of symbionts to hosts. This null model accurately predicted the aggregation of barnacles on limpets, but the degree of aggregation varied across 303 quadrats. Quadrats with larger limpets had less aggregated barnacles, whereas aggregation increased with variation in limpet size. Across 84 guppy populations, Gyrodactylus spp. parasites were significantly less aggregated than predicted by the null model. As in the neutral limpet-barnacle system, aggregation decreased with mean host size. Parasites were also significantly less aggregated on males than females because male guppies tended to have higher prevalence and lower parasite burdens than predicted by the null model. Together, these results suggest stochastic processes can explain aggregation patterns in neutral but not parasitic systems, though in both systems host traits affect aggregation patterns. Because the distribution of symbionts on hosts can affect symbiont evolution via intraspecific interactions, and reciprocally host behavior and evolution via host-symbiont interactions, identifying the drivers of aggregation enriches our understanding of host-symbiont interactions.</p>
Aggregation of symbionts on hosts depends on interaction type and host traits
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Context dependent host-symbiont interactions: shifts along the parasitism-mutualism continuum
<p>Symbiotic interactions can shift along a mutualism to parasitism continuum. While there are many studies examining dynamics typically considered to be mutualistic that sometimes shift towards parasitism, little is known about conditions underlying shifts from parasitism towards mutualism. In lake populations, we observed that infection by a microsporidian gut symbiont sometimes conferred a reproductive advantage and other times a disadvantage to its <i>Daphnia </i>host. We hypothesized that the microsporidian might benefit its host by reducing infection by more virulent parasites, which attack via the gut. In a lab study using field-collected animals, we found that spores of a virulent fungal parasite were much less capable of penetrating the guts of <i>Daphnia </i>harboring the microsporidian gut symbiont. We predicted that this altered gut penetrability could cause differential impacts on host fitness depending on ecological context. Using data from field surveys, we found that microsporidian-infected <i>Daphnia </i>hosts experienced a reproductive advantage when virulent parasites were common and a reproductive disadvantage when resources were scarce and virulent parasites were rare. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiparasite community context and resource availability in host-parasite studies and open the door for future research into conditions driving shifts along parasitism to mutualism gradients.</p>
Cryptic community structure and metabolic interactions among the heritable facultative symbionts of the pea aphid
<p>Most insects harbor influential, yet non-essential heritable microbes in their hemocoel. Communities of these symbionts exhibit low diversity. But their frequent multi-species nature raises intriguing questions on roles for symbiont-symbiont synergies in host adaptation, and on the stability of the symbiont communities, themselves. In this study, we build on knowledge of species-defined symbiont community structure across United States populations of the pea aphid, <em>Acyrthosiphon</em> <em>pisum</em>. Through extensive symbiont genotyping, we show that pea aphids' microbiomes can be more precisely defined at the symbiont strain level, with strain variability shaping ~5 out of 9 previously reported co-infection trends. Field data provide a mixture of evidence for symbiont-symbiont synergies, and symbiont hitchhiking, revealing causes and consequences of these co-infection trends. To test whether within-host metabolic interactions predict common versus rare strain-defined communities, we leveraged the high relatedness of our dominant, community-defined symbiont strains vs. twelve pea aphid-derived Gammaproteobacteria with sequenced genomes. Genomic inference, using metabolic complementarity indices, revealed high potential for cooperation among one pair of symbionts – <em>Serratia</em> <em>symbiotica</em> and <em>Rickettsiella</em> <em>viridis</em>. Applying the expansion network algorithm, through additional use of pea aphid and obligate <em>Buchnera</em> symbiont genomes, <em>Serratia</em> and <em>Rickettsiella</em> emerged as the only symbiont community requiring both parties to expand holobiont metabolism. Through their joint expansion of the biotin biosynthesis pathway, these symbionts may span missing gaps within a multi-party mutualism, within their nutrient-limited phloem-feeding hosts. Recent, complementary gene inactivation, within the biotin pathways of <em>Serratia</em> and <em>Rickettsiella</em>, raise further questions on the origins of mutualisms and host-symbiont interdependencies.</p>
Context dependent host-symbiont interactions: shifts along the parasitism-mutualism continuum
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Data from: Interactions among symbionts operate across scales to influence parasite epidemics
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Cryptic community structure and metabolic interactions among the heritable facultative symbionts of the pea aphid
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Data from: Plant and insect microbial symbionts alter the outcome of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions: implications for invaded, agricultural and natural systems
1. Understanding how soil microbial communities influence plant interactions with other organisms, and how this varies with characteristics of the interacting organisms, is important for multiple systems. Solanum spp. are a suitable model for trophic interactions in studies of agricultural and natural systems and can also provide useful corollaries in invaded systems. This study examined the influence of soil mutualist arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth of different Solanum types fed on by the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, in relation to presence of the aphid facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. 2. Four Solanum types comprising two wild species, S. berthaultii and S. polyadenum, and two accessions of S. tuberosum, were grown with or without AM fungi and infested with one of four clonal lines of a single M. euphorbiae genotype (two with and two without H. defensa). Two experiments were conducted to i) characterise plant responses to AM fungi and aphids and ii) assess whether soil AM fungi could influence the success of the parasitoid wasp Aphidus ervi when attacking aphids reared on each Solanum type. 3. In both experiments, similar patterns of plant biomass were observed in relation to AM fungal and aphid treatments. Solanum biomass depended on plant type and aphid infection with H. defensa. Plants exposed to aphids harbouring H. defensa had smaller root biomass, and therefore total plant biomass, compared to plants infested with H. defensa-free aphids. M. euphorbiae performance varied with aphid clonal line, Solanum type and presence of AM fungi. 4. Parasitoid success, measured as the proportion of aphids from which a wasp emerged, was highest from aphids that had fed on plants colonised by AM fungi, although this result also varied with Solanum type and aphid clonal line. 5. Synthesis: The presence of soil AM fungi, combined with within-species plant and insect variation in key traits, can have subtle - but significant - effects on plant fitness and insect success. This study highlights the importance of exploring genotypic variation in plant and pest responses to soil microbiota to identify suitable biocontrol options.
Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The dynamics of coevolution between hosts and parasites are influenced by their genetic interactions. Highly specific interactions, where the outcome of an infection depends on the precise combination of host and parasite genotypes (G × G interactions), have the potential to maintain genetic variation by inducing negative frequency-dependent selection. The importance of this effect also rests on whether such interactions are consistent across different environments or modified by environmental variation (G × G × E interaction). In the black bean aphid, <i>Aphis fabae</i>, resistance to its parasitoid <i>Lysiphlebus fabarum</i> is largely determined by the possession of a heritable bacterial endosymbiont, <i>Hamiltonella defensa</i>, with strong G × G interactions between <i>H. defensa</i> and <i>L. fabarum</i>. A key environmental factor in this system is the host plant on which the aphid feeds. Here, we exposed genetically identical aphids harbouring three different strains of <i>H. defensa</i> to three asexual genotypes of <i>L. fabarum </i>and measured parasitism success on three common host plants of <i>A. fabae</i>, namely <i>Vicia faba</i>, <i>Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Beta vulgaris</i>. As expected, we observed the pervasive G × G interaction between <i>H. defensa</i> and <i>L. fabarum</i>, but despite strong main effects of the host plants on average rates of parasitism, this interaction was not altered significantly by the host plant environment (no G × G × E interaction). The symbiont-conferred specificity of resistance is thus likely to mediate the coevolution of <i>A. fabae </i>and <i>L. fabarum</i>, even when played out across diverse host plants of the aphid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments
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Data from: Plant and insect microbial symbionts alter the outcome of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions: implications for invaded, agricultural and natural systems
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Data from: Strong specificity in the interaction between parasitoids and symbiont-protected hosts
Coevolution between hosts and parasites may promote the maintenance of genetic variation in both antagonists by negative-frequency-dependence if the host-parasite interaction is genotype-specific. Here we tested for specificity in the interaction between parasitoids (Lysiphlebus fabarum) and aphid hosts (Aphis fabae) that are protected by a heritable defensive endosymbiont, the γ-proteobacterium Hamiltonella defensa. Previous studies reported a lack of genotype-specificity between unprotected aphids and parasitoids, but suggested that symbiont-conferred resistance might exhibit a higher degree of specificity. Indeed, in addition to ample variation in host resistance as well as parasitoid infectivity, we found a strong aphid clone-by-parasitoid line interaction on the rates of successful parasitism. This genotype-specificity appears to be mediated by H. defensa, highlighting the important role that endosymbionts can play in host-parasite coevolution.
Data from: Niche differentiation in the dynamics of host-symbiont interactions: symbiont prevalence as a coexistence problem
Heritable symbioses can have important ecological effects and have triggered important evolutionary innovations. Current predictions for long-term symbiont prevalence are based on their fitness benefits and vertical transmission rates but ignore non-linear competitive feedbacks among symbiotic and symbiont-free hosts. We hypothesized that such feedbacks function as stabilizing mechanisms, promoting coexistence of host types and maintaining intermediate symbiont frequency at the population scale. Using a model grass / endophyte symbiosis, we manipulated competition within and between endophyte-symbiotic (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) hosts and fit competition models to experimental data. We show for the first time that symbiont-structured competition can generate stable coexistence of E+ and E- hosts, even under perfect vertical transmission. Niche differentiation was the key to coexistence, causing hosts of each type to limit themselves more strongly than each other. These results establish roles for non-linear competitive dynamics and niche differentiation in the ecology and evolution of heritable symbionts.
Data from: Symbionts modify interactions between insects and natural enemies in the field
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Data from: Strong specificity in the interaction between parasitoids and symbiont-protected hosts
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Data from: Parasitic wasp-associated symbiont affects plant-mediated species interactions between herbivores
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Data from: Niche differentiation in the dynamics of host-symbiont interactions: symbiont prevalence as a coexistence problem
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Biphasic metabolism and host interaction of a chlamydial symbiont
GEO Series GSE93891. Acanthamoeba castellanii; Candidatus Protochlamydia amoebophila. 13 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
In Vitro Culture of the Insect Endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii Highlights Bacterial Genes Involved in Host-Symbiont Interaction
GEO Series GSE112290. Spiroplasma poulsonii. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Heat disrupts host-parasitoid interactions mediated by a viral symbiont
GEO Series GSE273477. Manduca sexta. 93 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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