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12 results for “symbiont transmission”
Exploring mechanisms that affect coral cooperation: symbiont transmission mode, cell density and community composition
<p>This repository contains code to accompany the manuscript titled</p> <p><strong>Exploring mechanisms that affect coral cooperation: symbiont transmission mode, cell density and community composition</strong></p> <p>by <strong>Carly D. Kenkel and Line K. Bay</strong><br> </p> <p>In this study, we used a phylogenetically controlled design to investigate the role of vertical symbiont transmission, an evolutionary mechanism predicted to enhance cooperation and holobiont fitness of reef-building corals. Six species of coral, three vertical transmitters and their closest horizontally transmitting relatives, were fragmented and subjected to a two-week thermal stress experiment. Symbiont cell density, photosynthetic function and translocation of photosynthetically fixed carbon between symbionts and hosts were quantified to assess changes in physiological metrics of fitness and cooperation. Amplicon sequencing of the <em>Symbiodinium</em> ITS-2 locus was used to investigate differences in symbiont community composition among focal species. We did not observe universally higher levels of cooperation in vertically transmitting species. However, the reduction in cooperation at the onset of bleaching was marginally associated with symbiont community diversity. Analysis of ITS2 amplicon sequence data suggest that it may not be vertical transmission <em>per se</em> that influences host-symbiont cooperation, but genetic uniformity of the symbiont community.</p> <p>Repository contents:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>TraitDataAnalysis.R:</strong> Annotated R script for generating figures and re-creating statistical analyses</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>RsquaredGLMM.R:</strong> Accessory R script for running RsquaredGLMM analyses, called by <strong>TraitDataAnalysis.R</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>NSF_RunningPam.csv</strong>: Input file for statistical analysis. Contains photophysiological data. Column headers are as follows:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Tank: Number of experimental tank in which experimental coral fragment was held</p> </li> <li> <p>Treatment: short-hand notation for sample treatments (e.g. ctrl1-5 = control temperature, genotypes 1-5)</p> </li> <li> <p>Water: source sump for temperature controlled water jackets for each set of treatment tanks</p> </li> <li> <p>Position: numerical rack position of coral fragment within experimental treatment tank</p> </li> <li> <p>Species: Coral species (Amil=<em>A. millepora</em>, Maqe=<em>M. aequituberculata</em>, Gast=<em>G. astreata</em>, Gach=<em>G. acrhelia</em>, Plob=<em>P. lobata</em>, Gcol=<em>G. columna</em>)</p> </li> <li> <p>Genotype: source colony origin of individual coral fragments within species</p> </li> <li> <p>Temp: experimental temperature treatment (ctrl: 27°C ; heat: 31°C)</p> </li> <li> <p>Treat: whether experimental corals received C14-labeled bicarbonate (bicarb), artemia or were sampled separately for Gene Expression Analysis (not presented in this manuscript)</p> </li> <li> <p>EQY: Effective quantum yield of <em>Symbiodinium</em> photosystem II as measured using PAM fluorometry</p> </li> <li> <p>Date: Actual calendar date of measure</p> </li> <li> <p>Transmission: coral symbiont transmission mode</p> </li> <li> <p>Reef: reef site of original coral collection</p> </li> <li> <p>Date: experimental date of measure</p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>TraitData.csv:</strong> Input file for statistical analysis. Contains all physiological trait data.</p> <ul> <li> <p>Includes columns as described above for the Running_Pam file in addition to columns containing raw trait data as described in the manuscript.</p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>TraitData_DaysAsCols.csv:</strong> Reformatted input file with trait data split by sampling day across columns</p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>DADA2Analysis.R:</strong> Annotated R script for generating figures and running ITS2 amplicon analyses</p> <ul> <li> <p>GeoSymbio_ITS2_LocalDatabase_verForPhyloseq.fasta: FASTA file of the GeoSymbio ITS2 reference database <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/geosymbio/">https://sites.google.com/site/geosymbio/</a>, formatted for use with the R prograom Phyloseq</p> </li> <li> <p>SeqVars_6Feb.fasta: FASTA file of identified sequence variants resulting from DADA2 analysis</p> </li> <li> <p>OutputDADA_6Feb.csv: Counts of sequence variants by sample</p> </li> <li> <p>Raw FASTQ paired end read files can be downloaded from NCBI's SRA: PRJNA338365</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host specificity in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebas
<p>In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with symbionts. Specific host and symbiont pairings may be the result of host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects pertaining to which potential symbiont became associated with a host first. Distinguishing between these possibilities is important for understanding the evolutionary forces that affect facultative symbioses. We used the social amoeba <em>Dictyostelium discoideum</em> and its symbiont <em>Paraburkholderia bonniea </em>to determine whether ongoing coevolution affects which host-symbiont strain pairs naturally co-occur within a facultative symbiosis. Relative to other <em>Paraburkholderia</em>,<em> </em>including another symbiont of <em>D. discoideum</em>, <em>P. bonniea</em> features a reduced genome size that indicates a significant history of coevolution with its host. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont pairings compared to novel pairings. We show for the first time that <em>P. bonniea</em> symbionts can horizontally transmit to new amoeba hosts when hosts aggregate together during the social stage of their life cycle. Here we find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host specificity. Although symbiont strains were significantly variable in virulence and horizontal transmission rate, hosts and symbionts responded similarly to associations in native and novel pairings. We go on to identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of <em>P. bonniea </em>strains that may contribute to variation in virulence. We conclude that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for <em>D. discoideum </em>and <em>P. bonniea. </em>The system instead appears to represent a stable facultative symbiosis in which naturally co-occurring <em>P. bonniea </em>host and symbiont pairings are the result of priority effects.</p>
Transmission of yeast and bacterial symbionts between sexual partners in Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Data from "Transmission of yeast and bacterial symbionts between sexual partners in Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster"</p>
Temporal host–symbiont dynamics in community contexts: Impact of host fitness and vertical transmission efficiency on symbiosis prevalence
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Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host specificity in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebas
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Data from: Non-random associations of maternally transmitted symbionts in insects: the roles of drift versus co-transmission and selection
Virtually all higher organisms form holobionts with associated microbiota. To understand the biology of holobionts we need to know how species assemble and interact. Controlled experiments are suited to study interactions between particular symbionts, but they can only inform about a tiny portion of the diversity within each species. Alternatively, interactions can be inferred from associations among symbionts in the field that are more or less frequent than expected under random assortment. However, random assortment may not be a valid null hypothesis for maternally transmitted symbionts in finite populations, where drift alone can result in associations. Here we report results from a European field survey of endosymbionts in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and we develop a model to study the effect of drift on symbiont associations under different population sizes, considering varying rates of horizontal and maternal transmission. The model showed that even though horizontal transmissions and maternal transmission failures randomise symbiont associations, drift can induce significant departures from random assortment, at least in moderate-sized populations. Based on these results, we carefully interpret our field survey and we re-visit the association between Spiroplasma and Wolbachia in Drosophila neotestacea reported by Jaenike et al. (2010). For this and for several significant associations between symbionts in European pea aphids we conclude that under reasonable assumptions of effective population size, they are indeed likely to be maintained by biased co-transmission or selection. Our study shows that formulating appropriate null expectations can strengthen the biological inference from co-occurrence patterns in the field.
Data from: Non-random associations of maternally transmitted symbionts in insects: the roles of drift versus co-transmission and selection
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The early life of a leaf-cutter colony constrains symbiont vertical transmission
<p>The early life of a leaf-cutter colony is characterized by the dispersal of a female alate (winged "queen") carrying a fungal pellet, and the subsequent establishment of a foundress (workerless "queen") raising her incipient fungal garden and colony. The symbiotic roach Attaphila fungicola hitchhikes on female alates during leaf-cutter nuptial flights, which strongly suggests that roaches are vertically transmitted to foundresses and their incipient colonies; however, weak compatibility between roaches and incipient gardens may constrain roach vertical transmission. </p> <p>This dataset contains data from an experiment in which the mortality of incipient fungal gardens and foundresses were scored in treatments with or without Attaphila roaches. Additionally, in roach trials we noted whether or not the roaches disturbed fungal gardens during observational bouts conducted during the experiment (see below for more detailed description of behavioral observations). Contrary to traditional assumptions, our results indicate that roaches harm incipient gardens, suggesting that roaches are not well adapted to use vertical transmission between colonies.</p> <p class="Body"> </p>
Data from: Evolution of transmission mode in conditional mutualisms with spatial variation in symbiont quality
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The early life of a leaf-cutter colony constrains symbiont vertical transmission
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Mucosal Glycan Foraging Enhances the Fitness and Transmission of a Saccharolytic Human Distal Gut Symbiont: ECF mutant
GEO Series GSE11953. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; Bifidobacterium longum. 9 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Mucosal Glycan Foraging Enhances the Fitness and Transmission of a Saccharolytic Human Distal Gut Symbiont
GEO Series GSE11944. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; Bifidobacterium longum. 21 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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