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74 results for “sympatric speciation”

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zenodo40/100

Fig. 7 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 7 Myrmica species composition on syntopic sampling sites of spring and summer arion in the Aggtelek Karst region of Hungary. The area of pie-charts is proportional to the number of nests and pitfall traps at that site

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

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Fig. 5 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 5 Differences in Wolbachia infestation between the spring and the summer type of P. arion: a differences between the spring and the summer-type specimens from Korlát hill in the Wolbachia quantity on 1% agarose gel; b box-plots showing the difference in infestation levels as

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

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Fig. 2 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 2 Unrooted neighbour joining tree based on a pairwise FST matrix. The abbreviations are the same as in Suppl. Table S1. The letter 'T' in the sample codes refers to spring arion, the letter 'N' indicates summer arion

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

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Data from: Contrasting signatures of genomic divergence during sympatric speciation

The transition from "well-marked varieties" into "well-defined species" has puzzled evolutionary biologists ever since Darwin — especially when extensive gene flow between incipient species is possible due to the lack of physical barriers (sympatric speciation). Gene flow counteracts the build-up of genome-wide differentiation, which is both a hallmark of speciation and forms the underlying basis of irreversible reproductive barriers (incompatibilities) that ultimately complete the speciation process. Theory predicts that the genetic architecture of divergently selected traits can influence whether sympatric speciation occurs. However, empirical data to test this prediction remain rare and are often difficult to synthesize across animal taxa due to idiosyncrasies in their biology and evolutionary histories. Here, within a young species complex of Neotropical cichlid fish (Amphilophus spp.), we analyzed genomic divergence among populations and species, and the genetic architecture of traits that have been suggested to be important for this divergence, by generating a new genome assembly and re-sequencing 453 genomes. We found that species differing in mono/oligogenic traits affecting ecological performance and/or mate choice show remarkably localized genomic differentiation. In contrast, differentiation between species that diverged in polygenic traits is widespread and much higher overall, consistent with the evolution of effective and stable genome-wide barriers to gene flow. Thus, we conclude that simple trait architectures are not always as conducive to speciation-with-gene-flow as previously suggested, whereas, unexpectedly, polygenic architectures can promote rapid and stable speciation in sympatry.

opencc-zeroJul 2020View details →

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Data from: Genomic signatures of sympatric speciation with historical and contemporary gene flow in a tropical anthozoan (Hexacorallia: Actiniaria)

Sympatric diversification is increasingly thought to have played an important role in the evolution of biodiversity around the globe. However, an in situ sympatric origin for co-distributed taxa is difficult to demonstrate empirically because different evolutionary processes can lead to similar biogeographic outcomes- especially in ecosystems that can readily facilitate secondary contact due to a lack of hard barriers to dispersal. Here we use a genomic (ddRADseq), model-based approach to delimit a species complex of tropical sea anemones that are co-distributed on coral reefs throughout the Tropical Western Atlantic. We use coalescent simulations in fastsimcoal2 to test competing diversification scenarios that span the allopatric-sympatric continuum. We recover support that the corkscrew sea anemone Bartholomea annulata (Le Sueur, 1817) is a cryptic species complex, co-distributed throughout its range. Simulation and model selection analyses suggest these lineages arose in the face of historical and contemporary gene flow, supporting a sympatric origin, but an alternative secondary contact model also receives appreciable model support. Leveraging the genome of Exaiptasia diaphana we identify five loci under divergent selection between cryptic B. annulata lineages that fall within mRNA transcripts or CDS regions. Our study provides a rare empirical, genomic example of sympatric speciation in a tropical anthozoan. Finally, these data represent the first range-wide molecular study of any tropical sea anemone, underscoring that anemone diversity is under described in the tropics, and highlighting the need for additional systematic studies into these ecologically and economically important species.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

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Data from: Genomic data reject the hypothesis of sympatric ecological speciation in a clade of Desmognathus salamanders

Closely related taxa with dissimilar morphologies are often considered to have diverged via natural selection favoring different phenotypes. However, some studies have found these scenarios to be paired with limited or no genetic differentiation. Desmognathus quadramaculatus and D. marmoratus are sympatric salamander species thought to represent a case of ecological speciation based on distinct morphologies, but the results of previous studies have not resolved corresponding patterns of lineage divergence. Here, we use genome-wide data to test this hypothesis of ecological speciation. Population structure analyses partitioned individuals geographically, but not morphologically, into two adjacent regions of western North Carolina: Pisgah and Nantahala. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the nominal species are non-monophyletic and resolved deep divergence between the two geographic clusters. Model-testing overwhelmingly supported the hypothesis that lineage divergence followed geography. Finally, ecological niche modeling showed that Pisgah and Nantahala individuals occupy different climatic niches, and geographic boundaries for the two lineages correspond to a difference in precipitation regimes across southern Appalachia. Overall, we reject the previous hypothesis of ecological speciation based on microhabitat partitioning. Instead, our results suggest that there are two cryptic lineages, each containing the same pair of morphotypes.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

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The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera?

Background To understand which reproductive barriers initiate speciation is a major question in evolutionary research. Despite their high species numbers and specific biology, there are only few studies on speciation in Hymenoptera. This study aims to identify very early reproductive barriers in a local, sympatric population of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker 1836), a hymenopterous parasitoid of fly pupae. We studied ecological barriers, sexual barriers, and the reduction in F1-female offspring as a postmating barrier, as well as the population structure using microsatellites. Results We found considerable inbreeding within female strains and a population structure with either three or five subpopulation clusters defined by microsatellites. In addition, there are two ecotypes, one parasitizing fly pupae in bird nests and the other on carrion. The nest ecotype is mainly formed from one of the microsatellite clusters, the two or four remaining microsatellite clusters form the carrion ecotype. There was slight sexual isolation and a reduction in F1-female offspring between inbreeding strains from the same microsatellite clusters and the same ecotypes. Strains from different microsatellite clusters are separated by a reduction in F1-female offspring. Ecotypes are separated only by ecological barriers. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of very early reproductive barriers within a sympatric population of Hymenoptera. It demonstrates that sexual and premating barriers can precede ecological separation. This indicates the complexity of ecotype formation and highlights the general need for more studies within homogenous populations for the identification of the earliest barriers in the speciation process.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

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Ecological speciation by sympatric host shifts in a clade of herbivorous sea slugs, with introgression and localized mitochondrial capture between species

Host shifting in insect-plant systems was historically important to the development of ecological speciation theory, yet surprisingly few studies have examined whether host shifting drives the diversification of marine herbivores. When small-bodied consumers feed and also mate on a preferred host, disruptive selection can split a population into host races despite gene flow. Support for host shifts is notably lacking for invertebrates associated with macroalgae, where the scale of dispersal by planktonic larvae often far exceeds the grain of host patchiness, and adults are typically less specialized than terrestrial herbivores. Here, we present a candidate example of ecological speciation in a clade of sea slugs that primarily consume green algae in the genus Caulerpa, including highly invasive species. Ancestral character state reconstructions supported 'sea grapes' (C. racemosa, C. lentillifera) as the ancestral host for a tropical radiation of 12 Elysia spp., with one shift onto alternative Caulerpa spp. in the Indo-Pacific. A Caribbean radiation of three species included symaptric host shifts to Rhipocephalus brevicaulis in the ancestor of E. pratensis Ortea & Espinosa, 1996, and to C. prolifera in E. hamanni Krug, Vendetti & Valdes 2016, plus a niche expansion to a range of Caulerpa spp. in E. subornata Verrill, 1901. All three species are broadly sympatric across the Caribbean but are host-partitioned at a fine grain, and distinct by morphology and at nuclear loci. However, non-recombining mtDNA revealed a history of gene flow between E. pratensis and E. subornata: COI haplotypes from E. subornata were 10.4% divergent from E. pratensis haplotypes from four sites, but closely related to all E. pratensis haplotypes sampled from six Bahamian islands, indicating historical introgression and localized "mitochondrial capture." Disruptive selective likely fueled divergence and adaptation to distinct host environments, indicating ecological speciation may be an under-appreciated driver of diversification for marine herbivores as well as epibionts and other resource specialists.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

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